Management of tinea capitis in infants and children in the United States: A national survey of pediatric dermatologists.

This study aimed to evaluate the current management of tinea capitis in the United States, specifically focusing on patients aged 0-2 months, 2 months to 2 years, and 2 years to 18 years. An online survey, distributed through the Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance and the Society of Pediatric Dermatology, revealed the following preferences: fluconazole for those under 2 months, griseofulvin for those aged 2 months to 2 years, and terbinafine for those aged 2 years and older. There exists inter-provider variation in tinea capitis treatment regimens within the pediatric dermatology community.

An unexpected intracerebral lesion - case report of a superinfected aspergillosis mimicking a brain metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Invasive aspergillosis of the central nervous system is a rare but increasingly prevalent disease. We present the unusual case of an immunosuppressed patient suffering from unexpected superinfected invasive aspergillosis with cerebral, pulmonal, and adrenal manifestations, mimicking a metastasized bronchial carcinoma. This report reveals the importance of including aspergillosis in the differential diagnosis of a cerebral mass lesion in the light of unspecific clinical findings. CASE PRESENTATION: A 58-year-old immunocompromised female presented to our emergency department with a single tonic-clonic seizure. Imaging showed a ring enhancing cerebral mass with perifocal edema and evidence of two smaller additional hemorrhagic cerebral lesions. In the setting of a mass lesion in the lung, and additional nodular lesions in the left adrenal gland the diagnosis of a metastasized bronchus carcinoma was suspected and the cerebral mass resected. However, histology did not reveal any evidence for a neoplastic lesion but septate hyphae consistent with aspergillus instead and microbiological cultures confirmed concomitant staphylococcal infection. CONCLUSIONS: A high index of suspicion for aspergillus infection should be maintained in the setting of immunosuppression. Clinical and radiological findings are often unspecific and even misleading. Definite confirmation usually relies on tissue diagnosis with histochemical stains. Surgical resection is crucial for establishing the diagnosis and guiding therapy with targeted antifungal medications.

Increased Mortality Among Renal Transplant Patients With Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillus Infection.

INTRODUCTION: Renal transplantation is the most effective and preferred definite treatment option in patients with end-stage renal disease. Due to long-term immunesuppressive treatment, renal transplant recipients become vulnerable to opportunistic infections, especially to fungal infections. METHOD: This was a single-center, retrospective observational study of 438 patients who underwent renal transplantation between 2010 and 2016. RESULTS: Thirty-eight renal transplant recipients who had lower respiratory tract infection with median age of 41.5 years were evaluated for invasive pulmonary aspergillus (IPA). Of these, 52.6% were female and 84.2% had living donors. Eleven of 38 lower respiratory patients were found to have IPA infection, 5 with proven infection. Compared to patients who did not have fungal pulmonary infection, patients with invasive aspergillus were older and had high fever, galactomannan levels, and leukocyte counts. Mortality was also higher in those patients. Having fever at the baseline and IPA infection was significantly associated with mortality in univariate analysis and remained related in multivariate model after adjustment for age, gender, and fever. CONCLUSION: Invasive pulmonary aspergillus infection is highly associated with increased mortality rates in renal transplant patients. Fungal pulmonary infections in immune-suppressed patients should be diagnosed and treated immediately in order to avoid the life-threatening complications and may greatly improve prognosis.

Detrimental Association of Hypogammaglobulinemia With Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction and Death Is Not Mitigated by On-Demand Immunoglobulin G Replacement After Lung Transplantation.

BACKGROUND:: Hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG), immunoglobulin G (IgG) <700 mg/dL, is associated with infections, chronic lung allograft dysfunction, and death following lung transplantation. This study evaluates the use of on-demand intravenous IgG in lung transplant recipients with HGG. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: This single-center retrospective cohort study of adult lung recipients evaluated 3 groups, no, untreated (u), or treated (t) HGG at first IgG administration or a matched time posttransplant. Primary outcome was freedom from allograft dysfunction. Secondary outcomes included development of advanced dysfunction, rejection, infection burden, and mortality. RESULTS:: Recipients included 484 (no HGG: 76, uHGG: 192, tHGG: 216). Freedom from chronic allograph dysfunction was highest in the non-HGG group 2 years post-enrollment (no HGG 77.9% vs uHGG 56.4% vs tHGG 52.5%; P = .002). Freedom from advanced dysfunction was significantly different 2 years post-enrollment (no HGG 90.5% vs uHGG 84.7% vs tHGG 75.4%; P = .017). Patients without HGG and those with uHGG had less mortality at 2 years post-enrollment (no HGG 84.2% vs uHGG 81.3% vs tHGG 64.8%; P < .001). Gram-negative pneumonias occurred more often in the tHGG group ( P = .02). CONCLUSIONS:: Development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction, patient survival, rejection burden, and key infectious outcomes in lung transplant recipients were still problematic in the context of on-demand IgG therapy. Prospective studies are warranted.

