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1.
Environ Res ; 246: 118079, 2024 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38160967

RESUMO

Remanufacturing has attracted much attention for its enormous potential in resource recycling and low-carbon emission reduction. To investigate the effects of different government intervention policies on remanufacturing and carbon emissions, two profit maximization models of the capital-constrained manufacturer under carbon tax and low-carbon credit policies are constructed respectively. Then, through theoretical and numerical analyses, some significant findings are drawn: (1) Both carbon tax and low-carbon credit policies can encourage capital-constrained manufacturers to produce more remanufactured products, but which intervention policy is more advantageous also depends on the carbon emission cost of new products or financing cost of the remanufactured products. (2) Although carbon tax policy can effectively control carbon emissions, it is always at the expense of both capital-constrained manufacturers and consumers; while low-carbon credit policy can help capital-constrained manufacturers achieve the goal of win-win economic and environmental benefits when the remanufacturing carbon savings advantages are more apparent. (3) From the perspective of consumer benefits, carbon tax is more advantageous when the consumer willingness to pay for remanufactured products is higher; otherwise, low-carbon credit policy should be implemented. (4) The higher the environmental damage coefficient is, the more it can highlight the advantages of the two intervention policies in social welfare enhancement, especially the carbon tax policy; and when the environmental damage coefficient is given, the stronger the consumers' willingness to pay for remanufactured products is, the more it is conducive to reducing the negative effects caused by the carbon tax or low-carbon credit policy in social welfare enhancement, or increasing the corresponding positive effects. Based on above findings, some managerial insights and policy implications are provided to capital-constrained manufacturers and policy-makers.


Assuntos
Carbono , Políticas , Custos e Análise de Custo , Governo , Reciclagem , Comércio
2.
J Environ Manage ; 351: 119857, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38109829

RESUMO

A changing climate is poised to inflict massive-scale damage through extreme weather events. Preserving Earth's forests stands out as a critical resource in our battle to mitigate climate change. One pivotal approach for this endeavour is the Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), a climate change mitigation solution currently being enacted through locally-based projects certified by the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) Association. Nevertheless, these REDD projects have recently faced severe scrutiny for potentially overemphasizing their effectiveness. To address these concerns, the VCS has put forth a new jurisdictional and nested REDD methodology. This study, therefore, aims to assess the impact of the new REDD methodology on the baseline measurements of existing REDD projects within the VCS registry. For this assessment, we selected four REDD projects, each spanning across four continents and encompassing two major forest types. An in-depth analysis of these four projects reveals a noteworthy trend: under the new methodology, three of them are projected to experience a substantial reduction in the number of issued credits compared to the previous methodologies. Consequently, it appears that the new REDD methodology holds promise in generating higher-quality credits by reducing the potential for an inflated baseline.


Assuntos
Carbono , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Florestas , Mudança Climática
3.
J Environ Manage ; 356: 120711, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38537468

RESUMO

This study evaluated the environmental and economic impacts of substituting synthetic media with greywater for cultivating microalgae in the biofuel production process. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and technoeconomic assessment (TEA) were employed to compare the impacts of two scenarios - one containing bold's basal (BB) media and another containing greywater as growth mediums for microalgae cultivation. Scenarios 1 and 2 mitigated 1.74 and 2.14 kg CO2 per kg of biofuel production, respectively. Substituting BB media with greywater resulted in a 16.3% reduction in energy requirements, leading to a 79.3% increase in net energy recovered. LCA findings demonstrate a reduction in all seven environmental categories. TEA reveals that, despite a 21.7% higher capital investment, scenario 2 proves more economically viable due to a 39.8% lower operating cost and additional revenue from wastewater treatment and carbon credits. The minimum selling price of biofuel dropped from Rs 73.5/kg to Rs 36.5/kg, highlighting the economic and environmental advantages of substituting BB media with greywater in microalgal biofuel production.


