Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy as a new phenotype associated with variants in BAG3.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a new phenotype associated with a novel variant in BAG3: autosomal dominant adult-onset distal hereditary motor neuronopathy. METHODS: This study enrolled eight affected individuals from a single family and included a comprehensive evaluation of the clinical phenotype, neurophysiologic testing, muscle MRI, muscle biopsy and western blot of BAG3 protein in skeletal muscle. Genetic workup included whole exome sequencing and segregation analysis of the detected variant in BAG3. RESULTS: Seven patients developed slowly progressive and symmetric distal weakness and atrophy of lower limb muscles, along with absent Achilles reflexes. The mean age of onset was 46 years. The neurophysiological examination was consistent with the diagnosis of distal motor neuronopathy. One 57-year-old female patient was minimally symptomatic. The pattern of inheritance was autosomal dominant, with one caveat: one female patient who was an obligate carrier of the variant died at the age of 73 years without exhibiting any muscle weakness. The muscle biopsies revealed neurogenic changes. A novel heterozygous truncating variant c.1513_1514insGGAC (p.Val505GlyfsTer6) in the gene BAG3 was identified in all affected family members. CONCLUSIONS: We report an autosomal dominant adult-onset distal hereditary motor neuronopathy with incomplete penetrance in women as a new phenotype related to a truncating variant in the BAG3 gene. Our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of BAG3-related disorders, which previously included dilated cardiomyopathy, myofibrillar myopathy and adult-onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 neuropathy. Variants in BAG3 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of distal hereditary motor neuronopathies.

Distal myopathy due to digenic inheritance of TIA1 and SQSTM1 variants in two unrelated Spanish patients.

Welander distal myopathy typically manifests in late adulthood and is caused by the founder TIA1 c.1150G>A (p.Glu384Lys) variant in families of Swedish and Finnish descent. Recently, a similar phenotype has been attributed to the digenic inheritance of TIA1 c.1070A>G (p.Asn357Ser) and SQSTM1 c.1175C>T (p.Pro392Leu) variants. We describe two unrelated Spanish patients presenting with slowly progressive gait disturbance, distal-predominant weakness, and mildly elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels since their 6th decade. Electromyography revealed abnormal spontaneous activity and a myopathic pattern. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed marked fatty replacement in distal leg muscles. A muscle biopsy, performed on one patient, revealed myopathic changes with rimmed vacuoles. Both patients carried the TIA1 p.Asn357Ser and SQSTM1 p.Pro392Leu variants. Digenic inheritance is supported by evidence from unrelated pedigrees and a plausible biological interaction between both proteins in protein quality control processes. Recent functional studies and additional case descriptions further support this. Clinical suspicion is necessary to seek both variants.

Delayed Diagnosis of Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes Erroneously Interpreted as Mitochondrial Myopathies.

BACKGROUND: Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) and primary mitochondrial myopathies (PMMs) can present with ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, and limb weakness. METHODS: Our method involved the description of three cases of CMS that were initially characterized as probable PMM. RESULTS: All patients were male and presented with ptosis and/or external ophthalmoplegia at birth, with proximal muscle weakness and fatigue on physical exertion. After normal repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) studies performed on facial muscles, a muscle biopsy (at a median age of 9) was performed to rule out congenital myopathies. In all three cases, the biopsy findings (COX-negative fibers or respiratory chain defects) pointed to PMM. They were referred to our neuromuscular unit in adulthood to establish a genetic diagnosis. However, at this time, fatigability was evident in the physical exams and RNS in the spinal accessory nerve showed a decremental response in all cases. Targeted genetic studies revealed pathogenic variants in the MUSK, DOK7, and RAPSN genes. The median diagnostic delay was 29 years. Treatment resulted in functional improvement in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification of CMS is essential as medical treatment can provide clear benefits. Its diagnosis can be challenging due to phenotypic overlap with other debilitating disorders. Thus, a high index of suspicion is necessary to guide the diagnostic strategy.

Serum GDF-15 Levels Accurately Differentiate Patients with Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy, Manifesting with Exercise Intolerance and Fatigue, from Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.

Primary mitochondrial myopathies (PMM) are a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous group that, in some cases, may manifest exclusively as fatigue and exercise intolerance, with minimal or no signs on examination. On these occasions, the symptoms can be confused with the much more common chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Nonetheless, other possibilities must be excluded for the final diagnosis of CFS, with PMM being one of the primary differential diagnoses. For this reason, many patients with CFS undergo extensive studies, including extensive genetic testing and muscle biopsies, to rule out this possibility. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) as a potential biomarker to distinguish which patient with chronic fatigue has a mitochondrial disorder. We studied 34 adult patients with symptoms of fatigue and exercise intolerance with a definitive diagnosis of PMM (7), CFS (22), or other non-mitochondrial disorders (5). The results indicate that GDF-15 can accurately discriminate between patients with PMM and CFS (AUC = 0.95) and between PMM and patients with fatigue due to other non-mitochondrial disorders (AUC = 0.94). Therefore, GDF-15 emerges as a promising biomarker to select which patients with fatigue should undergo further studies to exclude mitochondrial disease.