Diagnosis and treatment of nonadjacent cryptococcal infections at the L1 and S1 vertebrae.

Cryptococcal spine infections are rare infections that are easy to misdiagnose and difficult to cure. Therefore, we report the case of a 25-year-old man who presented with nonspecific spinal lesions at L1 and S1. The patient underwent surgical removal of the lesions, and specimens were submitted for microbial identification, which identified a cryptococcal infection that was susceptible to amphotericin B. The patient exhibited marked improvement after receiving intravenous amphotericin B and remained asymptomatic (no back pain, fever, or other symptoms) at the 3­ and 9­month follow-ups. Similar cases of cryptococcal spine infections are rare, and we believe that our diagnostic findings and treatment experience may help improve the management of this rare disease.

Invasive bacterial and fungal infections in paediatric patients with cancer: incidence, risk factors, aetiology and outcomes in a UK regional cohort 2009-2011.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is the second most common cause of childhood deaths in the United Kingdom and infection contributes to a quarter of all cancer-related deaths. This study aimed to estimate the risk, aetiology and outcome of bloodstream bacterial and fungal infections in children with cancer within a geographically defined region in South-West London over a 3-year period. METHODS: Web-based questionnaires were completed using case records of children with positive blood cultures admitted to five London hospitals during 2009-2011. RESULTS: A total of 112 children with a median age of 5.4 (IQR 3.6-11.2) years had 266 significant blood cultures during 149 infection episodes. Haematological malignancy affected 68 patients (60.7%) and solid tumours 44 (39.3%). The overall bloodstream infection rate was 1.5 episodes per 1,000 days-at-risk (95% CI, 1.2-1.8) and was similar for those with haematological malignancies and solid tumours. Most episodes were attributed to central venous catheter infection (120/149, 80.5%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated in almost half the bloodstream infections (127/266; 47.7%), while Gram-negative organisms accounted for a further quarter (64/266; 24.1%). Fungal isolates from blood were uncommon (8/112 children, 7.1%) but significantly associated with neutropenia (18/149 [12.1%] vs. 1/114 [0.9%], P = 0.0004). Six children (5.4%) died, including three (2.7%; 95% CI, 0.6-7.6%) whose deaths were infection-related. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides an updated risk estimate for bloodstream infections in children with cancer and adds to the framework for developing evidence-based guidance for management of suspected infections in this highly vulnerable group.

Osteomyelitis of the mandible in patients with a history of COVID-19 infection: clinical, histologic, and radiographic presentations.

COVID-19 is a serious global infectious disease impairing the quality of life of people across the world. SARS-CoV-2 may reside in nasopharyngeal and salivary secretions of COVID-19-infected patients and spreads mainly through respiratory droplets and fomites. It has presented a challenge to dentistry, as many dental procedures generate aerosols that could lead to cross-contamination. It also presents many post-infection complications that may continue to debilitate patients, even after successful management of the virus. One such complication may be osteomyelitis of the jaw. Two cases of post-COVID-19 osteomyelitis of the jaw are presented that were determined to be unrelated to mucormycosis in otherwise healthy individuals with no prior dental complaints. An attempt is made to shed light on clinical signs in post-COVID cases that may point to a diagnosis of the condition. The pathophysiology is also discussed, which may help in formulating guidelines to prevent and manage post-COVID osteomyelitis of the jaw.

Ecthyma Gangrenosum and Panniculitis Secondary to Acute Pseudomonas Myositis Without Bacteremia.

