Cardioids reveal self-organizing principles of human cardiogenesis.

Organoids capable of forming tissue-like structures have transformed our ability to model human development and disease. With the notable exception of the human heart, lineage-specific self-organizing organoids have been reported for all major organs. Here, we established self-organizing cardioids from human pluripotent stem cells that intrinsically specify, pattern, and morph into chamber-like structures containing a cavity. Cardioid complexity can be controlled by signaling that instructs the separation of cardiomyocyte and endothelial layers and by directing epicardial spreading, inward migration, and differentiation. We find that cavity morphogenesis is governed by a mesodermal WNT-BMP signaling axis and requires its target HAND1, a transcription factor linked to developmental heart chamber defects. Upon cryoinjury, cardioids initiated a cell-type-dependent accumulation of extracellular matrix, an early hallmark of both regeneration and heart disease. Thus, human cardioids represent a powerful platform to mechanistically dissect self-organization, congenital heart defects and serve as a foundation for future translational research.

Disease Model of GATA4 Mutation Reveals Transcription Factor Cooperativity in Human Cardiogenesis.

Mutation of highly conserved residues in transcription factors may affect protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions, leading to gene network dysregulation and human disease. Human mutations in GATA4, a cardiogenic transcription factor, cause cardiac septal defects and cardiomyopathy. Here, iPS-derived cardiomyocytes from subjects with a heterozygous GATA4-G296S missense mutation showed impaired contractility, calcium handling, and metabolic activity. In human cardiomyocytes, GATA4 broadly co-occupied cardiac enhancers with TBX5, another transcription factor that causes septal defects when mutated. The GATA4-G296S mutation disrupted TBX5 recruitment, particularly to cardiac super-enhancers, concomitant with dysregulation of genes related to the phenotypic abnormalities, including cardiac septation. Conversely, the GATA4-G296S mutation led to failure of GATA4 and TBX5-mediated repression at non-cardiac genes and enhanced open chromatin states at endothelial/endocardial promoters. These results reveal how disease-causing missense mutations can disrupt transcriptional cooperativity, leading to aberrant chromatin states and cellular dysfunction, including those related to morphogenetic defects.

Deleterious ZNRF3 germline variants cause neurodevelopmental disorders with mirror brain phenotypes via domain-specific effects on Wnt/ß-catenin signaling.

Zinc and RING finger 3 (ZNRF3) is a negative-feedback regulator of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, which plays an important role in human brain development. Although somatically frequently mutated in cancer, germline variants in ZNRF3 have not been established as causative for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We identified 12 individuals with ZNRF3 variants and various phenotypes via GeneMatcher/Decipher and evaluated genotype-phenotype correlation. We performed structural modeling and representative deleterious and control variants were assessed using in vitro transcriptional reporter assays with and without Wnt-ligand Wnt3a and/or Wnt-potentiator R-spondin (RSPO). Eight individuals harbored de novo missense variants and presented with NDD. We found missense variants associated with macrocephalic NDD to cluster in the RING ligase domain. Structural modeling predicted disruption of the ubiquitin ligase function likely compromising Wnt receptor turnover. Accordingly, the functional assays showed enhanced Wnt/ß-catenin signaling for these variants in a dominant negative manner. Contrarily, an individual with microcephalic NDD harbored a missense variant in the RSPO-binding domain predicted to disrupt binding affinity to RSPO and showed attenuated Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in the same assays. Additionally, four individuals harbored de novo truncating or de novo or inherited large in-frame deletion variants with non-NDD phenotypes, including heart, adrenal, or nephrotic problems. In contrast to NDD-associated missense variants, the effects on Wnt/ß-catenin signaling were comparable between the truncating variant and the empty vector and between benign variants and the wild type. In summary, we provide evidence for mirror brain size phenotypes caused by distinct pathomechanisms in Wnt/ß-catenin signaling through protein domain-specific deleterious ZNRF3 germline missense variants.

Single cell evaluation of endocardial Hand2 gene regulatory networks reveals HAND2-dependent pathways that impact cardiac morphogenesis.