Assuntos
Biocombustíveis , Microalgas , Animais , Carbono , Meios de Cultura , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Biomassa
4.
Water Sci Technol ; 89(12): 3325-3343, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39150427

RESUMO

In this current investigation, the experimental performance of a solar still basin was significantly enhanced by incorporating snail shell biomaterials. The outcomes of the snail shell-augmented solar still basin (SSSS) are compared with those of a conventional solar still (CSS). The utilization of snail shells proved to facilitate the reduction of saline water and enhance its temperature, thereby improving the productivity of the SSSS. Cumulatively, the SSSS productivity was improved by 4.3% over CSS. Furthermore, the SSSS outperformed in energy and exergy efficiency of CSS by 4.5 and 3.5%, respectively. Economically, the cost per liter of distillate (CPL) for the CSS was 3.4% higher than SSSS. Moreover, the SSSS showed a shorter estimated payback period (PBP) of 141 days which was 6 days less than CSS. Considering the environmental impact, the observed CO2 emissions from the SSSS were approximately 14.6% higher than CSS over its 10-year lifespan. Notably, the SSSS exhibited a substantial increase in the estimated carbon credit earned (CCE) compared to the CSS. Ultimately, the research underscores the efficacy of incorporating snail shells into solar still basins as a commendable approach to organic waste management, offering economic benefits without compromising environmental considerations.


Assuntos
Caramujos , Animais , Exoesqueleto/química , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Luz Solar , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Purificação da Água/métodos
5.
Entropy (Basel) ; 26(6)2024 Jun 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38920511

RESUMO

Biorefinery plays a crucial role in the decarbonization of the current economic model, but its high investments and costs make its products less competitive. Identifying the best technological route to maximize operational synergies is crucial for its viability. This study presents a new superstructure model based on mixed integer linear programming to identify an ideal biorefinery configuration. The proposed formulation considers the selection and process scale adjustment, utility selection, and heat integration by heat cascade integration from different processes. The formulation is tested by a study where the impact of new technologies on energy efficiency and the total annualized cost of a sugarcane biorefinery is evaluated. As a result, the energy efficiency of biorefinery increased from 50.25% to 74.5% with methanol production through bagasse gasification, mainly due to its high heat availability that can be transferred to the distillery, which made it possible to shift the bagasse flow from the cogeneration to gasification process. Additionally, the production of DME yields outcomes comparable to methanol production. However, CO2 hydrogenation negatively impacts profitability and energy efficiency due to the significant consumption and electricity cost. Nonetheless, it is advantageous for surface power density as it increases biofuel production without expanding the biomass area.

6.
Glob Chang Biol ; 29(20): 5760-5774, 2023 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37571868

RESUMO

Promotion of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration as a potential solution to support climate change mitigation as well as more sustainable farming systems is rising steeply. As a result, voluntary carbon markets are rapidly expanding in which farmers get paid per tons of carbon dioxide sequestered. This market relies on protocols using simulation models to certify that increases in SOC stocks do indeed occur and generate tradable carbon credits. This puts tremendous pressure on SOC simulation models, which are now expected to provide the foundation for a reliable global carbon credit generation system. There exist an incredibly large number SOC simulation models which vary considerably in their applicability and sensitivity. This confronts practitioners and certificate providers with the critical challenge of selecting the models that are appropriate to the specific conditions in which they will be applied. Model validation and the context of said validation define the boundaries of applicability of the model, and are critical therefore to model selection. To date, however, guidelines for model selection are lacking. In this review, we present a comprehensive review of existing SOC models and a classification of their validation contexts. We found that most models are not validated (71%), and out of those validated, validation contexts are overall limited. Validation studies so far largely focus on the global north. Therefore, countries of the global south, the least emitting countries that are already facing the most drastic consequences of climate change, are the most poorly supported. In addition, we found a general lack of clear reporting, numerous flaws in model performance evaluation, and a poor overall coverage of land use types across countries and pedoclimatic conditions. We conclude that, to date, SOC simulation does not represent an adequate tool for globally ensuring effectiveness of SOC sequestration effort and ensuring reliable carbon crediting.


