Effects of urban greenspace configuration and native vegetation on bee and wasp reproduction.

Pollinator welfare is a recognized research and policy target, and urban greenspaces have been identified as important habitats. Yet, landscape-scale habitat fragmentation and greenspace management practices may limit a city's conservation potential. We examined how landscape configuration, composition, and local patch quality influenced insect nesting success across inner-city Cleveland, Ohio (U.S.A.), a postindustrial legacy city containing a high abundance of vacant land (over 1600 ha). Here, 40 vacant lots were assigned 1 of 5 habitat treatments (T1, vacant lot; T2, grass lawn; T3, flowering lawn; T4, grass prairie; and T5, flowering prairie), and we evaluated how seeded vegetation, greenspace size, and landscape connectivity influenced cavity-nesting bee and wasp reproduction. Native bee and wasp larvae were more abundant in landscapes that contained a large patch (i.e., >6 ha) of contiguous greenspace, in habitats with low plant biomass, and in vacant lots seeded with a native wildflower seed mix or with fine-fescue grass, suggesting that fitness was influenced by urban landscape features and habitat management. Our results can guide urban planning by demonstrating that actions that maintain large contiguous greenspace in the landscape and establish native plants would support the conservation of bees and wasps. Moreover, our study highlights that the world's estimated 350 legacy cities are promising urban conservation targets due to their high abundance of vacant greenspace that could accommodate taxa's habitat needs in urban areas.

Efectos de la Configuración de Espacios Verdes Urbanos y la Vegetación Nativa sobre la Reproducción de Abejas y Avispas Resumen El bienestar de los polinizadores es un objetivo reconocido de la investigación y las políticas, y los espacios verdes urbanos han sido identificados como hábitats importantes para esto. Aun así, la fragmentación de hábitat a escala de paisaje y las prácticas de manejo de los espacios verdes pueden limitar el potencial de conservación de una ciudad. Analizamos cómo la configuración del paisaje, la composición y la calidad del fragmento local influyen sobre el éxito de anidación de los insectos a lo largo del casco urbano de Cleveland, Ohio (E.U.A.), una ciudad con legado postindustrial que contiene una abundancia alta de terrenos baldíos (más de 1,600 ha). En este estudio, se les asignó a 40 lotes baldíos uno de cinco tratamientos de hábitat (T1, lote baldío; T2, jardín de césped; T3, jardín con flores; T4, pradera de césped; T5, pradera con flores) y evaluamos cómo la vegetación sembrada, el tamaño del espacio verde y la conectividad del paisaje influyeron sobre la reproducción de abejas y avispas que anidan en cavidades. Las larvas de abejas y avispas nativas fueron más abundantes en los paisajes con un fragmento grande de espacio verde contiguo (es decir, >6 ha), en hábitats con baja biomasa vegetal y en lotes baldíos con sembrados de una mezcla de flores silvestres nativas y césped de festuca fina, lo que sugiere que la aptitud estuvo influenciada por las características del paisaje urbano y el manejo del hábitat. Nuestros resultados pueden guiar a la planeación urbana mediante la demostración de acciones que mantienen un gran espacio verde contiguo dentro del paisaje y establecer que las plantas nativas podrían apoyar en la conservación de abejas y avispas. Además, nuestro estudio resalta que las 350 ciudades de legado postindustrial estimadas son objetivos prometedores de conservación debido a la alta abundancia que presentan de espacio verde vacante, el cual podría acomodar las necesidades de hábitat de los taxones en las áreas urbanas.

Correcting common misconceptions to inspire conservation action in urban environments.

Despite repeated calls to action, proposals for urban conservation are often met with surprise or scepticism. There remains a pervasive narrative in policy, practice, and the public psyche that urban environments, although useful for engaging people with nature or providing ecosystem services, are of little conservation value. We argue that the tendency to overlook the conservation value of urban environments stems from misconceptions about the ability of native species to persist within cities and towns and that this, in turn, hinders effective conservation action. However, recent scientific evidence shows that these assumptions do not always hold. Although it is generally true that increasing the size, quality, and connectivity of habitat patches will improve the probability that a species can persist, the inverse is not that small, degraded, or fragmented habitats found in urban environments are worthless. In light of these findings we propose updated messages that guide and inspire researchers, practitioners, and decision makers to undertake conservation action in urban environments: consider small spaces, recognize unconventional habitats, test creative solutions, and use science to minimize the impacts of future urban development.