The transcription factor HAND2 plays essential roles during cardiogenesis. Hand2 endocardial deletion (H2CKO) results in tricuspid atresia or double inlet left ventricle with accompanying intraventricular septum defects, hypo-trabeculated ventricles and an increased density of coronary lumens. To understand the regulatory mechanisms of these phenotypes, single cell transcriptome analysis of mouse E11.5 H2CKO hearts was performed revealing a number of disrupted endocardial regulatory pathways. Using HAND2 DNA occupancy data, we identify several HAND2-dependent enhancers, including two endothelial enhancers for the shear-stress master regulator KLF2. A 1.8 kb enhancer located 50 kb upstream of the Klf2 TSS imparts specific endothelial/endocardial expression within the vasculature and endocardium. This enhancer is HAND2-dependent for ventricular endocardium expression but HAND2-independent for Klf2 vascular and valve expression. Deletion of this Klf2 enhancer results in reduced Klf2 expression within ventricular endocardium. These data reveal that HAND2 functions within endocardial gene regulatory networks including shear-stress response.

A gene-based association test of interactions for maternal-fetal genotypes identifies genes associated with nonsyndromic congenital heart defects.

The risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs) may be influenced by maternal genes, fetal genes, and their interactions. Existing methods commonly test the effects of maternal and fetal variants one-at-a-time and may have reduced statistical power to detect genetic variants with low minor allele frequencies. In this article, we propose a gene-based association test of interactions for maternal-fetal genotypes (GATI-MFG) using a case-mother and control-mother design. GATI-MFG can integrate the effects of multiple variants within a gene or genomic region and evaluate the joint effect of maternal and fetal genotypes while allowing for their interactions. In simulation studies, GATI-MFG had improved statistical power over alternative methods, such as the single-variant test and functional data analysis (FDA) under various disease scenarios. We further applied GATI-MFG to a two-phase genome-wide association study of CHDs for the testing of both common variants and rare variants using 947 CHD case mother-infant pairs and 1306 control mother-infant pairs from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS). After Bonferroni adjustment for 23,035 genes, two genes on chromosome 17, TMEM107 (p = 1.64e-06) and CTC1 (p = 2.0e-06), were identified for significant association with CHD in common variants analysis. Gene TMEM107 regulates ciliogenesis and ciliary protein composition and was found to be associated with heterotaxy. Gene CTC1 plays an essential role in protecting telomeres from degradation, which was suggested to be associated with cardiogenesis. Overall, GATI-MFG outperformed the single-variant test and FDA in the simulations, and the results of application to NBDPS samples are consistent with existing literature supporting the association of TMEM107 and CTC1 with CHDs.

Mental Health Conditions Among Children and Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the known mental health burden among children with congenital heart disease (CHD), the literature is constrained by a lack of comparison cohorts and population-based follow-up data. We examined the incidence of mental health conditions among children with CHD, relative to 3 comparison cohorts. METHODS: This population-based cohort study identified all children with CHD (<18 years of age; n=16 473) in Denmark from 1996 to 2017, through linkage of individual-level data across national registries. This allowed for complete follow-up of the population. Comparison cohorts included children from the general population (n=162 204), siblings of children with CHD (n=20 079), and children with non-CHD major congenital anomalies (n=47 799). Mental health conditions were identified using inpatient and outpatient hospital discharge codes, prescription data, and data on use of community-based psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy services. We computed cumulative incidence by 18 years of age, incidence rates, and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) using Cox regression. aHRs accounted for sex, year of CHD diagnosis, parental mental health, and socioeconomic status. All estimates were stratified by age, sex, and CHD complexity. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of mental health conditions by 18 years of age in the CHD cohort was 35.1% (95% CI, 34.0%-36.1%), corresponding to aHRs of 1.64 (95% CI, 1.58-1.71), 1.41 (95% CI, 1.30-1.52), and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.98-1.07) compared with the general population, sibling, and major congenital anomaly cohorts, respectively. Mental health incidence rates showed prominent peaks in early childhood and adolescence. Males and children with severe or single-ventricle CHD demonstrated higher incidence rates of mental health conditions relative to females and children with mild or moderate CHD, respectively. Compared with the general population and sibling cohorts, incidence rates and aHRs in the CHD cohort were highest for severe stress reactions, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder. Compared with children in the major congenital anomaly cohort, the aHRs were close to 1. CONCLUSIONS: More than one-third of children with CHD were diagnosed or treated for a mental health condition by 18 years of age. Mental health conditions began early in life and were most prominent among males and children with severe or single-ventricle heart disease.