Introduction: Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is a relatively uncommon cutaneous manifestation of an underlying Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and is clinically described as necrotic with gangrenous ulcers surrounded by erythematous halos. Cases of EG may occur in the absence of bacteremia and have been increasingly reported in literature. Here we present a patient with features of both EG and panniculitis, despite the lack of underlying bacteremia. Clinical Findings: A 57-year-old male presented to the emergency department with unrelenting right-sided lower back pain and an "itchy and painful" rash of four to five day duration. The patient had an extensive history of intravenous drug abuse and had been hospitalized multiple times for Pseudomonas bacteremia. Upon examination, there were diffuse, erythematous subcutaneous nodules and several individual necrotic ulcerations on the abdomen, upper and lower extremities, surrounded by erythematous halos. An MRI revealed myositis and edema in the right paraspinal region, and blood cultures were negative for Pseudomonas. Discussion: EG is typically classified as bacteremic or non-bacteremic in nature, and there are limited reports of panniculitis in the absence of bacteremia. This patient's presentation was unusual for the diffuse presentation of non-bacteremic EG with panniculitis. Due to the patient's past medical history of deep-seeded Pseudomonas infections, bacteria could have been directly inoculated into the skin at various injection sites. Conclusion: While EG is an uncommon but well-recognized dermatologic feature of Pseudomonas bacteremia, panniculitis is reportedly less commonly and likely underrecognized. Physicians should become aware of the cutaneous manifestations of underlying Pseudomonas infection so appropriate antibiotic therapy can be initiated.

A Case Report: Utilization of Topical Amphotericin in Postoperative Mucormycosis.

Description Mucormycosis is a rare devastating fungal infection with a high mortality rate often associated with diabetic and immunosuppressed individuals. However, infections found in postoperative states and in immunocompetent patients are rare. Systemic liposomal amphotericin is viewed as a first line treatment for mucormycosis in addition to aggressive debridement to prevent the spread of infection. Literature describing the treatment of mucormycosis with both systemic and topical amphotericin B is scarce. We present a case of an immunocompetent male admitted for perforated diverticulitis who received a left hemicolectomy with colostomy creation. During hospitalization, stool from the colostomy bag was reportedly leaking into the wound. The patient was found to have extensive necrotic tissue with mold growing in his postoperative incision site. The wound culture and pathology report confirmed mucormycosis. The patient was treated with intravenous (IV) liposomal amphotericin B, wound dressings with an amphotericin/saline mixture twice daily and serial wound debridements. The patient was discharged in stable condition with successful wound healing.

The Significance and Impact of Screening Preservation Fluid Cultures in Renal Transplant Recipients.

INTRODUCTION: Infectious complications can be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Preservation fluid is necessary to maintain organ viability but may serve as a vector or infection. The utility of screening preservation fluid routinely for microbial growth and the impact of culture-positive preservation fluid is controversial. Research Question: What is the clinical impact of a culture positive preservation fluid in a kidney transplant recipient? DESIGN: This retrospective study was performed to define the incidence of post-operative infection related to PF and examine the negative sequelae of culture-positive PF. One hundred and fifty-two deceased donor renal transplant recipients from January 2015 to December 2017 were included for analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 67% of patients (102/152) received an allograft from a culture-positive PF. Nearly 80% of microbial growth was consistent with skin flora, and coagulase-negative staphylococci was the most frequently isolated organism (56%). Sixty-seven percent of patients (68/102) with culture-positive PF received antimicrobial treatment for an average duration of 5 days. There was no difference in the incidence of infection between patients with culture positive PF compared to culture-negative PF. Furthermore, there were no cases of infection related to PF regardless of whether culture-positive PF was treated or untreated. The incidence of subsequent C. difficile infection and multidrug-resistant organisms was similar. DISCUSSION: This study suggests antimicrobial treatment for culture positive PF may not be necessary with pathogens that are common contaminants and of low virulence. Interventional studies are needed to validate this strategy.

Multisystemic fusariosis with fulminant evolution.

This report presents the case of a 13-year-old female patient with history of acute myeloid leukemia, who, after a bone marrow transplant, began to vomit and experienced rapidly progressive deterioration of consciousness, in addition to disseminated erythematous-violaceous macules, and some blisters with hemorrhagic content inside. Skin biopsy evidenced intravascular filamentous structures. A blood culture confirmed the presence of Fusarium oxysporum. Intravenous treatment with voriconazole was initiated. The patient evolved unfavorably with multiple necrotic skin lesions, ischemic brain lesions, and death.

Duration of Perioperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Patients.

