Evaluation of an online communication skills training programme for oncology nurses working with patients from minority backgrounds.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and assess the feasibility of an online communication skills training intervention to increase cultural competence amongst oncology nurses working with individuals from minority backgrounds. METHODS: The intervention provided examples of communication strategies using vignette-based, professionally produced videos, developed through an iterative process with input from a large multidisciplinary team. Fifty-three oncology nurses completed all three questionnaires at baseline, within 2 weeks and then 3 months after accessing the programme. RESULTS: The online intervention was well received by the majority of participants, and was endorsed as clearly presented, informative, relevant and useful by more than 90% of participants. Eighty-seven percent of participants reported increased confidence in communicating with patients via an interpreter, and 93% agreed that skills they gained would be useful in providing better patient care. Participants reported significant improvements in practice while interacting with people with limited English proficiency 2 weeks and 3 months after accessing the website (X2 = 13.66, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This online communication training programme can now be tested for its utility in improving patient care for oncology nurses working with patients from minority backgrounds.

Supporting patients with low health literacy: what role do radiation therapists play?

PURPOSE: Health literacy plays a key role in a patient's ability to use health information and services, and can affect health outcomes. This study aimed to explore radiation therapists' perspectives on how they support people with lower health literacy who are undergoing radiotherapy. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 radiation therapists working in radiation oncology departments in New South Wales, Australia. RESULTS: The four key themes were (1) the process of identifying a patient with low health literacy, (2) the perceived consequences of low health literacy, (3) managing and responding to the needs of different health literacy groups and (4) recommendations to address low health literacy in radiotherapy. Radiation therapists appeared to make an informal, intuitive judgment about a patient's health literacy, using a variety of verbal and non-verbal cues as well as impromptu conversations with the multi-disciplinary team. Patients perceived to have lower health literacy were described as having greater difficulties assimilating knowledge and engaging in self-care. Although participants reported communicating to patients at a basic level initially, they subsequently tailored their communication to match a patient's health literacy. Strategies reported to communicate to low health literacy groups ranged from using lay language with minimal medical terminology, using visual aids (photos), using analogies, reiterating information and asking family members with higher literacy to attend consultations. CONCLUSION: A more structured approach to supporting patients with low health literacy and integrating health literacy training in radiation oncology departments may help to minimise the adverse outcomes typically experienced by this population.

Are videoconferenced consultations as effective as face-to-face consultations for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genetic counseling?

PURPOSE: Videoconferencing is increasingly used to deliver family cancer services for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer to outreach areas. This study compared the effectiveness and acceptability of genetic counseling for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer through videoconferencing (hereafter referred to as "telegenetics"). METHODS: One hundred six women seen by telegenetics and 89 women seen face-to-face completed self-administered questionnaires before, and 1 month after, genetic counseling. Telegenetics consultations involved a genetic clinician via telegenetics in addition to a local genetic counselor present with the patient. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between telegenetics and face-to-face genetic counseling in terms of knowledge gained (P = 0.55), satisfaction with the genetic counseling service (P = 0.76), cancer-specific anxiety (P = 0.13), generalized anxiety (P = 0.42), depression (P = 0.96), perceived empathy of the genetic clinician (P = 0.13), and perceived empathy of the genetic counselor (P = 0.12). Telegenetics performed significantly better than face-to-face counseling in meeting patients' expectations (P = 0.009) and promoting perceived personal control (P = 0.031). CONCLUSION: Telegenetics seems to be an acceptable and effective method of delivering genetic counseling services for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer to underserved areas.

Women's experience of telehealth cancer genetic counseling.