Corrección de Ideas Erróneas para Inspirar Acciones de Conservación en Ambientes Urbanos Resumen A pesar de las repetidas llamadas a actuar, las propuestas para la conservación urbana con frecuencia se enfrentan a reacciones de sorpresa o escepticismo. Todavía existe una narrativa penetrante en la política, la práctica y el psique del público que dicta que los ambientes urbanos, aunque sean útiles para comprometer a las personas con la naturaleza o para proporcionar servicios ambientales, tienen poco valor para la conservación. Argumentamos que la tendencia de pasar por alto el valor para la conservación de los ambientes urbanos surge de las ideas erróneas sobre la habilidad que tienen las especies nativas para persistir dentro de ciudades y pueblos y que esto, en cambio, impide la acción efectiva de la conservación. A pesar de esto, la evidencia científica reciente muestra que estas suposiciones no siempre se sostienen. Aunque casi siempre es verdad que incrementar el tamaño, la calidad y la conectividad de los fragmentos de hábitat mejorará la probabilidad de que una especie pueda persistir, lo contrario, que los hábitats fragmentados, degradados y pequeños que se encuentran en los ambientes urbanos son inútiles, no lo es. A la luz de estos hallazgos proponemos mensajes actualizados que guíen e inspiren a los investigadores, practicantes y a los tomadores de decisiones a emprender acciones de conservación en ambientes urbanos: considerar espacios pequeños, reconocer hábitats poco convencionales, probar con soluciones creativas, y utilizar la ciencia para minimizar los impactos de desarrollos urbanos futuros.

Virtual garden computer program for use in exploring the elements of biodiversity people want in cities.

Urban ecology is emerging as an integrative science that explores the interactions of people and biodiversity in cities. Interdisciplinary research requires the creation of new tools that allow the investigation of relations between people and biodiversity. It has been established that access to green spaces or nature benefits city dwellers, but the role of species diversity in providing psychological benefits remains poorly studied. We developed a user-friendly 3-dimensional computer program (Virtual Garden [www.tinyurl.com/3DVirtualGarden]) that allows people to design their own public or private green spaces with 95 biotic and abiotic features. Virtual Garden allows researchers to explore what elements of biodiversity people would like to have in their nearby green spaces while accounting for other functions that people value in urban green spaces. In 2011, 732 participants used our Virtual Garden program to design their ideal small public garden. On average gardens contained 5 different animals, 8 flowers, and 5 woody plant species. Although the mathematical distribution of flower and woody plant richness (i.e., number of species per garden) appeared to be similar to what would be expected by random selection of features, 30% of participants did not place any animal species in their gardens. Among those who placed animals in their gardens, 94% selected colorful species (e.g., ladybug [Coccinella septempunctata], Great Tit [Parus major], and goldfish), 53% selected herptiles or large mammals, and 67% selected non-native species. Older participants with a higher level of education and participants with a greater concern for nature designed gardens with relatively higher species richness and more native species. If cities are to be planned for the mutual benefit of people and biodiversity and to provide people meaningful experiences with urban nature, it is important to investigate people's relations with biodiversity further. Virtual Garden offers a standardized tool with which to explore these relations in different environments, cultures, and countries. It can also be used by stakeholders (e.g., city planners) to consider people's opinions of local design.

[Decline in life expectancy in Madrid's districts in 2020: its correlation with social determinants]. / Caída de la esperanza de vida en distritos de Madrid en 2020: relación con determinantes sociales.

OBJECTIVE: Estimating the decrease in life expectancy (LE) of the population of Madrid and its districts and its relationship with socioeconomic variables in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Death records were obtained from the Municipal Register of inhabitants (Municipal Statistics Service). Based on Chiang II method, life expectancy at birth and at 65 years of age (LEB and LE65) were calculated, as well as their 95% confidence intervals both for men and women and their gross, net and minimum falls for each district in 2020 over 2019, their correlation with some socioeconomic variables distribution and the existence of multiple linear regression explicative models. RESULTS: In 2020, deaths in Madrid increased by 46.1% compared with the previous year, the LEB was 79.31 years in men and 85.25 years in women, meaning a decrease of 3.67 and 2.56 years respectively (4.42% and 2.91%). All districts registered decreases in LE, with the largest decrease in men in Tetuan (4.72 years) and in women in Chamartín (3.91 years). The most affected were the southern districts, especially in men. Immigrant and people over 80 years old rates explained 24% of the drop in LE in men, using linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in LE recorded in Madrid and its districts in 2020 is bigger than in Spain (1.6 years), takes us back to values of 2002 (LE65) and 2008 (LEB), has a sharper fall in the south and is territorially unequally distributed, according to socioeconomic variables and being associated with some of them.

[Community health assets mapping in a slum in Medellin (Colombia)]. / Mapeo de activos comunitario para la salud en un asentamiento informal de Medellín (Colombia).

OBJECTIVE: To describe how the community from El Faro neighborhood identifies its community assets, uses them to face life's challenges through the capacity of collective agency; and by generating community development processes, applying the salutogenic theory that considers people as active subjects, with the capacity to conserve and generate health and well-being, through the use of their own resources called health assets. METHODS: A map of community assets was made in 2018 in el Faro neighborhood, an informal settlement of Medellín, Colombia, following the phases recommended by other authors and from a qualitative, participatory approach that delves into the health situation of the community. RESULTS: In this process were identified 12 individual community assets, 12 collective, 13 institutional and 10 in the environment. The main community asset among the 47 described was community participation, from the agency capacity, mainly of its leaders who participating in their own organizations encourage development, identity construction and well-being. CONCLUSION: Asset mapping has served to identify intangible assets for the community and, in turn, this recognition has been useful in strengthening the agency's capacity for community development. This is a territory transformed by community reflection processes allowing to understand situations of exclusion and poverty, seeking to create a more livable place and developing a community capacity to solve their own problems, through solidarity and community support.

