Development and reprotuction of Spodoptera eridania on natural hosts and artificial diet / Desenvolvimento e reprodução de Spodoptera eridania em hospedeiros naturais e dieta artificial

Abstract The development and reproductive potential of Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) was compared on natural and artificial diets. Its biology was determined under laboratory conditions, providing an artificial diet, leaves of white clover and the peach cultivar 'Chimarrita' and fruits and leaves of the apple cultivar 'Gala'. Larvae of S. eridania could not complete their biological cycle when fed on apple fruits or peach leaves. The artificial diet provided the shortest development time, with a cycle of 28.5±0.14 days from egg to adult and 37.3% total viability. Apple leaves led to a longer development time from egg to adult (62.8±1.22 days) and lower total viability (23%) and white clover provided the highest total viability (54.3%). The results showed that S. eridania can use white clover and apple leaves to develop normally in apple orchards. The reduction of food sources such as white clover used by the larvae results in infestation and damage to fruits from "test bites".

Resumo O desenvolvimento e o potencial reprodutivo de Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) foi comparado em dietas naturais e artificial. A biologia de S. eridania foi determinada em condições de laboratório, comparando-se uma dieta artificial com folhas de trevo branco e de pêssego da cultivar 'Chimarrita' e frutos e folhas de maçã da cultivar 'Gala'. As larvas de S. eridania não puderam completar seu ciclo biológico quando alimentadas com frutas de maçã ou folhas de pêssego. A dieta artificial proporcionou o menor tempo de desenvolvimento, com um ciclo completo de 28,5 ± 0,14 dias de ovo a adulto e 37,3% de viabilidade total. As folhas de maçã levaram maior tempo de desenvolvimento de ovo a adulto (62,8 ± 1,22 dias) e menor viabilidade total (23%). O trevo branco apresentou a maior viabilidade total (54,3%). Os resultados mostraram que S. eridania pode usar trevo branco e folhas de maçã para se desenvolver normalmente em pomares de maçã. A redução de fontes alimentares, como o trevo branco usado pelas larvas, resulta em infestação e danos aos frutos através das "mordidas de prova".

El ciclo evolutivo de parásitos de la familia anisakidae. Hacia una prospectiva de medidas sanitarias de control / The evolutionary cycle of parasites of the anisakidae family. towards a prospective of sanitary control measures

Las larvas de nematodos en los peces, generalmente corresponde a especies de la familia Anisakidae, son gusanos redondos, sin segmentación; con hospedadores intermediarios y definitivos y un huésped accidental que es el humano, en quién va producir una enfermedad parasitaria del tacto digestivo, mundialmente conocida como anisakiasis, asociada a reacciones de hipersensibilidad debido a los alérgenos del parásito. La presencia de estos parásitos en los productos de la pesca, deberá ser controlada con medidas preventivas establecidas en la legislación sanitaria de países; estableciendo profilaxis, medidas higiénicas como consumir el pescado cocido, o sometido previamente a congelación a -20°C por 48 a 72 horas, para prevenir la enfermedad. Cuando enfocamos hacia una prospectiva de medidas sanitarias de control preventivo, se plantea el establecimiento de un plan de requerimientos de alimentos seguros, basado en el análisis de riesgos y control de puntos críticos (HACCP), constituido por un paquete de documentos escritos basados en los principios de seguridad de alimentos; que contendrá: el análisis de riesgos; controles preventivos; programas en la cadena de suministros; delineamiento de los procedimientos para ser seguidos por monitoreo, acciones correctivas y verificación. Estará basado en las obligaciones que se puedan establecer bajo jurisdicción regulatoria para el pescado, en cuanto a la pesca o captura, manipulación a bordo o en la orilla y mecanismos de conservación hasta el expendio; que dé lugar a un manual de buenas prácticas de manufactura, análisis de riesgo y controles preventivos de riesgos para la regulación de alimentos de origen marino para consumo humano

The larvae of nematodes in fish generally correspond to species of the Anisakidae family, they are round worms, without segmentation; with intermediate and definitive hosts and an accidental host that is human, in whom it will produce a parasitic disease of the digestive tract, worldwide known as anisakiasis, associated with hypersensitivity reactions due to parasite allergens. The presence of these Parasites in fishery products should be controlled with preventive measures established in the sanitary legislation of countries; establishing prophylaxis, hygienic measures such as consuming the cooked fish, or previously subjected to freezing at -20 ° C for 48 to 72 hours to prevent the disease. When we focus on a prospective of preventive control sanitary measures, the establishment of a plan for safe food requirements based on risk analysis and control of critical points (HACCP), constituted by a package of written documents based on the principles, is considered food safety; which will contain: risk analysis; preventive controls; programs in the supply chain; delineation of the procedures to be followed by monitoring, corrective actions and verification. It will be based on the obligations that can be established under the regulatory jurisdiction for fish, in terms of fishing or capture, handling on board or on the shore and conservation mechanisms up to the sale; that results in a manual of good manufacturing practices, risk analysis and preventive risk controls for the regulation of food of marine origin for human consumption

Development and reprotuction of Spodoptera eridania on natural hosts and artificial diet

Abstract The development and reproductive potential of Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) was compared on natural and artificial diets. Its biology was determined under laboratory conditions, providing an artificial diet, leaves of white clover and the peach cultivar 'Chimarrita' and fruits and leaves of the apple cultivar 'Gala'. Larvae of S. eridania could not complete their biological cycle when fed on apple fruits or peach leaves. The artificial diet provided the shortest development time, with a cycle of 28.5±0.14 days from egg to adult and 37.3% total viability. Apple leaves led to a longer development time from egg to adult (62.8±1.22 days) and lower total viability (23%) and white clover provided the highest total viability (54.3%). The results showed that S. eridania can use white clover and apple leaves to develop normally in apple orchards. The reduction of food sources such as white clover used by the larvae results in infestation and damage to fruits from test bites.