INTRODUCTION: According to clinical guidelines, there are no differences in early infection rates when utilizing antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens beyond 24 hours. We shortened the prophylaxis regimen from 72 to 24 hours in liver transplant recipients due to rising rates of resistance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the difference in posttransplant outcomes, following the protocol change. DESIGN: We reviewed adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation between June 2013 and December 2015. Patients were stratified into 2 cohorts: 24 and 72 hours. Patients were excluded if donor cultures were positive. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence and time to posttransplant infections. The secondary objectives included analysis of total and intensive care unit length of stay and rates of Clostridioides difficile infection. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were included, 20 in the 72-hour and 24 in the 24-hour cohorts. The incidence of post-OLT infection (30% vs 8%, P = .115, 95% CI: -1% to 45%) was higher in the 72-hour cohort. Total (21 vs 14, P = .332, 95% CI: -4% to 28%) and intensive care unit LOS (11 vs 6, P = .201, 95% CI, -5% to 31%) were longer in the 72-hour group. No difference was observed in the incidence of CDI (15% vs 13%, P = 1.000). DISCUSSION: There was no increase in posttransplant infections in the 24-hour cohort. Shorter antibiotic exposure may be associated with a reduction in length of stay and be favorable in this patient population.

[Frequency of invasive fungal infections in a Mexican High-Specialty Hospital. Experience of 21 years]. / Frecuencia de micosis invasivas en un hospital mexicano de alta especialidad. Experiencia de 21 años.

BACKGROUND: Factors such as cancer, HIV infection, use of corticosteroids and antibiotics, favors the increase in the number of invasive fungal infections (IFI) worldwide. METHODS: To determine the frequency and epidemiological aspects of IFI at a mexican, a review of the proven cases diagnosed over the past 21 years (1993-2013) in the Laboratory of Medical Mycology was performed. RESULTS: A total of 472 cases were identified as: 261 candidiasis, 82 mucormycosis, 60 cryptococcosis, 43 aspergillosis and 16 histoplasmosis. A decrease in the frequency of candidiasis was observed, with 74 cases in the first 6 years and 48 in the last five. C. albicans was the most common agent and pulmonary infection the most prevalent. Cryptococcosis also declined from 24 to 10 cases, mainly caused by C. neoformans; two cases of C. laurentii and C. terreus and C unigutulatus were isolated once. Mucormycosis remained steady, but aspergillosis increased significantly, and from 2 cases found in the first studied period, it rose to 23 in the last one. CONCLUSIONS: It is important that High Specialty Hospitals have well-equipped laboratories of Medical Mycology. We suggest the creation of a National Reference Center for Mycoses to collect all the data of these infections, in order to help to the development of strategies for health education, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of them.

Introducción: Factores como el cáncer, la infección por VIH, así como el uso de esteroides y antibióticos, incrementan el número de micosis invasivas (MI). Métodos: Para conocer la frecuencia y algunos aspectos epidemiológicos de las MI en un hospital del IMSS, se revisaron los casos probados diagnosticados en los últimos 21 años (1993-2013) en el Laboratorio de Micología Médica. Resultados: Se identificaron 472 casos, distribuidos en: 261 candidosis, 82 mucormicosis, 60 criptococosis, 43 aspergilosis y 16 histoplasmosis. La candidosis disminuyó de 74 casos en los primeros 6 años, a 48 en los cinco últimos. La localización principal fue pulmonar y el principal agente fue C. albicans. La criptococosis también disminuyó de 24 a 10 casos, principalmente fue causada por C. neoformans, aunque hubo dos casos de C. laurentii, uno de C. terreus y uno de C. unigutulatus. La mucormicosis se mantuvo constante, pero la aspergilosis se incrementó pasando de 2 casos en el primer periodo a 23 en el último. Conclusiones: Es importante que los hospitales de alta especialidad, cuenten con laboratorios de micología médica para realizar el diagnóstico de MI. Se sugiere crear un Centro Nacional de Referencia de Micosis donde se concentren los datos de estas infecciones y contribuya en la elaboración de planes de educación para la salud, prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las mismas.