Heart Development and Congenital Structural Heart Defects.

Congenital heart disease is the most frequent birth defect and the leading cause of death for the fetus and in the first year of life. The wide phenotypic diversity of congenital heart defects requires expert diagnosis and sophisticated repair surgery. Although these defects have been described since the seventeenth century, it was only in 2005 that a consensus international nomenclature was adopted, followed by an international classification in 2017 to help provide better management of patients. Advances in genetic engineering, imaging, and omics analyses have uncovered mechanisms of heart formation and malformation in animal models, but approximately 80% of congenital heart defects have an unknown genetic origin. Here, we summarize current knowledge of congenital structural heart defects, intertwining clinical and fundamental research perspectives, with the aim to foster interdisciplinary collaborations at the cutting edge of each field. We also discuss remaining challenges in better understanding congenital heart defects and providing benefits to patients.

Functions of cilia in cardiac development and disease.

Errors in embryonic cardiac development are a leading cause of congenital heart defects (CHDs), including morphological abnormalities of the heart that are often detected after birth. In the past few decades, an emerging role for cilia in the pathogenesis of CHD has been identified, but this topic still largely remains an unexplored area. Mouse forward genetic screens and whole exome sequencing analysis of CHD patients have identified enrichment for de novo mutations in ciliary genes or non-ciliary genes, which regulate cilia-related pathways, linking cilia function to aberrant cardiac development. Key events in cardiac morphogenesis, including left-right asymmetric development of the heart, are dependent upon cilia function. Cilia dysfunction during left-right axis formation contributes to CHD as evidenced by the substantial proportion of heterotaxy patients displaying complex CHD. Cilia-transduced signaling also regulates later events during heart development such as cardiac valve formation, outflow tract septation, ventricle development, and atrioventricular septa formation. In this review, we summarize the role of motile and non-motile (primary cilia) in cardiac asymmetry establishment and later events during heart development.

Causes of death in individuals with trisomy 18 after the first year of life.

Mortality in individuals with trisomy 18 has significantly decreased over the past 20 years, but there is scant literature addressing the prognosis and cause of death in individuals with trisomy 18 and survival past the first year of life (YOL). This study analyzed factors associated with mortality and cause of death in a retrospective cohort of 174 individuals with trisomy 18 and survival past the first YOL, the largest such series to date. Data were collected via retrospective survey of parents of affected individuals. Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18; postnatal respiratory distress; maternal age > 35 years; birthweight <2000 g; brain and spinal cord defect(s); atrial and/or ventricular septal defect(s); inability to feed orally without medical assistance; and failure to meet sitting and rolling milestones were associated with mortality in this sample. Cause of death was compared between our cohort of individuals with trisomy 18 and existing literature on those with mortality before the first YOL. Individuals with trisomy 18 with mortality after the first YOL demonstrated a predominance of infectious (n = 10/22) and postoperative (n = 6/22) contributing causes of death, in contrast to the existing literature, which shows a predominance of cardiopulmonary causes of death (e.g., cardiopulmonary arrest, pulmonary hypertension). These findings demonstrate that individuals with trisomy 18 and survival past the first YOL have unique medical needs, but further research is needed to develop clinical guidelines for this growing population.

Novel Metabolites Are Associated With Thrombosis After Cardiac Surgery in Children With Congenital Heart Disease.