Telegenetics offers an alternative model of delivering genetic counseling to rural and outreach areas; however there is a dearth of qualitative research into the patient's experience. Twelve women who had received telemedicine genetic counseling for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer (HBOC) within the previous 12 months participated in a semi-structured telephone interview. The interview explored women's experience with telegenetics, satisfaction, perceived advantages and disadvantages and quality of the interaction with their genetic professionals. Overall women were highly satisfied with telegenetics. Telegenetics offered them convenience and reduced travel and associated costs. The majority of women described feeling a high degree of social presence, or rapport, with the off-site genetic clinician. One woman with a recent cancer diagnosis, reported that telemedicine was unable to meet her needs for psychosocial support. This finding highlights the need to be mindful of the psychosocial support needs of women with a recent diagnosis being seen via telegenetics. Patients attending for HBOC genetic counseling are generally highly satisfied with the technology and the interaction. Care should be taken, however, with patients with more complex psychosocial needs.

The virtual consultation: practitioners' experiences of genetic counseling by videoconferencing in Australia.

OBJECTIVE: Videoconferencing for clinical genetics services, or telegenetics, is becoming an increasingly utilized method of delivering genetic counseling to rural areas; however, there has been little qualitative exploration of the practitioner's experience, particularly for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer counseling. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were conducted with genetic practitioners (n=15) delivering telegenetics services in New South Wales, Australia. Interviews explored experiences, perceived aims of the service, satisfaction, and the advantages and disadvantages of the technology. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. RESULTS: All practitioners were highly satisfied with telegenetics. They perceived the advantages of videoconferencing as primarily increased efficiency and convenience for genetic clinicians, minimized travel for the patient, reduced costs, and increased access to rural areas. Disadvantages included the inhibition of rapport building between genetic clinician and patient and the difficulty in detecting nonverbal cues. Telegenetics was seen as a structured interaction that allowed less time for emotional exploration than a traditional face-to-face consultation. Technical disadvantages involved visual resolution, connection speed, and interruptions to voice transmission. CONCLUSION: Practitioners were satisfied with telegenetics and perceived the advantages as outweighing the disadvantages.

A balancing act--telehealth cancer genetics and practitioners' experiences of a triadic consultation.

Telehealth is increasingly used for outreach service in cancer genetic counseling; however what occurs during the consultation and the roles practitioners adopt is largely unknown. Fifteen practitioners participated in semi-structured interviews that explored their roles within telehealth, compared to face-to-face consultations, and the relationship between practitioners during telehealth. As they were not physically present with the patient, most participants felt that telehealth altered the genetic clinician's role to one of a 'visiting specialist'. Genetic counselors described undertaking multiple roles during the telehealth process. Two models of interaction were observed. The medical model reduced the interaction to a dyadic consultation by having the genetic counselor off-screen and included minimal clinician meetings and supervision. The triadic co-facilitation model incorporated a high level of information exchange, counselor autonomy and included the counselor onscreen. The co-facilitation model offers a useful framework for telehealth genetic counselling, offering complementary roles between practitioners and efficient service delivery.

Communicating with patients from minority backgrounds: Individual challenges experienced by oncology health professionals.

PURPOSE: Oncology health professionals (HPs) are increasingly required to care for patients from minority backgrounds. Yet many HPs have not had formal training in how to communicate effectively in culturally diverse settings. More information is needed about the challenges that oncology HPs face in communicating with minority patients to inform the content of formal training programs. This qualitative study aimed to identify oncology nurses' and oncologists' individual experiences and challenges in communicating with patients from minority backgrounds. METHOD: Thirty-eight oncology HPs (21 oncology nurses, 12 medical oncologists, and 5 radiation oncologists) were interviewed individually or in focus groups about their experiences communicating with patients from minority backgrounds. The interviews were audio taped and analysed thematically. RESULTS: The majority of participants (82%) reported varying degrees of uncertainty and discomfort regarding working with minority patients, with many barriers to communication encountered. Participants perceived that minority patients received less emotional support than majority group patients. They experienced challenges in balancing beliefs about patient autonomy with cultural differences regarding the role of the family. Strategies employed by participants to facilitate interactions included: modifying speech, taking more time in consultations, rapport building, and using nonverbal techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Oncology HPs encounter many linguistic and cultural barriers when communicating with minority patients. They need formal training tailored to developing culturally competent communication. Oncology nurses and oncologists could benefit from formal communication skills training focused upon cultural competence during their career development programs.