Diagnóstico microbiológico en lavado broncoalveolar. Revisión de la literatura / Microbiological diagnosis in bronchoalveolar lavage. Literature review

El lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) se describió hace aproximadamente 50 años, y desde ese momento se ha venido empleando cada vez con más frecuencia, llegando a ser uno de los métodos de elección para hacer el diagnóstico microbiológico de las infecciones respiratorias bajas, pues facilita la identificación de patógenos oportunistas y no oportunistas. Su uso se incrementó paralelamente con el número de pacientes inmunocomprometidos, sobre todo a causa del SIDA y los trasplantes, situaciones en las que con frecuencia los pacientes padecen infecciones pulmonares por gérmenes oportunistas. El LBA es un procedimiento seguro que permite obtener muestras que aportan información amplia de las características celulares y microbiológicas del tracto respiratorio inferior. Para garantizar su utilidad es fundamental que la recolección, transporte, almacenamiento y procesamiento de las muestras sean óptimos. El análisis de las muestras se hace por técnicas convencionales para identificación de microorganismos, como son las tinciones y el aislamiento en medios de cultivo, y por otros métodos tales como la inmunofluorescencia, pruebas inmunológicas para la detección de antígenos y anticuerpos, y pruebas de biología molecular. En la presente revisión, se hace una actualización sobre el procedimiento de obtención, almacenamiento y transporte de las muestras de LBA, así como de las técnicas de diagnóstico microbiológico más utilizadas para identificar los principales agentes infecciosos asociados con enfermedades del tracto respiratorio inferior

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was described approximately 50 years ago and since then it has been used with increasing frequency, becoming one of the methods of choice for making the microbiological diagnosis of lower respiratory infections, as it facilitates the identification of opportunistic and non-opportunistic pathogens. Its use increased in parallel with the number of immunocompromised patients, especially due to AIDS and transplantation, situations in which patients frequently suffer from lung infections due to opportunistic germs. BAL is a safe procedure that allows obtaining samples that provide comprehensive information on the cellular and microbiological characteristics of the lower respiratory tract. Optimal collection, transport, storage and processing of samples is essential to guarantee its usefulness. Analysis of the samples is done both by conventional techniques for the identification of microorganisms, such as staining and isolation in culture media, as well as by other methods such as immunofluorescence, immunological tests for the detection of antigens and antibodies, and molecular biology assays. In this review, an update in presented on the procedure for obtaining, storing and transporting BAL samples, as well as on the most widely used microbiological diagnostic techniques to identify the main infectious agents associated with lower respiratory tract diseases

Neonatal intensive care unit antibiotic use.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Treatment of suspected infection is a mainstay of the daily work in the NICU. We hypothesized that NICU antibiotic prescribing practice variation correlates with rates of proven infection, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), mortality, inborn admission, and with NICU surgical volume and average length of stay. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study of 52,061 infants in 127 NICUs across California during 2013, we compared sample means and explored linear and nonparametric correlations, stratified by NICU level of care and lowest/highest antibiotic use rate quartiles. RESULTS: Overall antibiotic use varied 40-fold, from 2.4% to 97.1% of patient-days; median = 24.5%. At all levels of care, it was independent of proven infection, NEC, surgical volume, or mortality. Fifty percent of intermediate level NICUs were in the highest antibiotic use quartile, yet most of these units reported infection rates of zero. Regional NICUs in the highest antibiotic quartile reported inborn admission rate 218% higher (0.24 vs 0.11, P = .03), and length of stay 35% longer (90.2 days vs 66.9 days, P = .03) than regional NICUs in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS: Forty-fold variation in NICU antibiotic prescribing practice across 127 NICUs with similar burdens of proven infection, NEC, surgical volume, and mortality indicates that a considerable portion of antibiotic use lacks clear warrant; in some NICUs, antibiotics are overused. Additional study is needed to establish appropriate use ranges and elucidate the determinants and directionality of relationships between antibiotic and other resource use.

Multisystemic fusariosis with fulminant evolution

Abstract This report presents the case of a 13-year-old female patient with history of acute myeloid leukemia, who, after a bone marrow transplant, began to vomit and experienced rapidly progressive deterioration of consciousness, in addition to disseminated erythematous-violaceous macules, and some blisters with hemorrhagic content inside. Skin biopsy evidenced intravascular filamentous structures. A blood culture confirmed the presence of Fusarium oxysporum. Intravenous treatment with voriconazole was initiated. The patient evolved unfavorably with multiple necrotic skin lesions, ischemic brain lesions, and death.

