Development of D-π-A organic dyes for discriminating HSA from BSA and study on dye-HSA interaction.

HSA (human serum albumin), a most abundant protein in blood serum, plays a key role in maintaining human health. Abnormal HSA level is correlated with many diseases, and thus has been used as an essential biomarker for therapeutic monitoring and biomedical diagnosis. Development of small-molecule fluorescent probes allowing the selective and sensitive recognition of HSA in in vitro and in vivo is of fundamental importance in basic biological research as well as medical diagnosis. Herein, we reported a series of new synthesized fluorescent dyes containing D-π-A constitution, which exhibited different optical properties in solution and solid state. Among them, dye M-H-SO3 with a hydrophilic sulfonate group at electron-acceptor part displayed selectivity for discrimination of HSA from BSA and other enzymes. Upon binding of dye M-H-SO3 with HSA, a significant fluorescence enhancement with a turn-on ratio about 96-fold was triggered. The detection limit was estimated to be âˆ¼ 40 nM. Studies on the interaction mechanism revealed that dye M-H-SO3 could bind to site III of HSA with a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Furthermore, dye M-H-SO3 has been applied to determine HSA in real urine samples with good recoveries, which provided a useful method for HSA analysis in biological fluids.

Chromosome constitution and genetic relationships of Morus spp. revealed by genomic in situ hybridization.

BACKGROUND: Mulberry (Morus spp.) is an economically important woody plant, which has been used for sericulture (silk farming) for thousands of years. The genetic background of mulberry is complex due to polyploidy and frequent hybridization events. RESULTS: Comparative genomic in situ hybridization (cGISH) and self-GISH were performed to illustrate the chromosome constitution and genetic relationships of 40 mulberry accessions belonging to 12 species and three varietas in the Morus genus and containing eight different ploidy levels. We identified six homozygous cGISH signal patterns and one heterozygous cGISH signal pattern using four genomic DNA probes. Using cGISH and self-GISH data, we defined five mulberry sections (Notabilis, Nigra, Wittiorum, and Cathayana, all contained only one species; and Alba, which contained seven closely related species and three varietas, was further divided into two subsections) and proposed the genetic relationships among them. Differential cGISH signal patterns detected in section Alba allowed us to refine the genetic relationships among the closely related members of this section. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that GISH is an efficient tool to investigate the chromosome constitution and genetic relationships in mulberry. The results obtained here can be used to guide outbreeding of heterozygous perennial crops like mulberry.

Trend and heterogeneity in forced vital capacity among Chinese students during 1985-2019: results from Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health.

BACKGROUND: Forced vital capacity (FVC) reflects respiratory health, but the long-term trend and heterogeneity in FVC of Chinese students were understudied. METHODS: Data were from Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health 1985-2019. Super Imposition by Translation and Rotation model was used to draw FVC growth curves. Sex-, region-, and nationality-heterogeneity in FVC was evaluated. Spearman correlation and generalized additive model was used to reveal influencing factors for FVC. RESULTS: Compared to 1985, age at peak FVC velocity was 1.09, 3.17, 0.74, and 1.87 years earlier for urban male, urban female, rural male, and rural female in 2019, respectively. Peak FVC velocity first decreased and then increased during 1985-2019, only male rebounded to larger than 1985 level. FVC declined from 1985 to 2005 and then raised. Males consistently had higher FVC than females, with disparities increasing in the 13-15 age group. Urban students also had higher FVC than rural students. In 2019, FVC difference between 30 Chinese provinces and the national average showed four scenarios: consistently above national average; less than national average until age 18, then above; greater than national average until age 18, then this advantage reversed; less than national average in almost all the age. Most Chinese ethnic minority students had lower FVC levels compared to Han students. Spearman correlation and generalized additive model showed that age, sex, and height were the leading influencing factors of FVC, followed by socioeconomic and environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese students experienced advanced FVC spurt, and there was sex-, region- and nationality-heterogeneity in FVC. Routine measurement of FVC is necessary in less developed areas of China.

The social and health protection of migrants in Chile: qualitative analysis of civil society proposals for constitutional change.