BACKGROUND: Thrombosis is a major complication after cardiac surgery in children with congenital heart disease. The mechanisms underlying thrombosis development remain poorly understood. We aimed to identify novel circulating metabolites before cardiac surgery that are associated with thrombosis after surgery in children with congenital heart disease. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, all blood samples were drawn right before surgical incision and after the induction of anesthesia, and plasma was separated immediately under 4 °C. Untargeted metabolomic data were measured by Metabolon in plasma from children (age range, 0 days-18 years) with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery. The primary outcome was thrombosis within 30 days of surgery or before discharge. Associations of individual metabolites with thrombosis were assessed with logistic regression with false discovery rate correction for multiple comparison and adjustment for clinical characteristics; elastic net regression was used to select a prediction model. RESULTS: Out of 1115 metabolites measured in samples from 203 children, 776 met the quality control criteria. In total, 25 children (12.3%) developed thrombosis. Among the 776 metabolites, 175 were significantly associated with thrombosis (false discovery rate Q<0.05). The top 3 metabolites showing the strongest associations with thrombosis were eicosapentaenoate, stearidonate, and andro steroid monosulfate C19H28O6S (false discovery rate, 0.01 for all). Pathway analysis showed that the pathways of nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were enriched (false discovery rate, 0.003 for both) and had significant impact on the development of thrombosis. In elastic net regression analysis, the area under the receiver operating-characteristic curve of a prediction model for thrombosis was 0.969 in the training sample (70% of the total sample) and 0.833 in the testing sample (the remaining 30%). CONCLUSIONS: We have identified promising novel metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with thrombosis. Future studies are warranted to confirm these findings and examine the mechanistic pathways to thrombosis.

Cancer mortality in children surviving congenital heart interventions: A study from the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium.

INTRODUCTION: Children with congenital heart defects (CHD) have shorter life expectancy than the general population. Previous studies also suggest that patients with CHD have higher risk of cancer. This study aims to describe cancer-related mortality among patients with a history of CHD interventions using the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (PCCC), a large US cohort of such patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of individuals (<21 years) who underwent interventions for CHD in the PCCC from 1982 to 2003. Patients surviving their first intervention were linked to the National Death Index through 2020. Multivariable models assessed risk of cancer-related death, adjusting for age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Patients with/without genetic abnormalities (mostly Down syndrome [DS]) were considered separately, due to expected differential risk in cancer. RESULTS: Among the 57,601 eligible patients in this study, cancer was the underlying or contributing cause of death for 208; with 20% among those with DS. Significantly increased risk of cancer-related death was apparent among patients with DS compared to the non-genetic group (aHR: 3.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.52-5.24, p < .001). For the group with non-genetic abnormalities, the highest association with cancer-related death compared to those with mild CHD was found among those with more severe CHD (severe two-ventricle aHR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.04-3.20, p = .036, single-ventricle aHR: 4.68, 95% CI: 2.77-7.91, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with more severe forms of CHD are at increased risk for cancer-related death. Despite our findings, we are unable to distinguish whether having CHD raises the risk of cancer or reduces survival.

Maternal Exposure to Extreme Cold Events and Risk of Congenital Heart Defects: A Large Multicenter Study in China.

Over the past decade, extreme temperature events have become more frequent and longer in duration. Previous studies on the association between extreme cold events (ECEs) and congenital heart defects (CHDs) are few and inconsistent. We conducted a national multicenter study in 1313 hospitals in 26 provinces in China and collected a total of 14 808 high CHD-risk participants from 2013 to 2021. We evaluated the ECEs experienced by each pregnant women during the embryonic period (3-8 weeks). The results indicated that ECEs experienced by pregnant women during the embryonic period were associated with the development of fetal CHD and were more strongly associated with some specific fetal CHD subtypes, such as pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary atresia, and tetralogy of Fallot. Of the CHD burden, 2.21% (95% CI: 1.43, 2.99%)-2.40% (95% CI: 1.26, 3.55%) of fetal CHD cases were attributable to ECEs during the embryonic period. Our findings emphasize the need to pay more attention to pregnant women whose embryonic period falls during the cold season to reduce cold spell detriments to newborns.

Cost-utility analysis of palivizumab for preventing respiratory syncytial virus in preterm neonates and infants in Colombia.

AIM: Palivizumab has proven effective in reducing hospitalizations, preventing severe illness, improving health outcomes, and reducing healthcare costs for infants at risk of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. We aim to assess the value of palivizumab in preventing RSV infection in high-risk infants in Colombia, where RSV poses a significant threat, causing severe respiratory illness and hospitalizations. METHODS: We conducted a decision tree analysis to compare five doses of palivizumab with no palivizumab. The study considered three population groups: preterm neonates (≤ 35 weeks gestational age), infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and infants with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (CHD). We obtained clinical efficacy data from IMpact-RSV and Cardiac Synagis trials, while we derived neonatal hospitalization risks from the SENTINEL-1 study. We based hospitalization and recurrent wheezing management costs on Colombian analyses and validated them by experts. We estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and performed 1,000 Monte Carlo simulations for probabilistic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: Palivizumab is a dominant strategy for preventing RSV infection in preterm neonates and infants with BPD and CHD. Its high efficacy (78% in preventing RSV in preterm infants), the substantial risk of illness and hospitalization, and the high costs associated with hospitalization, particularly in neonatal intensive care settings, support this finding. The scatter plots and willingness-to-pay curves align with these results. CONCLUSION: Palivizumab is a cost-saving strategy in Colombia, effectively preventing RSV infection in preterm neonates and infants with BPD and CHD by reducing hospitalizations and lowering healthcare costs.