Assuntos
Carbono , Solo , Agricultura/métodos , Fazendas , Sequestro de Carbono
7.
Environ Sci Technol ; 57(43): 16153-16165, 2023 10 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37861439

RESUMO

China's enterprises of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling suffer from low profitability that is highly dependent on government subsidies. This low economic gain impedes the sustainable growth of China's WEEE-recycling sector and also adds to the government's financial burden. Prior life-cycle studies have approved the carbon reduction potentials or net carbon credit of recycling WEEE. However, policymakers fail to know whether the revenue from selling carbon credits can offset the government's financial subsidy. We performed life-cycle and cost-benefit analyses for a case recycling enterprise that processes six categories of household appliances. The results show that the reduction potentials of greenhouse gases range from 930-3450 kgCO2e by recycling per ton of household appliances and materials substitution. The recycling enterprise would gain extra revenue ranging from 32 to 160 RMB per ton of appliance if the carbon credits were sold at China's current carbon price, i.e., 45-60 RMB tCO2e-1. Recycling waste refrigerators exhibits the highest carbon revenue, offsetting 6-17% of the government's financial subsidy. Microcomputers, by contrast, indicate the lowest carbon revenue, equivalent to 1-3% of its highest government subsidy. For each household appliance category, when the carbon price reaches 270-600 RMB tCO2e-1, selling carbon credits can fully offset the government's financial subsidy. Constrained by the processing capacity of the case enterprise, optimizations for appliance-recycling composition contribute a 15-25% profit growth to the current economic gains. Interpreting the specific profit depends on the predefined scenarios of carbon price and the substitution rate of the regenerated materials for the virginal ones. Our findings show that raising the profitability of WEEE recycling enterprises through the carbon trading policy contributes to the sustainable growth of China's WEEE-recycling sector while alleviating the government's financial burden.


Assuntos
Resíduo Eletrônico , Gerenciamento de Resíduos , Reutilização de Equipamento , Resíduo Eletrônico/análise , Eletrônica , China , Reciclagem/métodos , Financiamento Governamental
8.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 117(39): 24188-24194, 2020 09 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32929021

RESUMO

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) has gained international attention over the past decade, as manifested in both United Nations policy discussions and hundreds of voluntary projects launched to earn carbon-offset credits. There are ongoing discussions about whether and how projects should be integrated into national climate change mitigation efforts under the Paris Agreement. One consideration is whether these projects have generated additional impacts over and above national policies and other measures. To help inform these discussions, we compare the crediting baselines established ex-ante by voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon to counterfactuals constructed ex-post based on the quasi-experimental synthetic control method. We find that the crediting baselines assume consistently higher deforestation than counterfactual forest loss in synthetic control sites. This gap is partially due to decreased deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon during the early implementation phase of the REDD+ projects considered here. This suggests that forest carbon finance must strike a balance between controlling conservation investment risk and ensuring the environmental integrity of carbon emission offsets. Relatedly, our results point to the need to better align project- and national-level carbon accounting.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Florestas , Brasil , Carbono , Mudança Climática , Gases de Efeito Estufa
9.
Waste Manag Res ; 37(1_suppl): 14-26, 2019 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30761952

RESUMO

Solid waste management has witnessed much progress in recent years with considerable efforts targeting the reduction of associated impacts and carbon emissions. Such efforts remain relatively limited in developing economies due to inefficient management practices. In this study, a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach is adopted to identify integrated systems with minimal impacts and reduced emissions in a developing context coupled with an economic valuation and sensitivity analysis to assess the effect of varying influencing parameters individually. The results showed that the highest impact arises from landfilling with minimal material recovery for recycling and composting, while incineration coupled with energy recovery contributed to the least equivalent emissions (-111% with respect to baseline scenario) at a varying cost of -70% to +93% depending on the selected technology and the value of carbon credit. Optimizing material recycling, composting and landfilling with energy recovery contributed to 98% savings in emissions (with respect to baseline scenario) and remained economically attractive irrespective of the carbon credit exchange rate of 0.5-50 US$/MTCO2E. The sensitivity analysis showed that an improvement in landfill gas collection efficiency (up to 60%) can contribute to major savings in emissions (58%). The application of the LCA-based approach supports the development of integrated viable plans while quantifying advantages and disadvantages towards decision-making and policy-planning.