Perceptions of melanoma risk among Australian adolescents: barriers to sun protection and recommendations for improvement.

OBJECTIVES: To explore adolescents' perceptions of melanoma risk, sun protection intervention preferences and perceived barriers to sun protection recommendations. METHODS: Semi-structured focus groups were held in school classes, stratified by location (coastal, inland) and sector (public, private); discussions were transcribed verbatim and data were analysed using NVivo8 software. RESULTS: 100 students (mean age=14.4 years, SD=0.5; range=14-16 years) from six high schools participated. Students demonstrated a high level of sun protection knowledge and understanding of sun exposure as a primary risk factor for the development of melanoma. There was, however, an under-estimation of melanoma prevalence and mortality rates among youth, and poor understanding of the increased risk associated with sunburn during childhood/adolescence. Adolescents' preferences for intervention focused on first-person accounts of receiving a melanoma diagnosis, communicated by young melanoma survivors. Interventions modelled on youth marketing campaigns or utilising social media were rated poorly. CONCLUSIONS: Despite young Australians' adequate knowledge of melanoma and related health recommendations, poor adherence continues to place young people at risk. Study findings suggest that social media interventions developed to influence behaviour change, are not necessarily preferred by adolescents.

To know or not to know: an update of the literature on the psychological and behavioral impact of genetic testing for Alzheimer disease risk.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a genetically heterogenous disorder; in rare cases autosomal dominantly inherited mutations typically cause early-onset familial AD (EOAD), whereas the risk for late-onset AD (LOAD) is generally modulated by genetic variants with relatively low penetrance but high prevalence, with variants in apolipoprotein E (APOE) being a firmly established risk factor. This article presents an overview of the current literature on the psychological and behavioral impact of genetic testing for AD. The few studies available for presymptomatic testing for EOAD showed that only a very small proportion of individuals had poor psychological outcomes as a result. Initial interest in testing for EOAD decreases significantly after identification of a specific mutation in a kindred, suggesting that interest and potential for knowledge may not translate into actual testing uptake. The majority of individuals from both the general population and those with a family history of AD had positive attitudes towards, and were interested in, susceptibility testing for APOE. Motivations for genetic testing included to provide information for future planning and to learn about one's own and one's children's risks of developing AD. Although susceptibility testing for APOE genotype is not currently recommended due to the lack of clinical utility, this review demonstrates that there is interest in testing and no obvious adverse psychological effects to those who have been tested.

Getting to the point: what women newly diagnosed with breast cancer want to know about treatment-focused genetic testing.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To identify young women's information preferences regarding treatment-focused genetic testing (TFGT) and to develop and evaluate a novel educational resource. RESEARCH APPROACH: Qualitative interview study and pilot testing of a novel resource. SETTING: Two familial cancer services and one outpatient oncology clinic in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 26 women with breast cancer aged 50 years and younger who either previously had TFGT (n = 14) or had a diagnosis of breast cancer within the previous 6-12 months. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH: Participants were asked about their views of TFGT in semistructured interviews. A brief pamphlet on TFGT then was developed and pilot tested with 17 of the 26 women. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Women's attitudes and preferences with regard to timing, mode of delivery, and amount and format of information regarding TFGT were explored. FINDINGS: Most women wanted to be informed about TFGT at or around the time of their cancer diagnosis via a face-to-face consultation. No clear preference existed for which type of healthcare professional should provide information on TFGT. Brief written information about TFGT was viewed as important supporting material. The educational resource developed was well received. CONCLUSIONS: The potential for more widespread TFGT in the future indicates a need for patient educational materials that enable women to make informed choices about TFGT. This pilot study has provided timely initial evidence on the efficacy of a brief written resource in preparing women for decision making about TFGT. INTERPRETATION: The resource developed in this study will assist oncology nurses to make important genetic risk information available to women newly diagnosed with breast cancer at a stressful time.