Intermittent intravenous paracetamol versus continuous morphine in infants undergoing cardiothoracic surgery: a multi-center randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether intermittent intravenous (IV) paracetamol as primary analgesic would significantly reduce morphine consumption in children aged 0-3 years after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: Multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial in four level-3 Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) in the Netherlands and Belgium. Inclusion period; March 2016-July 2020. Children aged 0-3 years, undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were eligible. Patients were randomized to continuous morphine or intermittent IV paracetamol as primary analgesic after a loading dose of 100 mcg/kg morphine was administered at the end of surgery. Rescue morphine was given if numeric rating scale (NRS) pain scores exceeded predetermined cutoff values. Primary outcome was median weight-adjusted cumulative morphine dose in mcg/kg in the first 48 h postoperative. For the comparison of the primary outcome between groups, the nonparametric Van Elteren test with stratification by center was used. For comparison of the proportion of patients with one or more NRS pain scores of 4 and higher between the two groups, a non-inferiority analysis was performed using a non-inferiority margin of 20%. RESULTS: In total, 828 were screened and finally 208 patients were included; parents of 315 patients did not give consent and 305 were excluded for various reasons. Fourteen of the enrolled 208 children were withdrawn from the study before start of study medication leaving 194 patients for final analysis. One hundred and two patients received intermittent IV paracetamol, 106 received continuous morphine. The median weight-adjusted cumulative morphine consumption in the first 48 h postoperative in the IV paracetamol group was 5 times lower (79%) than that in the morphine group (median, 145.0 (IQR, 115.0-432.5) mcg/kg vs 692.6 (IQR, 532.7-856.1) mcg/kg; P < 0.001). The rescue morphine consumption was similar between the groups (p = 0.38). Non-inferiority of IV paracetamol administration in terms of NRS pain scores was proven; difference in proportion - 3.1% (95% CI - 16.6-10.3%). CONCLUSIONS: In children aged 0-3 years undergoing cardiac surgery, use of intermittent IV paracetamol reduces the median weight-adjusted cumulative morphine consumption in the first 48 h after surgery by 79% with equal pain relief showing equipoise for IV paracetamol as primary analgesic. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier: NCT05853263; EudraCT Number: 2015-001835-20.

PATHFINDER-CHD: prospective registry on adults with congenital heart disease, abnormal ventricular function, and/or heart failure as a foundation for establishing rehabilitative, prehabilitative, preventive, and health-promoting measures: rationale, aims, design and methods.

BACKGROUND: Adults with congenital heart defects (ACHD) globally constitute a notably medically underserved patient population. Despite therapeutic advancements, these individuals often confront substantial physical and psychosocial residua or sequelae, requiring specialized, integrative cardiological care throughout their lifespan. Heart failure (HF) is a critical challenge in this population, markedly impacting morbidity and mortality. AIMS: The primary aim of this study is to establish a comprehensive, prospective registry to enhance understanding and management of HF in ACHD. Named PATHFINDER-CHD, this registry aims to establish foundational data for treatment strategies as well as the development of rehabilitative, prehabilitative, preventive, and health-promoting interventions, ultimately aiming to mitigate the elevated morbidity and mortality rates associated with congenital heart defects (CHD). METHODS: This multicenter survey will be conducted across various German university facilities with expertise in ACHD. Data collection will encompass real-world treatment scenarios and clinical trajectories in ACHD with manifest HF or at risk for its development, including those undergoing medical or interventional cardiac therapies, cardiac surgery, inclusive of pacemaker or ICD implantation, resynchronization therapy, assist devices, and those on solid organ transplantation. DESIGN: The study adopts an observational, exploratory design, prospectively gathering data from participating centers, with a focus on patient management and outcomes. The study is non-confirmatory, aiming to accumulate a broad spectrum of data to inform future hypotheses and studies. PROCESSES: Regular follow-ups will be conducted, systematically collecting data during routine clinical visits or hospital admissions, encompassing alterations in therapy or CHD-related complications, with visit schedules tailored to individual clinical needs. ASSESSMENTS: Baseline assessments and regular follow-ups will entail comprehensive assessments of medical history, ongoing treatments, and outcomes, with a focus on HF symptoms, cardiac function, and overall health status. DISCUSSION OF THE DESIGN: The design of the PATHFINDER-CHD Registry is tailored to capture a wide range of data, prioritizing real-world HF management in ACHD. Its prospective nature facilitates longitudinal data acquisition, pivotal for comprehending for disease progression and treatment impacts. CONCLUSION: The PATHFINDER-CHD Registry is poised to offer valuable insights into HF management in ACHD, bridging current knowledge gaps, enhancing patient care, and shaping future research endeavors in this domain.