Metrics of progression and prognosis in untreated adults with thymidine kinase 2 deficiency: An observational study.

This historical cohort study evaluated clinical characteristics of progression and prognosis in adults with thymidine kinase 2 deficiency (TK2d). Records were available for 17 untreated adults with TK2d (mean age of onset, 32 years), including longitudinal data from 6 patients (mean follow-up duration, 26.5 months). Pearson's correlation assessed associations between standard motor and respiratory assessments, clinical characteristics, and laboratory values. Longitudinal data were assessed by linear regression mixed models. Respiratory involvement progressed at an annual rate of 8.16% decrement in forced vital capacity (FVC). Most patients under noninvasive ventilation (NIV) remained ambulant (12/14, 86%), reduced FVC was not associated with concomitant decline in 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and 6MWT results were not correlated with FVC. Disease severity, assessed by age at NIV onset, correlated most strongly at diagnosis with: creatinine levels (r = 0.8036; P = 0.0009), followed by FVC (r = 0.7265; P = 0.0033), mtDNA levels in muscle (r = 0.7933; P = 0.0188), and age at disease onset (r = 0.7128; P = 0.0042). This population of adults with TK2d demonstrates rapid deterioration of respiratory muscles, which progresses independently of motor impairment. The results support FVC at diagnosis, mtDNA levels in muscle, and age at disease onset as prognostic indicators. Creatinine levels may also be potentially prognostic, as previously reported in other neuromuscular disorders.

Muscle MRI characteristic pattern for late-onset TK2 deficiency diagnosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: TK2 deficiency (TK2d) is a rare mitochondrial disorder that manifests predominantly as a progressive myopathy with a broad spectrum of severity and age of onset. The rate of progression is variable, and the prognosis is poor due to early and severe respiratory involvement. Early and accurate diagnosis is particularly important since a specific treatment is under development. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of lower limb muscle MRI in adult patients with TK2d. METHODS: We studied a cohort of 45 genetically confirmed patients with mitochondrial myopathy (16 with mutations in TK2, 9 with mutations in other nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] synthesis or maintenance, 10 with single mtDNA deletions, and 10 with point mtDNA mutations) to analyze the imaging pattern of fat replacement in lower limb muscles. We compared the identified pattern in patients with TK2d with the MRI pattern of other non-mitochondrial genetic myopathies that share similar clinical characteristics. RESULTS: We found a consistent lower limb muscle MRI pattern in patients with TK2d characterized by involvement of the gluteus maximus, gastrocnemius medialis, and sartorius muscles. The identified pattern in TK2 patients differs from the known radiological involvement of other resembling muscle dystrophies that share clinical features. CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing the largest cohort of muscle MRI from patients with mitochondrial myopathies studied to date, we identified a characteristic and specific radiological pattern of muscle involvement in patients with TK2d that could be useful to speed up its diagnosis.

Recurrent rhabdomyolysis and exercise intolerance: A new phenotype of late-onset thymidine kinase 2 deficiency.

A 29-year-old man developed, since the age of 18, exercise intolerance and exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis, with myoglobinuria. Muscle biopsy showed ragged-red fibers. Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions were detected. The previously reported pathogenic homozygous mutation c.323C>T (p.Thr108Met) in TK2 was identified. This case expands the phenotypic spectrum of TK2 deficiency and indicates that it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of episodic rhabdomyolysis and exercise intolerance, along with other metabolic and mitochondrial myopathies. Since a new treatment is under development, it is essential improving knowledge of the natural history of TK2 deficiency.

Clinical, Histological, and Genetic Features of 25 Patients with Autosomal Dominant Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (ad-PEO)/PEO-Plus Due to TWNK Mutations.

Autosomal dominant mutations in the TWNK gene, which encodes a mitochondrial DNA helicase, cause adult-onset progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) and PEO-plus presentations. In this retrospective observational study, we describe clinical and complementary data from 25 PEO patients with mutations in TWNK recruited from the Hospital 12 de Octubre Mitochondrial Disorders Laboratory Database. The mean ages of onset and diagnosis were 43 and 63 years, respectively. Family history was positive in 22 patients. Ptosis and PEO (92% and 80%) were the most common findings. Weakness was present in 48%, affecting proximal limbs, neck, and bulbar muscles. Exercise intolerance was present in 28%. Less frequent manifestations were cardiac (24%) and respiratory (4%) involvement, neuropathy (8%), ataxia (4%), and parkinsonism (4%). Only 28% had mild hyperCKemia. All 19 available muscle biopsies showed signs of mitochondrial dysfunction. Ten different TWNK mutations were identified, with c.1361T>G (p.Val454Gly) and c.1070G>C (p.Arg357Pro) being the most common. Before definitive genetic confirmation, 56% of patients were misdiagnosed (36% with myasthenia, 20% with oculopharyngeal muscle dystrophy). Accurate differential diagnosis and early confirmation with appropriately chosen complementary studies allow genetic counseling and the avoidance of unnecessary treatments. Thus, mitochondrial myopathies must be considered in PEO/PEO-plus presentations, and particularly, TWNK is an important cause when positive family history is present.