[Health inequalities as a political priority in Barcelona]. / Las desigualdades en salud como prioridad política en Barcelona.

There is a wealth of information and research on health inequalities in Barcelona, but this issue has not been clearly prioritised on the political agenda. The arrival in government of a new left-wing party (Barcelona en Comú) in 2015, gave an important boost to the political agenda to reduce inequalities and health inequalities. The aim of this review is to describe the progress made in relation to health inequalities in these four years and especially in the areas involving public health. With respect to evidence and communication on health inequalities, the progress made is presented in the Barcelona annual health report and the creation of the Observatory on Health, Inequalities and Impacts of Municipal Policies. The policies presented refer to different municipal strategies, the Health Plan, the promotion of the Barcelona Health in the Neighbourhoods programme and the Plan for Tackling Inequalities in the Barcelona Public Health Agency. The combination of political will, technical capacity and the drive of citizens have facilitated progress in the city of Barcelona in policies to reduce social inequalities in health.

Representação social da Covid-19 para a população de uma cidade de pequeno porte / Social representation of Covid-19 for the population of a small-sized city / Representación social del Covid-19 para la población de un pequeño pueblo

Objetivo: analisar a representação social da Covid-19 para a população geral de uma cidade de pequeno porte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Método: estudo qualitativo, apoiado na abordagem estrutural das representações sociais. Participaram 100 usuários de serviços de saúde. Os dados foram coletados por questionário sociodemográfico de evocações livres de palavras e roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio dos softwares Excel, EVOC 2005 e análise de conteúdo temático-categorial para contextualização das evocações respectivamente. Resultados: os termos do possível núcleo central foram: morte, sofrimento, cuidados, ansiedade-angústia e vacina. Na primeira periferia: medo e prevenção. À segunda periferia: informação-desinformação; desgoverno; ter-fé e proteção. A zona de contrate: doença; isolamento-social; dificuldades; catástrofe-mundial; desemprego e pandemia. Considerações finais: marcaram essa representação os impactos psicossociais negativos resultantes da desestruturação da vida e das mortes ocasionadas pela nova doença, no entanto o grupo aderiu as medidas de cuidados de proteção.

Objective: to analyze the social representation of Covid-19 among the general population of a small-sized city in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Method: Qualitative study, based on the structural approach of social representations. One hundred healthcare service users participated. Data were collected through a sociodemographic questionnaire, free word evocation, and a semi-structured interview guide. The data were analyzed using Excel software, EVOC 2005, and thematic-categorical content analysis for contextualization of the evocations, respectively. Results: the terms of the possible central core were: death, suffering, care, anxiety-distress, and vaccine. In the first periphery: fear and prevention. In the second periphery: information-misinformation; mismanagement; having faith and protection. The contrast zone: disease; social isolation; difficulties; global catastrophe; unemployment; and pandemic. Final considerations: this representation was marked by the negative psychosocial impacts resulting from the disruption of life and the deaths caused by the new disease; however, the group adhered to protective care measures.

Objetivo: analizar la representación social del Covid-19 para la población general de una pequeña ciudad del Estado de Río de Janeiro. Método: estudio cualitativo, basado en el enfoque estructural de las representaciones sociales. Participaron 100 usuarios de servicios de salud. Los datos se recolectaron mediante un cuestionario sociodemográfico con evocación libre de palabras y una guía de entrevista semiestructurada. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando lo software Excel y EVOC 2005 y análisis de contenido temático-categórico para contextualizar las evocaciones respectivamente. Resultados: los términos del posible núcleo central eran: muerte, sufrimiento, cuidados, ansiedad-angustia y vacuna. En la primera periferia: miedo y prevención. En la segunda periferia: información-desinformación; desgobierno; tener fe y protección. La zona de contraste: enfermedad; aislamiento-social; dificultades; catástrofe-mundial; desempleo y pandemia. Consideraciones finales: esta representación se caracterizó por los impactos psicosociales negativos derivados de la desestructuración de la vida y de las muertes causada por la nueva enfermedad, sin embargo, el grupo adhirió a las medidas de protección.

Alcohol in the city: wherever and whenever.

Alcohol urban environment has been associated with individual alcohol behaviors. We are constantly exposed to a wide variety of alcohol products, its marketing and promotion and signs of alcohol consumption that may influence alcohol-drinking behaviors. In this photo-essay, we include photographs that visually explain the exposure to alcohol in the urban streetscape of Madrid. These photographs show the pervasiveness of alcohol products in this city, which can be found everywhere at any time.