Infecção marinha: abordagem na Atenção Primária / Marine infection: approach in Primary Care / Infección marina: enfoque en la Atención Primaria

Introdução: Cidades litorâneas possuem atividades econômicas como a pesca e o turismo que promovem o contato com a água do mar e, consequentemente, a exposição a microrganismos raramente encontrados em outros contextos e muitas vezes de diagnóstico tardio, podendo resultar em morbidade ou morte significativa. Objetivo: Essa revisão da literatura objetiva mostrar a importância da suspeição da infecção marinha na Atenção Primária, sua etiologia, manifestações clínicas, tratamento, complicações e prevenção. Métodos: Foi realizada pesquisa em bases de dados eletrônicos (SciELO, Google Acadêmico, MEDLINE e PubMed). Resultados: Foram encontrados 135 artigos e vinte foram selecionados, referentes aos anos de 2003 a 2018. Observou-se escassez de estudos que avaliam a efetividade de esquemas de antibioticoterapia e sua duração necessária. Além disso, verificou-se a ausência de classificação no Código Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) e Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), fato que prejudica a notificação e estudos epidemiológicos sobre o assunto. Conclusão: É preciso incluir a infecção marinha no diagnóstico diferencial de casos de ferimentos crônicos de difícil diagnóstico, principalmente se houver histórico de exposição a ambiente marinho. Novos estudos se fazem necessários para avaliação da terapêutica adequada. Outrossim, é fundamental conscientizar a população quanto ao risco de infecção marinha e seus métodos de prevenção.

Introduction: Coastal cities have economic activities such as fishing and tourism that promote contact with sea water and consequent exposure to microorganisms rarely found in other contexts. Too often, late diagnosis can result in significant morbidity or death. Objective: This review of the literature aims to show the importance of the differential diagnosis of marine infection in primary care, its etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications and prevention. Methods: Electronic databases (SciELO, Google Scholar, MEDLINE and PubMed) were searched. Results: 135 articles were found and twenty were selected, referring to the years 2003 to 2018. A shortage of studies evaluating the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy regimens and their necessary duration was observed. In addition, the absence of the International Code of Diseases (ICD-10) and Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS) was observed, which is detrimental to the epidemiological notification and study on the subject. Conclusion: It is necessary to include marine infection in the differential diagnosis of cases of chronic injuries difficult to diagnose, especially if there is a history of exposure to the marine environment. Further studies are needed to evaluate the appropriate therapy. It is also essential to educate the population about the risk of marine infection and methods of prevention.

Introducción: Las ciudades costeras tienen actividades económicas como la pesca y el turismo que promueven el contacto com la agua del mar y consecuentemente la exposición a microorganismos raramente encontrados em otros contextos y muchas veces de diagnóstico tardío, pudiendo resultar em morbilidad o muerte significativa. Objetivo: Esta revisión de la literatura objetiva mostrar la importancia de la sospecha de la infección marina en la atención primaria, su etiología, manifestaciones clínicas, tratamiento, complicaciones y prevención. Método: Se realizo investigación en bases de datos electrónicos (SciELO, Google Académico, MEDLINE y PubMed). Resultados: Se encontraron 135 artículos y veinte fueron seleccionados, referentes a los años de 2003 a 2018. Se observo escasez de estudios que evalúan la efectividad de esquemas de antibioticoterapia y suduración necesaria. Además, se verifico la ausencia de clasificación en el Código Internacional de Enfermedades (CID-10) y Descriptores em Ciencias de La Salud (DeCS), hecho que perjudica la notificación y estudio epidemiológicos sobre el tema. Conclusión: Es necesario incluir la infección marina em el diagnóstico diferencial de casos de lesiones crónicas de difícil diagnóstico, principalmente si hayun historial de exposición al ambiente marino. Los nuevos estudios se hacen necesarios para evaluar la terapéutica adecuada. También es fundamental concientizar a la población encuanto al riesgo de infección marina y sus métodos de prevención.