Persistent asymptomatic or mild symptomatic hyperCKemia due to mutations in ANO5: the mildest end of the anoctaminopathies spectrum.

BACKGROUND: The ANO5 gene encodes for anoctamin-5, a chloride channel involved in muscle cell membrane repair. Recessive mutations in ANO5 are associated with muscular diseases termed anoctaminopathies, which are characterized by proximal or distal weakness, or isolated hyperCKemia. We present the largest series of patients with asymptomatic/paucisymptomatic anoctaminopathy reported so far, highlighting their clinical and radiological characteristics. METHODS: Twenty subjects were recruited retrospectively from the Neuromuscular Disorders Units database of two national reference centers. All had a confirmed genetic diagnosis (mean age of diagnosis was 48 years) established between 2015 and 2019. Clinical and complementary data were evaluated through clinical records. RESULTS: None of the patients complained about weakness or showed abnormal muscular balance. Among paucisymptomatic patients, the main complaints or findings were generalized myalgia, exercise intolerance and calf hypertrophy, occasionally associated with calf pain. All patients showed persistent hyperCKemia, ranging from mild-moderate to severe. Muscle biopsy revealed inflammatory changes in three cases. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging revealed typical signs (preferential involvement of adductor and gastrocnemius muscles) in all but one patient. In two cases, abnormal findings were detectable only in STIR sequences (not in T1). Three patients showed radiological progression despite remaining asymptomatic. Twelve different mutations in ANO5 were detected, of which seven are novel. CONCLUSIONS: Recessive mutations in ANO5 are a frequent cause of undiagnosed asymptomatic/paucisymptomatic hyperCKemia. Patients with an apparent indolent phenotype may show muscle involvement in complementary tests (muscle biopsy and imaging), which may progress over time. Awareness of anoctaminopathy as the cause of nonspecific muscular complaints or of isolated hyperCKemia is essential to correctly diagnose affected patients.

Acute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of a patient infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who acutely developed a hypokinetic-rigid syndrome. METHODS: Patient data were obtained from medical records from the Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre in Madrid, Spain. [123I]-ioflupane dopamine transporter (DaT) SPECT images were acquired 4 hours after a single dose of 185 MBq of 123I-FP-CIT. Quantitative analysis was performed with DaTQUANT software providing the specific binding ratio and z score values of the striatum. RESULTS: We report a previously healthy 58-year-old man who developed hyposmia, generalized myoclonus, fluctuating and transient changes in level of consciousness, opsoclonus, and an asymmetric hypokinetic-rigid syndrome with ocular abnormalities after a severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. DaT-SPECT confirmed a bilateral decrease in presynaptic dopamine uptake asymmetrically involving both putamina. Significant improvement in the parkinsonian symptoms was observed without any specific treatment. CONCLUSION: This case study provides clinical and functional neuroimaging evidence to support that SARS-CoV-2 can gain access to the CNS, affecting midbrain structures and leading to neurologic signs and symptoms.

Novel mutation in TCAP manifesting with asymmetric calves and early-onset joint retractions.

A 29-year-old man, born from consanguineous parents, started with toe walking and frequent falls during his second year of life. He developed weakness in lower limbs during the first decade that subsequently extended to upper limbs. On examination, the patient had weakness in proximal muscles of all four limbs and in the tibialis anterior muscle. In addition, he had bilateral Achilles and patellar contractures, bilateral scapular winging, asymmetric calves and a positive Beevor sign, an upward movement of the umbilicus on contraction of rectus femoris due to weakness in the lower part. The muscle biopsy showed dystrophic changes and lobulated fibers. Genetic analysis through a next-generation sequencing panel of genes related to neuromuscular disorders revealed a novel homozygous nonsense mutation (p.Tyr85*) in the TCAP gene. Subsequent western blot assay showed a complete telethonin deficiency. Our observation expands the phenotypic spectrum of TCAP mutations and indicates that telethonin deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with asymmetric calves and early joint retractions.

Rare cause of paraparesis: bilateral obturator neuropathy after hysterosalpingectomy.

Bilateral obturator nerve injury during pelvic surgery is an infrequent cause of lower limb paraparesis. We report the case of a 45-year-old woman with a large uterine leiomyoma who underwent simple total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy. At 24 h after the surgery, the patient noticed loss of muscle strength when adducting both legs. She had no problem with other movements and no sensory or sphincter abnormalities. Neurological examination confirmed that there was loss of strength only in the adductor muscles, with preserved sensory function and reflexes, suggesting bilateral obturator nerve involvement. Pelvic MRI showed a small postsurgical haematoma in the Douglas recess, but far from the obturator nerves. 2 weeks later, electromyography showed positive sharp waves and low motor unit recruitment in the adductor magnus muscles, confirming acute, bilateral obturator nerve neuropathy. The few cases of bilateral obturator neuropathy that have been reported were mostly related to abdominopelvic interventions.

[Fluctuating ptosis as the presenting symptom of spontaneous liquoral hypotension syndrome]. / Ptosis fluctuante como presentación del síndrome de hipotensión licuoral espontánea.

TITLE: Ptosis fluctuante como presentacion del sindrome de hipotension licuoral espontanea.