A cidade, palco de tensões e ocupações criativas no espaço: experiências de jovens moradores de periferias / The city, stage of tensions and creative occupations in space: experiences of young residents of the suburbs / La ciudad, escenario de tensiones y ocupaciones creativas en el espacio: experiencias de jóvenes que viven en la periferia

RESUMO Este trabalho buscou pesquisar as relações de um grupo de jovens moradores de regiões periféricas de uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais com os espaços de casa e da cidade, por meio dos significados e das experiências vivenciadas nesses locais, em interlocução com o referencial teórico do psicodrama. As metodologias utilizadas foram: relato de experiência de um sociodrama realizado antes da pandemia de Covid-19 e, posteriormente, entrevistas semiestruturadas analisadas por meio da teoria fundamentada nos dados. A ocupação dos espaços comunitários de forma criativa, a extensão das relações solidárias no bairro, a praça como espaço da diversidade e também de repressão foram resultados encontrados. O psicodrama pode contribuir como ferramenta significativa para análise dos contextos sociais e espaciais em interlocução com os processos subjetivos de forma crítica, reafirmando seu compromisso social e o direito à cidade.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to investigate the relationships of a group of young people living in suburb regions of a city in the interior of Minas Gerais with social places, based on the meanings and experiences in the home and city environments, in dialogue with the theoretical framework of psychodrama. The methodologies used were experience report of a sociodrama performed before the COVID-19 pandemic and, subsequently, semi-structured interviews analyzed by grounded theory methodology. The occupation of community places in a creative way, the extension of solidarity relationships in the neighborhood, the square as a space of diversity and also of repression were the research findings. Psychodrama can contribute as a significant tool for the analysis of social and spatial contexts in dialogue with subjective processes in a critical way, reaffirming its social commitment and the right to the city.

RESUMEN Este trabajo buscó investigar las relaciones de un grupo de jóvenes que viven en regiones periféricas de una ciudad del interior de Minas Gerais con los espacios del hogar y de la ciudad, a partir de los significados y experiencias en esos ambientes, en diálogo con el referencial teórico del Psicodrama. Las metodologías utilizadas fueron: relato de experiencia de un sociodrama realizado antes de la pandemia de la Covid-19 y, posteriormente, entrevistas semiestructuradas analizadas mediante Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos. La ocupación de los espacios comunitarios de forma creativa, la ampliación de las relaciones solidarias en lo barrio, la plaza como espacio de diversidad y también de represión fueron los resultados encontrados. El psicodrama puede contribuir como una herramienta significativa para el análisis de los contextos sociales y espaciales en diálogo con los procesos subjetivos de una manera crítica, reafirmando su compromiso social y el derecho a la ciudad.

[Municipalism and community health: transforming through local government. SESPAS Report 2018]. / Municipalismo y salud comunitaria: transformar desde los ayuntamientos. Informe SESPAS 2018.

Municipalities and local government are an essential element to promote public policies that improve people's health, and impact the social determinants of health, through developing approaches which incorporate equity, community engagement and intersectoral partnership at their core. The objective of this article is to analyze the barriers and opportunities that can be encountered within local governments when interventions aimed at improving people's health are developed and implemented. The evolution of the city councils, their competence frameworks and the current socio-political context are described, and three key tools for local action are proposed: intersectorality, community engagement and working in partnership with other administrations. Global strategies such as the implementation of the "community health" and "health in all policies" approach through cross-sectoral networks/partnerships are described, emphasizing the importance of developing formal and informal structures or processes of community engagement and designing local health action plans in cooperation with other administrations, such as regional and national governing bodies. To continue supporting these forms of local governance, we propose adapting the local administrations to the new social realities, with more horizontal and flexible organization models and resource allocation, integrating efficiency and evaluation processes, reclaiming local autonomy, and building local governance through networks and alliances.

[Dialogue on the local implementation of the Prevention and Health Promotion Strategy of the Spanish National Health System. SESPAS Report 2018]. / Diálogo sobre la implementación local de la Estrategia de Promoción de la Salud y Prevención en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Informe SESPAS 2018.

The local implementation of the Prevention and Health Promotion Strategy of the National Health System is presented as an opportunity to advance in health promotion. Although there are different visions from the municipal, regional and national levels, as well as from public health and from primary care, there is a consensus that it is necessary to promote local health strategies. Coordination mechanisms should be established to facilitate multilevel and intersectoral work. Local implementation must advance in the promotion of citizen participation and community health, beyond the preparation of the resource map.

[The incorporation of community health in the planning and transformation of the urban environment. SESPAS Report 2018]. / La incorporación de la salud comunitaria en la planificación y la transformación del entorno urbano. Informe SESPAS 2018.

Urbanized and built-up environments are determinants of health as well as community health. Therefore, we intend to analyze the influence of urban development on both public and community health, from the perspective of gender, citizen participation in urban planning projects, and accessibility. From a bibliographic review and narrative analysis, based on the experience of the authors, we found several urban transformation projects focusing, in particular, on four large areas: school centres and playgrounds, empty urban spaces and disused buildings, pedestrian pathways, and various housing interventions. The participatory processes (driven by institutions and/or citizens) developed within the framework of urban diagnostic projects and the preparation of plans and projects, constitute a double opportunity to work on community health: on the one hand, considering them as an objective, and on the other, as a tool to design environments that promote the well-being of the community. The incorporation of citizens and the collaboration of all the agents involved, taking their diversity into account, are essential, and this is a shared responsibility between local/supra-local administration, and citizenship. Regulation must be designed to facilitate the processes and when it is applied must allow the population to take a central role in the transformation of environments that will promote well-being and health.