Assuntos
Eliminação de Resíduos , Gerenciamento de Resíduos , Carbono , Líbano , Resíduos Sólidos
10.
J Environ Biol ; 37(5): 965-71, 2016 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29251883

RESUMO

The present study focus the variation of carbon concentrations within three trophic level i.e., primary producer (phytoplankton), primary consumers (zooplankton) and secondary consumers (fish) in three selected ponds at East Kolkata Wetland area. Depending on the amount and frequency of wastewater input, physico-chemical characteristics of pond, species richness, predator-prey interactions and pond wise different piscicultural practices, the amount of carbon sequestration varied spatially. Significant temporal variations were also observed in each trophic level of these three selected East Kolkata Wetland pond ecosystems. On average primary producers were sequestered 2038.6 ± 244.8mg C m-3 d-1 whereas 307 ± 19.3 mg C m-3 and 11531.4 ± 318.2mg C m-3 was sequestered by primary and secondary consumers, respectively. In Kolkata and its nearby districts over 90% of the production was marked from the East Kolkata Wetland area. Consequently, a significant amount of sequestered carbon was exported from the East Kolkata Wetland ecosystem in the form of fish and this continuous system might increase the carbon sequestration efficiency of the aquatic ecosystem.


Assuntos
Aquicultura , Sequestro de Carbono , Carbono/metabolismo , Peixes/fisiologia , Áreas Alagadas , Animais , Fitoplâncton/metabolismo , Lagoas , Fatores de Tempo , Zooplâncton/metabolismo
11.
Sci Total Environ ; 929: 172661, 2024 Jun 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38649059

RESUMO

The study's objective was to evaluate the status of converted degraded land into productive agricultural models by improving the physicochemical properties of the soil, soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions (active and passive), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), while also generating carbon (C) credit for additional farmers' income. Six models were analyzed, namely: (1) Arjun forest-based agroecosystems (AFBAE); (2) Lemon grass-based agroecosystems (LGBAE); (3) Legume-cereal-moong-based agroecosystems (LCMBAE); (4) Bael-black mustard-based agroecosystems (BMBAE); (5) Guava-wheat-based agroecosystems (GWBAE), and (6) Custard apple -lentil -based agroecosystems (CALBAE). These models were replicated three times in a randomized block design (RBD). Soil samples were collected from the study area at two depths (0-0.30 and 0.30-0.60 m). At a 0-0.30 m depth, the highest bulk density (ρb) of 1.50 Mg m-3 was observed in LCMBAE, while the lowest ρb of 1.43 Mg m-3 was recorded in BMBAE. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and SOC stock values exhibited a range of 4.2-7.7 g kg-1 and 19.0-33.4 Mg ha-1, respectively. In the AFBAE, the highest levels of 163.1 % MBC were found over LCMBAE. At a 0-0.30 m depth, the recalcitrant index (RI) and lability index (LI) ranged from 0.35-0.46 to 1.97-2.11, respectively. Additionally, the AFBAE exhibited the highest total biomass accumulation (39.23 Mg ha-1), carbon dioxide (CO2) biosequestration (287.9 Mg ha-1), and the total social cost of CO2 at US$ 277 ha-1. Furthermore, in the AFBAE, there was a 198.1 % increase in total C credit (US$ 161 ha-1) compared to LCMBAE (US$ 54 ha-1). However, at 0.30-0.60 m depths, GWBAE and CALBAE were statistically equivalent (p ≤ 0.05) in total C stocks. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals that component-1 accounts for 77.4 % of the variability, while component-2 contributes 18.6 %. This article aimed to convert the degraded land into a sustainable agricultural module by increasing SOC and CO2 biosequestration and producing more C-credit, or climate currency, on underutilized land.