A modifiable valve-sparing pediatric cardiac dissection technique promotes specimen longevity and optimizes advanced image analysis postpathological examination.

This paper illustrates a valve-sparing cardiac dissection technique that keeps the atrioventricular and semilunar valves and other important cardiac structures intact. The technique minimizes disruption in heart specimens, so they remain suitable for teaching, demonstration, and further research. When performed following the perfusion-distension method of fixation, as our group previously described, this technique could optimize the preservation of heart specimens for teaching and digital archiving postdissection.

Biomarkers for congenital ventricular outflow tract malformations based on maternal serum lipid metabolomics analysis.

BACKGROUND: The congenital ventricular outflow tract malformations (CVOTMs) is a major congenital heart diseases (CHDs) subtype, and its pathogenesis is complex and unclear. Lipid metabolic plays a crucial role in embryonic cardiovascular development. However, due to the limited types of detectable metabolites in previous studies, findings on lipid metabolic and CHDs are still inconsistent, and the possible mechanism of CHDs remains unclear. METHODS: The nest case-control study obtained subjects from the multicenter China Teratology Birth Cohort (CTBC), and maternal serum from the pregnant women enrolled during the first trimester was utilized. The subjects were divided into a discovery set and a validation set. The metabolomics of CVOTMs and normal fetuses were analyzed by targeted lipid metabolomics. Differential comparison, random forest and lasso regression were used to screen metabolic biomarkers. RESULTS: The lipid metabolites were distributed differentially between the cases and controls. Setting the selection criteria of P value < 0.05, and fold change (FC) > 1.2 or < 0.833, we screened 70 differential metabolites. Within the prediction model by random forest and lasso regression, DG (14:0_18:0), DG (20:0_18:0), Cer (d18:2/20:0), Cer (d18:1/20:0) and LPC (0:0/18:1) showed good prediction effects in discovery and validation sets. Differential metabolites were mainly concentrated in glycerolipid and glycerophospholipids metabolism, insulin resistance and lipid & atherosclerosis pathways, which may be related to the occurrence and development of CVOTMs. CONCLUSION: Findings in this study provide a new metabolite data source for the research on CHDs. The differential metabolites and involved metabolic pathways may suggest new ideas for further mechanistic exploration of CHDs, and the selected biomarkers may provide some new clues for detection of COVTMs.