Expansion of Psychosocial Care Centers and their relationship with health and human rights / Ampliación de los Centros de Atención Psicosocial y su relación con la salud y los derechos humanos / Expansão dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial e sua relação com a saúde e direitos humanos

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the factors associated with the expansion of the number of Brazilian Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS) considering aspects related to the general health scenario and the institutionalization of human rights. Methods: An analytical document-based study, developed between February 2020 and May 2022, whose secondary data on the 27 Brazilian capitals were collected on platforms in the public domain, based on the time series from 2015 to 2020. Indicators were listed based on health system infrastructure and quality of life. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation test and Student's t test were used. Results: The capitals that expanded the number of CAPS in the analyzed period were the ones that presented the greatest political-legal framework for the protection of human rights. Conclusion: The results suggest that the greater the commitment of governments in favor of human rights, the greater the investment for CAPS expansion.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores asociados a la expansión del número de Centros de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS) brasileños considerando aspectos relacionados con el panorama general de salud y la institucionalización de los derechos humanos. Métodos: Estudio analítico de base documental, desarrollado entre febrero de 2020 y mayo de 2022, cuyos datos secundarios sobre las 27 capitales brasileñas fueron recopilados en plataformas de dominio público, con base en la serie temporal de 2015 a 2020. Los indicadores fueron enumerados con base en los temas infraestructura del sistema de salud y calidad de vida. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó la estadística descriptiva, la prueba de correlación de Pearson y la prueba t de Student. Resultados: Las capitales que ampliaron el número de CAPS en el período analizado fueron las que presentaron mayor marco político-jurídico para la protección de los derechos humanos. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que cuanto mayor sea el compromiso de los gobiernos a favor de los derechos humanos, mayor será la inversión para la expansión de los CAPS.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados à expansão do número de Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) brasileiros considerando aspectos relacionados ao panorama geral da saúde e à institucionalização dos direitos humanos. Métodos: Estudo de base documental analítico, desenvolvido entre fevereiro de 2020 e maio de 2022, cujos dados secundários sobre as 27 capitais brasileiras foram coletados em plataformas de domínio público, fundamentando-se na série temporal de 2015 a 2020. Os indicadores foram elencados com base nos temas infraestrutura do sistema de saúde e qualidade de vida. Para a análise dos dados, empreenderam-se estatísticas descritivas, os Testes de Correlação de Pearson e t de Student. Resultados: As capitais que expandiram o número de CAPS no período analisado foram as que apresentaram maior arcabouço político-legal de proteção dos direitos humanos. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que, quanto maior o comprometimento dos governos em prol dos direitos humanos, maior o investimento para a expansão dos CAPS.

A segurança como fator-chave para a cidade inteligente, a confiança dos cidadãos e o uso de tecnologias / La seguridad como factor clave para la ciudad inteligente, la confianza de los ciudadanos y el uso de las tecnologías / Security as a key factor for the smart city, citizens' trust, and the use of technologies

Resumo As cidades inteligentes vêm crescendo ao redor do mundo, impulsionadas por inovações tecnológicas. Com elas surgem diversas oportunidades, mas também novas ameaças à segurança e privacidade do usuário nessa realidade interconectada. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a percepção de segurança e confiança na tecnologia por parte dos cidadãos e como esta afeta a propensão ao seu uso e, consequentemente, à vida na cidade inteligente. Para tanto, conduziu-se um survey (n = 601), por meio do método PLS-SEM, para testar as hipóteses formuladas. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que o modelo proposto demonstra ser consistente. As relações "confiança e segurança subjetiva" e "segurança objetiva e privacidade de dados" obtiveram relações mais consistentes, assegurando a forte influência das barreiras "tangíveis" e "intangíveis" da percepção de segurança. Dessa forma, para obter e manter a confiança dos usuários, as instituições por trás da tecnologia precisam estar atentas à opinião deles e da sociedade, de forma a manter uma boa reputação para que possam, assim, perpetuar uma percepção positiva de segurança. Conclui-se, assim, que o conceito de segurança adquire uma nova dimensão no contexto da cidade inteligente por ser um componente crucial para toda a sua base e estar intimamente ligado à tecnologia, além de se apresentar como uma preocupação fundamental para os governos e as entidades que buscam implementar soluções e aplicações do conceito.