12.
Trop Life Sci Res ; 35(1): 139-160, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39262860

RESUMO

A large-scale rubber plantation in Southern Thailand is expected to capture a significant amount of carbon dioxide from emissions through carbon sinks in the vegetation and soil. The goal of this research is to create a carbon offset assessment for rubber plantations lasting for 30 years using a voluntary market contract approach. To evaluate the area of large-scale rubber plantations, this study evaluated major growing regions in five provinces in the middle-south region of Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Songkhla, Satun and Trang) using an integrated RS-GIS technique that incorporated biomass allometric equations, soil series databases, and object-based classification. The classification of rubber plantation areas and the mapping of rubber stand ages were conducted to estimate the above-ground biomass of the rubber tree. Texture analysis was used in the rubber classification process, and normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) was combined with texture analysis to separate vegetation areas from other land cover. Four groups of varying ages (1-6, 7-13, 14-20 and 21-30 years old) were evaluated for their capacity to generate carbon offsets. The equations of voluntary market contract revenue according to the contract method of the CCX were applied for this case study. This evaluation was used to estimate their annual value, total and net incomes in the carbon market price regarding the RGGI Allowance (RGA). Carbon offset income was then used to estimate the potential income (over a 30-year period) of the life of the contract. The results showed that the carbon stock potential of rubber plantations depended on the age of the trees and the soil carbon stock. The total carbon stock in the rubber plantations varied from 249.73 to 301.48 Mg C/ha (or equivalently 916.49 to 1,106.44 Mg CO2e/ha). Furthermore, the potential net income of the contract was estimated to be between USD5,378.32 and USD5,930.38 Mg CO2e/ha over a 30-year period according to the voluntary market contract revenue. These results suggest that the large agricultural land plot policy could create opportunities for carbon offsetting. The policy of large-scale rubber areas could be used as a tool and mechanism for farmers who are considering participating in carbon-crediting mechanisms. Then, farmers could use voluntary market contracts as a guide and foundation for their decision-making. The carbon offset credit strategy could assist Thailand in achieving its climate goals of transitioning to a low-carbon agriculture sector.

13.
Heliyon ; 10(6): e27904, 2024 Mar 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38524585

RESUMO

Energy and carbon (C) footprints of agricultural production practices have garnered high attention due to rising energy costs and increasing global warming. However, the contribution of conservation and regenerative farming practices, including cover cropping, on energy and C footprints have not yet been documented for cropping systems in arid and semi-arid regions. This study evaluated the energy and C footprint of cover crop integrated silage maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) production systems in the semi-arid region of the southwestern US. The treatments were mixtures of winter cover crops: i) grasses and legumes (GL), ii) grasses, brassicas, and legumes (GBL), iii) grasses and brassicas (GB), and iv) no cover crops (NCC) control for each crop production system. Results showed cover crops had 24.1-24.5% greater energy input than NCC. In silage maize rotation, energy output was 17-22% greater in GBL and GL than in NCC. In silage sorghum rotation, the energy output was 15-24% greater in all cover crops than in NCC. The resulting net energy was 16-21% greater in GBL and GL than in NCC under silage maize, while it was 18-24% greater in GBL and GB than in NCC under silage sorghum. In the silage maize system, the C-footprint per kg yield was not different among treatments, whereas in silage sorghum, it was 58% greater in GBL than in NCC. The benefit-to-cost ratio was greater than one for all treatments, but the additional revenue through C credit programs could make cover cropping a more feasible and beneficial approach, improving economic and environmental sustainability while producing silage crops. While the C footprint was crop rotation specific, cover cropping should be encouraged over crop-fallow systems to producers in semi-arid environments to reduce energy usage and increase C-credit benefits. Clear national and state policy on the C credit program will also enhance economic and environmental benefits by adopting cover cropping and other regenerative farming practices.

14.
J Environ Manage ; 130: 221-31, 2013 Nov 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24091157

RESUMO

Our goal was to move toward full economic valuation of fuels-reduction treatments applied to ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. For each of five fuels-reduction projects in northern Arizona, we calculated the economic value of carbon storage and carbon releases over one century produced by two fuels-reduction treatments of thinning following by prescribed burning every one (Rx10) or two (Rx20) decades and for no treatment followed by intense wildfire once in the first 50 years (HF50) or once in the first 100 years (HF100). Our estimates include two uses of harvested wood, the current use as pallets, and multiproduct use as paper, pallets, and construction materials. Additionally, we included the economic value of damage and loss from wildfire. Results indicate that treatments increase carbon stock in live trees over time; however, the inclusion of carbon emissions from treatments reduces net carbon storage and thereby carbon credits and revenue. The economic valuation shows that the highest net benefit of $5029.74 ha(-1) occurs for the Rx20 treatment with the HF50 baseline and the high estimated treatment benefits of avoided losses, regional economic benefits, and community value of fire risk reduction. The lowest net benefit of -$3458.02 ha(-1) occurs for the Rx10 treatment with the HF100 baseline and the low estimated treatment benefits. We conclude that current nonmarket values such as avoided wildfire damage should be included with values of traditional wood products and emerging values of carbon storage to more appropriately estimate long-term benefits and costs of forest fuels-reduction treatments.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Pinus ponderosa , Árvores , Sequestro de Carbono , Incêndios , Agricultura Florestal/métodos , Madeira
15.
Heliyon ; 9(4): e15151, 2023 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37095960