Perfil microbiológico e de resistência aos antimicrobianos dos pacientes internados na Unidade de Queimaduras do Hospital Geral "José Pangella" de Vila Penteado / Microbiological profile and antimicrobial resistance profile of patients admitted to the Burn Unit of Hospital Geral "José Pangella" in Vila Penteado, Brazil

Introdução: As queimaduras são responsáveis por cerca de 180.000 mortes por ano no mundo e cerca de 1.000.000 de acidentes, mais de 100.000 internações hospitalares e 2.500 mortes por ano no Brasil. Dentre as causas de morbidade e mortalidade do paciente queimado, destacam-se as infecções. O conhecimento do perfil microbiológico e o adequado tratamento dos casos de infecção impactam na diminuição nas taxas de morbimortalidade. O objetivo é analisar o perfil microbiológico e de resistência aos antimicrobianos dos pacientes internados na Unidade de Queimaduras do Hospital Geral "José Pangella" de Vila Penteado, durante o período de 2011 a 2018. Métodos: O estudo é retrospectivo e levantou todos os exames microbiológicos dos pacientes internados por queimaduras na Unidade de Queimaduras do Hospital Geral "José Pangella" de Vila Penteado, localizado na cidade de São Paulo, durante o período de janeiro de 2011 até o final de dezembro de 2018. Resultados: Foram isolados 495 microrganismos, sendo 436 bactérias (88,080%) e 59 fungos (11,919%). Entre as amostras analisadas, a maior prevalência foi do Staphylococcus sp., seguido por Pseudomonas sp. e Klebsiella sp., destacando-se, ainda, Candida sp. e Acinetobacter sp. Conclusão: O manuseio dos pacientes vítimas de queimaduras continua sendo um grande desafio para os centros de tratamento de queimaduras. Identificar os patógenos responsáveis pelas infecções dos pacientes pode acarretar em uma otimização do tratamento, com a escolha de um antibiótico eficaz, e, dessa forma, acarretar na redução da morbimortalidade desses pacientes, além de diminuir tempo de internação e custos utilizados de maneira significativa.

Introduction: Burns are responsible for about 180,000 deaths per year worldwide and about 1,000,000 accidents, more than 100,000 hospital admissions and 2,500 deaths per year in Brazil. Among the causes of morbidity and mortality of burn patients, infections stand out. Knowledge of the microbiological profile and appropriate treatment of infection cases impact on the decrease in morbidity and mortality rates. The Objetive is to analyze the microbiological profile and antimicrobial resistance profile of patients admitted to the Burn Unit of the General Hospital "José Pangella" of Vila Penteado from 2011 to 2018. Methods: This is a retrospective study and surveyed all microbiological examinations of patients hospitalized for burns at the "José Pangella" Burns Unit of Vila Penteado General Hospital, located in the city of São Paulo, from January 2011 until the end of December 2018. Results: 495 microorganisms were isolated, being 436 bacteria (88,080%) and 59 fungi (11,919%). Among the samples analyzed, the highest prevalence was Staphylococcus sp., followed by Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Candida sp. and Acinetobacter sp. Conclusion: Handling burn patients remains a major challenge for burn treatment centers. Identifying the pathogens responsible for patients infections may result in optimal treatment, with an effective antibiotic choice and reducing the morbidity and mortality of these patients, as well as significantly reducing hospitalization time and costs.

Relationship between death and infections among patients hospitalized in internal medicine departments: a prevalence and validation study.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the burden of infection-related death at internal medicine departments in Denmark and the validity of 2 population-based registries for diagnoses of infection. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of all inpatients who died at a large university hospital during 2008 with an infection diagnosis in the Cause of Death Registry (CDR) or Hospital Discharge Registry (HDR). We computed the positive predictive value of infection diagnoses and completeness of each registry with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and the prevalence of infection-related deaths by capture-recapture analysis. RESULTS: Among 458 deaths, 193 patients (42.1%) had an infection diagnosis of which 40.0% (183 out of 458) were verified. The positive predictive value of an infection diagnosis was 96.0% (95% CI, 92.0%-98.3%) in the CDR and 95.3% (CI, 90.9%-97.9%) in the HDR. Completeness of the CDR was 79.2% (CI, 72.9%-84.6%) and completeness of the HDR was 77.0% (CI, 70.6%-82.7%). By capture-recapture analysis we estimated that 43.2% of all deaths (198 out of 458) were related to infection. CONCLUSIONS: The large proportion of deaths in internal medicine departments that are related to infection emphasizes the need for optimized infection prevention and treatment strategies. CDR and HDR are valid sources for identifying infection and may supplement each other for increased completeness of infection-related death in epidemiologic research.