Resumen Las ciudades inteligentes están creciendo en todo el mundo, impulsadas por las innovaciones tecnológicas. Con ellas surgen diversas oportunidades, pero también nuevas amenazas a nuestra seguridad y privacidad en esta realidad interconectada. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la percepción de los ciudadanos sobre la seguridad y la confianza en las tecnologías y cómo afectan la propensión a usarlas y, en consecuencia, la vida en la ciudad inteligente. Para ello, se realizó una encuesta (n = 601) utilizando el método PLS-SEM para contrastar las hipótesis formuladas. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que el modelo propuesto resulta ser consistente. Las relaciones 'confianza y seguridad subjetiva' y 'seguridad objetiva y privacidad de datos' obtuvieron relaciones más consistentes, confirmando la fuerte influencia de las barreras 'tangibles' e 'intangibles' de la percepción de seguridad. De esta forma, para obtener y mantener la confianza de los usuarios, las instituciones que están detrás de las tecnologías deben estar atentas a su opinión y a la de la sociedad a los efectos de mantener una buena reputación, para que puedan, así, mantener una percepción positiva de la seguridad. Se concluye que el concepto de seguridad adquiere una nueva dimensión en el contexto de la ciudad inteligente, ya que es un componente crucial de toda su base, estrechamente vinculado a la tecnología además de presentarse como una preocupación fundamental para los gobiernos y entidades que buscan implementar soluciones conceptuales y aplicaciones.

Abstract Smart cities are growing around the world, driven by technological innovations. With them come several opportunities and new threats to our security and privacy in this interconnected reality. This study investigates citizens' perception of security and trust in technologies and how they affect the propensity to use them and, consequently, life in the smart city. Therefore, a survey was conducted (n = 601) using the PLS-SEM method to test the formulated hypotheses. The results obtained confirm that the proposed model proves to be consistent. The relationships between 'trust and subjective security' and 'objective security and data privacy' obtained stronger relationships, confirming the strong influence of the 'tangible' and 'intangible' barriers of the perception of security. Thus, to obtain and maintain users' trust, the institutions behind the technologies need to be attentive to the opinion of their users and society to keep a good reputation and a positive perception of security. The users' opinion is a crucial component of smart cities' entire base, closely linked to technology, and presents as a fundamental concern for governments and entities that seek to implement concept solutions and applications.

Measurement and analysis of the religious and spiritual factors of quality of life of residents of Islamic cities / Medición y análisis de los factores religiosos y espirituales de la calidad de vida de los residentes de las ciudades islámicas

Abstract Happiness and achieving quality of life primarily depends on the nature of the place in which we live. The religious/spiritual factor is considered a basic factor for understanding the quality of life of individuals. The study at hand used the Arabic version of WHOQoL-SRPB to analyze the religious and spiritual factor affecting the quality of life in Islamic holy cities. The scale was applied to 671 residents of Medina with an average age of 51.6 years, of which 527 (78.5 %) are males and 144 (21.5 %) are females, and they are all Muslims. The results showed that all factors have good internal consistency, since the Alpha Cronbach value was .81 at a significant level of p < .001, and its value for the factors ranged between .75-.89, which are high values and significant at p < .001 except for the "Wholeness" factor, which was significant at p < .01. Moreover, the results of the intra-class correlations coefficients (ICC) test showed that all WHOQoL-SRPB factors are acceptable, as their values ranged between (.82-.93), and all of them were significant at p < .001.

[Health impact assessment methodology for urban planning projects in Andalusia (Spain)]. / Metodología de la valoración del impacto en salud de instrumentos de planeamiento urbanístico en Andalucía.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the tool developed in Andalusia (Spain) to conduct an analysis and prospective assessment of health impacts from urban planning projects as well as the process followed to design it. METHOD: On the one hand, direct and indirect relationships between urban setting and health were identified in light of the best scientific evidence available; and, on the other hand, methods and tools in impact assessment were reviewed. After the design of the tool, it was tested via both internal and external validation processes (meetings, workshops and interviews with key informants). RESULTS: The tool consists of seven phases, structured in two stages. A first descriptive stage shows how to obtain information about goals, objectives and general points pertaining the project and also to characterise the potentially affected population. The second one indicates, in several phases, how to identify and sort out potential impacts from the project using different supporting tools. CONCLUSIONS: Both in the testing phase and through its implementation since the entry into force of Andalusian Decree 169/2014 (16 June 2015) and forced all urban planning projects to be subjected to an Health Impact Assessment, this methodology has proved responsive, identifying major potential health impacts from the measures included in those projects. However, the tool has been shaped as a living tool and will be adapted in line with the experience acquired in its use.

Living under the influence: normalisation of alcohol consumption in our cities.

Harmful use of alcohol is one of the world's leading health risks. A positive association between certain characteristics of the urban environment and individual alcohol consumption has been documented in previous research. When developing a tool characterising the urban environment of alcohol in the cities of Barcelona and Madrid we observed that alcohol is ever present in our cities. Urban residents are constantly exposed to a wide variety of alcohol products, marketing and promotion and signs of alcohol consumption. In this field note, we reflect the normalisation of alcohol in urban environments. We highlight the need for further research to better understand attitudes and practices in relation to alcohol consumption. This type of urban studies is necessary to support policy interventions to prevent and control harmful alcohol use.

