RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fusariosis is an emergent opportunistic hyalohyphomycosis produced by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium. These molds are capable of producing life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised hosts, especially in those suffering from leukemia. It has also been described in immunocompetent patients, where it usually causes non-invasive localized lesions. Fusariosis in immunocompromised individuals has a high morbidity and mortality mainly because of the low sensitivity of these fungi to the antifungal drugs available. CASE REPORT: We describe here the case of a patient with acute mieloblastic leukemia who developed fusariosis by a species of the Fusarium dimerum species complex. The early diagnosis was made on the basis of microscopic observation of samples from cutaneous lesions, and voriconazole treatment was prescribed. A subsequent complete study of the fungal isolate by culture and molecular methods allowed the identification of F. dimerum, a species rarely described as a human pathogen. The sensitivity of the strain was tested using the Sensititre YeastOne(®) commercial system, which showed sensitivity to voriconazole and posaconazole, as well as to amphotericin B. The patient died after 7 days at hospital due to an hemodynamic failure. CONCLUSIONS: Complete identification of new isolates of Fusarium and their antifungal susceptibility patterns is of high interest to improve our knowledge about the epidemiology of the disease and how to best manage patients.