Down syndrome and associated atrioventricular septal defects in a nationwide Norwegian cohort: Prevalence, time trends, and outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of Down syndrome (DS) is approximately 1 per 1000 births and is influenced by increasing maternal age over the last few decades. DS is strongly associated with congenital heart defects (CHDs), especially atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). Our objectives were to investigate the prevalence of live-born infants with DS having a severe CHD in the Norwegian population over the last 20 years and compare outcomes in infants with AVSD with and without DS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information on all births from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019 was obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We also obtained data on all infants with severe CHDs in Norway registered in Oslo University Hospital's Clinical Registry for Congenital Heart Defects during 2000-2019 and accessed individual-level patient data from the electronic hospital records of selected cases. Infants with AVSD and DS were compared to infants with AVSD without chromosomal defects. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of infant mortality and need for surgery during the first year of life, with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were estimated by logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1 177 926 infants were live-born in Norway during the study period. Among these, 1456 (0.1%) had DS. The prevalence of infants with DS having a severe CHDs was relatively stable, with a mean of 17 cases per year. The most common CHD associated with DS was AVSD (44.4%). Infants with AVSD and DS were more likely to have cardiac intervention during their first year of life compared to infants with AVSD without chromosomal defects (adjusted OR [aOR]: 2.52; 95% CI 1.27, 4.98). However, we observed no difference in infant mortality during first year of life between the two groups (aOR: 1.08; 95% CI 0.43, 2.70). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of live-born infants with severe CHDs and DS has been stable in Norway across 20 years. Infants with AVSD and DS did not have higher risk of mortality during their first year of life compared to infants with AVSD without chromosomal defects, despite a higher risk of operative intervention.

High-sensitive troponinT, interleukin-8, and interleukin-6 link with post-surgery risk in infant heart surgery.

BACKGROUND: This study focuses on biomarkers in infants after open heart surgery, and examines the association of high-sensitive troponin T (hs-cTnT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) with postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI), ventilatory support time and need of vasoactive drugs. METHODS: Secondary exploratory study from a double-blinded clinical randomized trial (Mile-1) on 70 infants undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In this sub-study, the entire study population was examined without considering the study drugs. The biomarkers' peak concentration (highest concentration at 2 or 6 h post-CPB) were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Peak IL-8, hs-cTnT, and IL-6 occurred at 2 h post-CPB for 96%, 79%, and 63% of the patients, respectively. The odds ratio of developing AKI2-3 for IL-6 > 293 pg/mL was 23.4 (95% CI 5.3;104.0), for IL-8 > 100 pg/mL it was 11.5 (3.0;44.2), and for hs-cTnT >5597 pg/mL it was 6.1 (1.5; 24.5). In more than two third of the patients with the highest peak concentrations of IL-8, IL-6, and hs-cTnT, there was a need for ventilatory support for >24 h and use of vasoactive drugs at 24 h post-CPB, while in less than one third of the patients with the lowest peak concentrations of IL-8 and hs-cTnT such requirements were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The peak biomarker concentrations and CPB-time strongly predicted AKI2-3, with IL-6 and IL-8 emerging as strongest predictors. Furthermore, our findings suggest that measuring hs-cTnT and IL-8 just 2 h post-CPB-weaning may assist in identifying infants suitable for early extubation and highlight those at risk of prolonged ventilation.

Frequency of seropositive celiac disease and hypothyroidism among children and adolescents with congenital heart disease: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) and hypothyroidism exhibit significant variation in different studies among patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). This study evaluated the frequency of laboratory test abnormalities in children and adolescents with CHD in Shiraz, Iran. METHODS: This prospective case-control study was conducted on 223 children and adolescents with CHD and healthy individuals referred to the heart clinic affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences between February 2019 and December 2021. They were classified into case and control groups. Blood tests were performed for total IgA antibody, anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibody (anti-TTG Ab), T4, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in serum, along with transthoracic echocardiography. Likewise, demographic characteristics of patients, including age, sex, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI), were recorded. Also, anti-TTG Ab levels were compared among CHD patients according to cyanosis status, gender, age (above and below five years), and BMI (under and over 18.5). RESULTS: Ninety-eight CHD patients and 100 healthy individuals with an average age of 5.32 ± 4.05 years (1-18 years) were examined. In children with CHD, atrial septal defect (27%), ventricular septal defect (20%), and tetralogy of Fallot (13%) were the most prevalent disorders. Only one CHD patient had an anti-TTG Ab level of 16.6 unit/mL, considered borderline for seropositive CD diagnosis. There was no difference in anti-TTG Ab levels between age (above and below five years), BMI (under and over 18.5), cyanosis status, and gender groups. Seven CHD patients had high TSH levels, three had cyanotic CHD, and one had Down syndrome. The TSH levels and non-autoimmune hypothyroidism were significantly higher in CHD patients than in normal subjects (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this study, the serum level of TSH and prevalence of non-autoimmune hypothyroidism were higher in patients with CHD than in normal subjects, but the serum level of anti-TTG Ab was not different between the two groups.