RESUMO

Community-based organizations (CBOs) and individuals primarily engaged in forest management dedicated to carbon credit run both at national and regional levels. After a span of time elapsed in the same, CBOs and individuals aspired to shift the carbon-dedicated forest either into log or timber production based on an informed decision. However, there is no study done so which of these projects is financially more useful to them to make an informed decision. The objective of the study is, therefore, to make comparative analyses of plantation forests for carbon credit, round log and timber. The result has revealed that plantation forest managed for timber production is most attractive and rewarding in year 10 and year 15 both with and without discounting at 3%. Plantation forest managed for timber production enables the creation of a fixed asset than both carbon credit and log production. Plantation forests managed for the carbon credit, log production and timber production have externalities both positive and negative which must be considered while calculating the costs and benefits accrued thereof. There are existing and emerging risks associated with the carbon credit project which shifts from natural (forest) to technological abatement of climate change. The study is critical to understanding the benefits of future plantation forest investment. We, thus, conclude forest managed for timber production is financially more useful for CBOs and individuals than round log and carbon credit. We recommend CBOs and individuals to have adequate information on benefits and risks associated with plantation forests managed for carbon credit, round log and timber production before engaging in the investment.

16.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 30(26): 68934-68950, 2023 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37129821

RESUMO

Forest carbon sinks integrated into the carbon trading is an important way to solve the funding shortage of carbon emission reduction and is a major measure to achieve carbon sequestration and thereby carbon neutrality. We propose a carbon credit trading mechanism based on forest carbon sinks and build an optimal carbon credit trading model on forest companies and manufacturers. The scale of carbon sink forest and trading price is determined by stochastic differential game method. Reasonable emission reduction responsibilities are set to achieve coordination between forest carbon sequestration and economic development. The results show that farsighted forest company is more likely to participate in carbon credit trade when the total amount of forest carbon sequestration is small, while shortsighted forest company is more likely to participate in carbon credit trade when the total amount of forest carbon sequestration is large. Low emission reduction responsibility in carbon credit trade is conductive to increasing forest carbon sequestration, and improving the enthusiasm of shortsighted forest company to participate in the trade, which reflects the superiority of the proposed carbon credit trading mechanism. This implies that the forest company should undertake low emission reduction responsibilities to achieve a win-win situation for economic and environmental benefits.


Assuntos
Sequestro de Carbono , Carbono , Carbono/análise , Florestas , China
17.
Sci Total Environ ; 892: 164572, 2023 Sep 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37295532

RESUMO

The study aimed to manage industrial wastes and create a module for using compost from waste for crops cultivation to conserve energy, reduce fertilizer use and Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and improve the atmospheric CO2 capturing in agriculture for a green economy. In the main-plot, the experiment's results using NS3 found 50.1 and 41.8 % more grain yield and total carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in the wheat-rice cropping sequence, respectively, compared to the NS0. Moreover, the treatment CW + TV in the sub-plot observed 24.0 and 20.3 % higher grain yield and total CO2 sequestration than B + PS. Based on interaction, the NS3× CW + TV resulted in a maximum total CO2 sequestration and C credit of 47.5 Mg ha-1 and US$ 1899 ha-1, respectively. Further, it was 27.9 % lower in carbon footprints (CFs) than NS1 × B + PS. Regarding another parameter, the treatment NS3 observed a 42.4 % more total energy output in the main-plot than that of NS0. Further, in the sub-plot, the treatment CW + TV produced 21.3 % more total energy output than B + PS. Energy use efficiency (EUE) and net energy return in the interaction of NS3× CW + TV were 20.5 and 138.8 % greater than the NS0 × B + PS, respectively. In the main-plot, the treatment NS3 obtained a maximum of 585.0 MJ US$-1 and US$ 0.24 MJ-1 for energy intensity in economic terms (EIET) and eco-efficiency index in terms of energy (EEIe), respectively. While in the sub-plot, the CW + TV was observed at a maximum of 571.52 MJ US$-1 and US$ 0.23 MJ-1 EIET and EEIe, respectively. The correlation and regression study showed a perfect positive correlation between grain yield and total C output. Moreover, a high positive correlation (0.75 to 1) was found with all other energy parameters for grain energy use efficiency (GEUE). The variability in the wheat-rice cropping sequence's energy profitability (EPr) was 53.7 % for human energy profitability (HEP). Based on principal component analysis (PCA), the eigenvalues of the first two principal components (PCs) had been greater than two, explaining 78.4 and 13.7 % of the variability. The experiment hypothesis was to develop a reliable technology for safely using industrial waste compost, minimizing energy consumption and CO2 emissions by reducing chemical fertilizer input in agriculture soils.