Sustainability management in cities: a perspective regarding the role of civil society networks in the public policy analysis process / Gestión de la sostenibilidad en las ciudades: una perspectiva considerando el papel de las redes de la sociedad civil en el proceso de análisis de políticas públicas / Gestão da sustentabilidade em cidades: uma perspectiva considerando a atuação de redes da sociedade civil no processo de análise de políticas públicas

Abstract Alongside the consolidation of the multicentric model of public management, new forms of organization have been structured to act in the public policy process, seeking to contribute to the development of the policies' contexts and to direct this development toward a more sustainable trajectory. This research analyzes the relationship between civil society and the state, investigating how civil society networks aimed at sustainable development in cities act in the public policy analysis process. We studied four cases through an interpretative data analysis, researching how they act in the stages of problem identification, agenda setting, and formulation of alternatives. We concluded that the networks act in the three stages, and their contributions are represented by diagnoses about the city, events to debate themes, and explicit advocacy work with public managers. We assess that the systematized approach and the technical bias adopted by these networks contribute to them being considered an instance of support for local management by providing useful information to direct cities toward a more sustainable development trajectory.

Resumen Con la consolidación del modelo multicéntrico de gestión pública, se han estructurado nuevas formas de organización para actuar en el proceso de políticas públicas, buscando no solo contribuir al desarrollo de sus contextos, sino también encaminar este desarrollo hacia una trayectoria más sostenible. Este estudio busca analizar la relación entre la sociedad civil y el poder público, investigando cómo redes de la sociedad civil enfocadas en el desarrollo sostenible en las ciudades actúan en el proceso de análisis de las políticas públicas. Se investigaron cuatro redes a partir de un análisis interpretativo, investigando cómo actúan en las etapas de identificación de problemas, formación de agenda y formulación de alternativas. Se concluye que las redes actúan en las tres etapas y sus aportes son: elaboración de diagnósticos sobre la ciudad, realización de eventos para debatir temas e incidencia directa en la gestión pública. Se estima que la sistematización y el sesgo técnico adoptado por las redes contribuyen a que sean consideradas una instancia de apoyo a las administraciones locales, proporcionando información útil, con el objetivo de orientar a las ciudades hacia un camino de desarrollo más sostenible.

Resumo Com a consolidação do modelo multicêntrico de gestão pública, novas formas de organização têm se estruturado para atuar no processo de políticas públicas buscando não apenas contribuir para o desenvolvimento de seus contextos, mas também direcionar esse desenvolvimento para uma trajetória mais sustentável. Este estudo busca analisar a relação entre sociedade civil e poder público, investigando como redes da sociedade civil voltadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável em cidades atuam no processo de análise de políticas públicas. Foram pesquisadas quatro redes a partir de uma análise interpretativa, investigando-se de que forma atuam nas etapas de identificação de problemas, formação da agenda e formulação de alternativas. Conclui-se que as redes atuam nas três etapas e suas contribuições são: produção de diagnósticos sobre a cidade, realização de eventos para debater temáticas e incidência direta junto à gestão pública. Avalia-se que a sistematização e o viés técnico adotado pelas redes contribuem para que sejam consideradas uma instância de apoio das gestões locais, aportando informação útil, com o objetivo de direcionar as cidades para uma trajetória mais sustentável de desenvolvimento.

Morfologia urbana e crescimento periférico nas cidades médias brasileiras: geotecnologias e inovações metodológicas aplicadas a Montes Claros, Minas Gerais / Urban morphology and peripheral growth in Brazilian Intermediate Cities: geotechnologies and methodological innovations applied to Montes Claros, Minas Gerais / Morfología urbana y crecimiento periférico en ciudades intermedias brasileñas: geotecnologías e innovaciones metodológicas aplicadas a Montes Claros, Minas Gerais

Resumo A análise integrada da morfologia urbana e das características funcionais permite uma melhor compreensão da estrutura e da dinâmica intraurbana das cidades médias, indicando uma série de elementos que demonstram associações entre o espaço intraurbano e a intensidade e qualidade do relacionamento de uma determinada centralidade com o seu entorno. Com base no estudo de caso de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, apresentamos uma proposta metodológica de avaliação de aspectos morfológicos e funcionais de cidades médias, utilizando como principal fonte de dados o Censo Demográfico em conjunto com outras informações geoespaciais livres (i.e., modelo digital de terreno e imagens de satélite). Identificamos a distribuição espacial dos tipos de ocupação, isto é, a densidade de edificações dos tipos domicílio, comércio e serviços e em construção. Ademais, quantificamos e avaliamos as características (renda e estrutura etária) dos vetores de expansão de Monte Claros. Nesse município, identificamos a formação de centralidades intraurbanas menos desenvolvidas em relação a outros polos de desenvolvimento de Minas Gerais (Juiz de Fora, Uberlândia, Pouso Alegre, dentre outros). Na cidade, a concentração das funções em duas centralidades (centro principal e subcentro de maior destaque) amplia a segregação socioespacial, diante da ausência de centralidades importantes nas proximidades das áreas de maior crescimento periférico entre 2000 e 2010.