Resumo O desenvolvimento e o potencial reprodutivo de Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) foi comparado em dietas naturais e artificial. A biologia de S. eridania foi determinada em condições de laboratório, comparando-se uma dieta artificial com folhas de trevo branco e de pêssego da cultivar 'Chimarrita' e frutos e folhas de maçã da cultivar 'Gala'. As larvas de S. eridania não puderam completar seu ciclo biológico quando alimentadas com frutas de maçã ou folhas de pêssego. A dieta artificial proporcionou o menor tempo de desenvolvimento, com um ciclo completo de 28,5 ± 0,14 dias de ovo a adulto e 37,3% de viabilidade total. As folhas de maçã levaram maior tempo de desenvolvimento de ovo a adulto (62,8 ± 1,22 dias) e menor viabilidade total (23%). O trevo branco apresentou a maior viabilidade total (54,3%). Os resultados mostraram que S. eridania pode usar trevo branco e folhas de maçã para se desenvolver normalmente em pomares de maçã. A redução de fontes alimentares, como o trevo branco usado pelas larvas, resulta em infestação e danos aos frutos através das mordidas de prova.

Metamorfosis y emergencia de Aedes aegypti fuera del medio acuático y nuevo reporte de importancia entomológica y epidemiológica en Santiago de Cuba / Metamorphosis and emergence of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes outside the aquatic environment and a new report of entomologic and epidemiologic significance in Santiago de Cuba

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una medida para reducir la aparición de brotes epidémicos de dengue y mejorar la eficacia en función del costo de las campañas contra Aedes aegypti consiste en identificar los factores ambientales locales que facilitan la reinfestación. OBJETIVOS: Determinar el nivel de emergencia de adultos Aedes aegypti partiendo de pupas depositadas fuera del medio acuático, así como precisar la eficacia de los rayos solares como método físico para la destrucción de los focos. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un ensayo experimental de campo controlado, aleatorizado en dos ramas. El grupo experimental correspondió a las pupas extraídas del medio acuático colocadas en tierra. Las pupas que se mantuvieron en el agua integraron el grupo control, Y todas fueron seleccionadas según sus edades en horas. Por otra parte, se ensayó el efecto de los rayos solares como método físico para la destrucción de las pupas extraídas del agua. RESULTADOS: La metamorfosis de pupas sobrevivientes fuera del agua se completó entre 48 y 72 horas, similar al comportamiento en el medio acuático. El nivel de emergencia de mosquitos adultos en el grupo experimental fue de 34,3 por ciento. La reducción del riesgo relativo aportó que la extracción de pupas del agua hacia la tierra reduce el riesgo de generar nuevos mosquitos en solo 65 por ciento, y queda el 35 por ciento de probabilidad de generar nuevos focos. El riesgo relativo en el grupo expuesto a las radiaciones solares en relación con los no expuestos fue de cero. CONCLUSIONES: Las pupas de Aedes aegypti extraídas de su medio acuático pueden permanecer con vida varias horas en tierra, completar su metamorfosis y emerger hasta mosquitos adultos. Se evidenció además que los rayos solares como método físico reducen a cero el nivel de emergencia del vector.

INTRODUCTION: A measure to reduce the appearance of epidemic outbreaks of dengue and to improve effectiveness depending on the cost of campaigns against the Aedes aegypti is to identify the local environmental factors leading to reinfestation. OBJECTIVES: To determine the level of emergence of Aedes aegypti adult mosquitoes from the pupa placed outside the aquatic environment, as well as to specify exactly the effectiveness of the sunbeams as a physical method for elimination of foci. METHODS: A randomized field controlled experimental trial was carried out in two branches. The experimental group corresponded to extracted pupas of aquatic environment placed in land. Pupas remained in the water were the control group and all of them were selected according its ages in hours. On the other hand, the effect of sunbeams as physical method was assayed for elimination of pupas extracted from water. RESULTS: The metamorphosis of pupas surviving outside water was finished between 48 and 72 hours, similar to behavior in the aquatic environment. The emergence level of adult mosquitoes in the experimental group was of 34.3 percent. The reduction of relative risk showed that pupa's extraction from the water towards land, to reduce the risk to generate new mosquitoes in only the 65 percent and remains the 35 percent of probability of to generate new foci. The relative risk in the group exposed to sun radiations in relation to those non-exposed was of zero. CONCLUSIONS: The pups of Aedes aegypti extracted of its aquatic environment may to live for some hours in land, to complete its metamorphosis and to emerge until adult mosquitoes. Also, it was evidenced that sunbeams as a physical method to reduce to zero the emergence level of vector.