Assuntos
Compostagem , Oryza , Humanos , Triticum , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Fertilizantes/análise , Agricultura/métodos , Solo , Grão Comestível/química , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Óxido Nitroso/análise , China
18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36901360

RESUMO

Considering the effect of carbon emission factors on financing, a carbon credit policy was introduced to explore the capital-constrained manufacturer's remanufacturing and carbon emission decisions. Meanwhile, this paper also explored the bank's optimal strategy according to the manufacturer's decision feedback. The results showed the following: (1) The restraining effect of the carbon threshold will directly affect whether the carbon credit policy can positively affect manufacturers' remanufacturing and carbon emissions. (2) When the carbon savings level of remanufactured products is higher, the carbon credit policy can better promote remanufacturing activities and effectively control total carbon emissions. (3) The bank's optimal preferential interest rate for loans is inversely correlated with the carbon threshold. Moreover, under a given carbon threshold, a higher preferential interest rate for loans is also conducive to manufacturers carrying out more or a more extensive range of remanufacturing activities while banks maximize total profit. Based on these findings, this paper also provided managerial insights for manufacturers and policy implications for policy-makers.


Assuntos
Carbono , Políticas , Financiamento Governamental , Comércio
19.
Clim Change ; 174(1-2): 15, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36185778

RESUMO

Interest in carbon offsetting is resurging among companies and institutions, but the vast majority of existing offerings fail to enable a credible transition to a durable net zero emission state. A clear definition of what makes an offsetting product "net zero compliant" is needed. We introduce the "proset", a new form of composite carbon credit in which the fraction of carbon allocated to geological-timescale storage options increases progressively, reaching 100% by the target net zero date, generating predictable demand for effectively permanent CO2 storage while making the most of the near-term opportunities provided by nature-based climate solutions, all at an affordable cost to the purchaser.

20.
Sci Total Environ ; 701: 134497, 2020 Jan 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31710902

RESUMO

Coastal wetlands have been valued for a variety of ecosystem services including carbon sequestration and long term storage. The carbon sequestered and stored in coastal habitat including mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass beds is termed as blue carbon. However, these systems are threatened mainly due to sea level rise, limited sediment supply, edge erosion, and anthropogenic influences. These habitats require restoration and conservation to continue providing ecosystem services. The incentive for emission reductions, referred to as carbon offsets, is well established for other ecosystems like forestry and agriculture. Some blue carbon offset methodologies or protocols have been certified by various voluntary carbon markets; however to date, a few wetland restoration carbon offset in the US has been transacted. Thus, the goal of this paper is to discuss the existing carbon market and carbon market methodologies applicable to coastal wetland restoration and conservation in the US. Currently, four wetland carbon offset methodologies have been approved in the carbon market. These methodologies are site and/or project-specific depending on the type of the wetlands, vulnerability to loss, and restoration need. The appropriate carbon stock and Green House Gas (GHG) emission assessment is the basis of determining carbon offsets. Simplification of the existing methodologies and development of new site and project-specific methodologies could potentially help to realize blue carbon offsets in practice. The slowly growing demand for carbon offsets in the carbon market could potentially be fulfilled from the blue carbon pool. While this carbon offset is in the early stages, this review may help the inclusion of carbon offset component in the coastal restoration and conservation projects in United States and potentially across the globe.

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