Abstract Integrated analysis of urban morphology and functional characteristics allows for a better understanding of the structure and intra-urban dynamics of intermediate cities, indicating a series of elements that demonstrate associations between intra-urban space and the intensity and quality of the relationship of a given centrality with its surroundings. Based on the case study of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, we present a methodological proposal for evaluating morphological and functional aspects of intermediate cities using information from the Demographic Census and other free geospatial datasets (i.e. digital terrain model and satellite images). We identified the spatial distribution of the types of occupation, such as (a) density of residential type buildings, (b) trade and services and (c) under construction. Furthermore, we quantified and evaluated the characteristics (income and age structure) of the expansion vectors of Montes Claros. In Montes Claros, we identified the formation of less developed intra-urban centralities compared to other development hubs in Minas Gerais (Juiz de Fora, Uberlândia, Pouso Alegre, among others). In the city, the concentration of functions in two centralities (the main center and the most prominent subcenter) increases socio-spatial segregation, given the absence of important centralities close to areas with the greatest peripheral growth between 2000 and 2010.

Resumen El análisis integrado de la morfología urbana y las características funcionales permite una mejor comprensión de la estructura y dinámica intraurbana de las ciudades intermedias, indicando una serie de elementos que demuestran asociaciones entre el espacio intraurbano y la intensidad y calidad de una determinada centralidad con su entorno. Con base en el estudio de caso de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, presentamos una propuesta metodológica para evaluar aspectos morfológicos y funcionales de ciudades intermedias utilizando como fuente principal de información del censo demográfico y otra información geoespacial gratuita (es decir, modelo digital del terreno e imágenes de satélite). Identificamos la distribución espacial de los tipos de ocupación, como 1) densidad de edificaciones de tipo residencial; 2) comercio y servicios, y 3) en construcción. Además, cuantificamos y evaluamos las características (estructura de ingresos y edades) de los vectores de expansión de Monte Claros. En Montes Claros, identificamos la formación de centralidades intraurbanas menos desarrolladas en comparación con otros polos de desarrollo en Minas Gerais (Juiz de Fora, Uberlândia, Pouso Alegre, entre otros). En la ciudad, la concentración de funciones en dos centralidades (el centro principal y el subcentro más destacado) incrementa la segregación socioespacial, dada la ausencia de centralidades importantes cercanas a las áreas de mayor crecimiento periférico entre 2000 y 2010.

Researching with older people: an experience in participative mapping and world café techniques / Pesquisando com pessoas idosas: uma experiência com as técnicas de mapeamento participativo e world café / Investigar con personas mayores: una experiencia en tecnicas de mapeo participativo y world café

The multidimensionality of the aging process involves changes in different capacities. The age-friendly cities strategy addressed the need for adaptations in urban spaces that meets the demands of older people's well-being. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore how Participative Mapping and World Café techniques could assist in identifying challenges to the delivery of services and resources to create communities that promote active aging, from the perspectives of older people and stakeholders. The techniques generated co-constructed discussion and shared understandings about the barriers residents face in negotiating and accessing services. Demands associated with the precariousness of local infrastructure, the absence of leisure activities, and a generalized feeling of insecurity in their neighborhoods were recurring themes. The demands led to the conclusion that for healthy aging, the interrelation of objective and subjective factors that take into account the multidimensionality of old age will enable the active participation.

A multidimensionalidade do processo de envelhecimento envolve mudanças em distintas capacidades. A estratégia de cidades amigáveis ao envelhecimento prevê a necessidade de adaptações nos espaços urbanos que atendam às demandas de bem-estar da pessoa idosa. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi explorar como as técnicas de Mapeamento Participativo e World Café poderiam auxiliar na identificação de desafios para a oferta de serviços e recursos para criar comunidades promotoras de envelhecimento ativo, a partir da perspectiva de idosos e stakeholders. As técnicas geraram discussões coconstruídas e entendimentos compartilhados sobre as barreiras enfrentadas ao negociar e acessar os serviços. Demandas associadas à precariedade da infraestrutura local, à ausência de atividades de lazer e a um sentimento generalizado de insegurança foram temas recorrentes. As demandas levaram à conclusão de que para o envelhecimento saudável, a interrelação de fatores objetivos e subjetivos que considerem a multidimensionalidade da velhice possibilitará a participação ativa dessa população.

La multidimensionalidad del proceso de envejecimiento implica cambios en diferentes capacidades. La estrategia de ciudades amigables con las personas mayores prevé la necessidad de adaptaciones en los espacios urbanos que respondan a las demandas del bienestar de las personas mayores. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue explorar cómo las técnicas de Mapeo Participativo y World Café podrían ayudar a identificar desafíos para la prestación de servicios y características para crear comunidades que promuevan el envejecimiento activo, desde la perspectiva de las personas mayores y stakeholders. Las técnicas generaron discusiones co-construidas y entendimientos compartidos sobre las barreras que enfrentan los residentes para negociar y acceder a los servicios. Las demandas asociadas a la precariedad de la infraestructura local, la ausencia de actividades de esparcimiento y un sentimiento generalizado de inseguridad en sus barrios fueron temas recurrentes. Las demandas llevaron a la conclusión de que para un envejecimiento saludable, la interrelación de factores objetivos y subjetivos que tienen en cuenta la multidimensionalidad de la vejez permitirá la participación activa.