BACKGROUND: A sustained period of social, economic, and political unrest took place during October of 2019 in Chile. As an institutional solution, the "Agreement for Social Peace and the New Constitution" was signed. In this document, most political parties committed to reestablishing peace and public order in Chile, agreeing on the initiation of a constitutional process. To promote participation of civil society actors, the "Popular Initiative for Norms" was enabled. This was a platform where civilians could submit proposals for constitutional norms to be discussed by the Constitutional Convention. We aimed to analyze proposals related to migrants and migrant health. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of the proposals. Sixteen of them were related to migrants, and we analyzed their association to health. We also evaluated their link to the Health Goals 2030 set out by the Chilean Ministry of Health and the Global Action Plan 2019-2023 for Promoting the Health of Refugees and Migrants by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: Four main thematic categories were identified: 1) Humans rights of migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers; 2) Nationality and regularization of migrants and refugees; 3) Political participation and cultural integration of migrants and refugees; and 4) Specific regulations on slavery and human trafficking. These resonated with broader frameworks established in the Health Goals 2030 (Chile) and the Global Action Plan 2019-2023 for Promoting the Health of Refugees and Migrants by the World Health Organization. CONCLUSIONS: The 'Popular Initiative for Norms' was a non-binding participatory mechanism. Although the proposals sent through were not guaranteed to be included in the constitutional draft-and despite the final draft being rejected last September 2022-the platform allowed to gain insights into civilian opinions. Our findings showed that there is an incipient yet weak recognition of the rights and situation of migrants in Chile. There was no direct mention of health nor an explicit contemplation of social determinants of health. Despite there being an urgent need to define strategies for migrants' health in Chile, this study demonstrated that civil awareness and interest are still insufficient.

Association between constitution, axiography, orthodontic cast analysis, and upper body posture in women aged 31 to 40 years.

OBJECTIVE: Whether it is primarily the spine that reacts with pain to the negative consequences of everyday stress and possibly the temporomandibular system as a result (ascending chain), or whether incorrect stress in the dental area has an influence on body geometry (descending chain), is still a controversially discussed topic. The aim of this study is to investigate possible relationships between constitutional, axiographic, and dental parameters with upper body posture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 106 subjectively healthy women between 31 and 40 years of age voluntarily participated in this study. Data collection was done by filling out a questionnaire with constitutional and anamnestic parameters and by evaluating orthodontic casts, axiographic measurements, and video raster stereographic measurements. These data were analyzed using correlations and group comparisons, with the significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Positive correlations were shown between the constitutional factors of body weight and BMI and the lumbar bending angle (p = 0.01), the kyphosis angle (p = 0.001), and lordosis angle (weight p = 0.05; BMI p = 0.03). In the cast analysis, regardless of the direction of the midline shift (left/right/none), a left lateral tilt can be seen which is greatest at 2.12° with a left midline shift. In addition, the elevated pelvic side correlates with the side of the displacement of the jaw, with the stronger manifestation being on the left side. With a vertical anterior bite in the normal range, the kyphosis angle is 48.09°, while with a deep bite, it is 60.92°, and with an open bite, it is 62.47°; thus, the group in the normal range differs significantly (p = 0.01) from the other two. The greater the protrusion, the smaller the sagittal plane angles (kyphosis angle, lumbar bending angle, each p = 0.03), and the more dorsal the posture (p = 0.04). The lordosis angle differs significantly (p = 0.001) between the group of subjects with a protrusion in the normal range (52.34°) and the group with an increased advancement of the mandible (41.79°). CONCLUSION: There is a correlation between body weight, BMI, midline shift, and protrusion, as well as the vertical anterior step and upper body posture in women between 31 and 40 years of age. Interdisciplinary functional examinations of the temporomandibular musculature, and also sustained orthodontic treatment, can contribute to an improvement in upper body posture.

Relationships of physical constitution with occlusal force and masticatory performance in adults with natural dentition.

This study aimed to clarify whether physical constitution affects masticatory function. A total of 251 healthy adults with completely natural dentition participated in this study. Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were used as parameters representing physical constitution, and the amount of glucose eluted from chewed gummy jelly and maximum occlusal force was used as parameter representing masticatory function. Handgrip strength was also measured. After comparing each parameter between male and female participants, the relationship between physical constitution and masticatory function was investigated in the combined (male and female) group, the male group, and the female group. The relationship between handgrip strength and masticatory function was also investigated. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed with masticatory function as the dependent variable and physical constitution as independent variable. The mean values of each parameter were significantly greater in the male group than in the female group. Regarding the relationship between physical constitution and occlusal force, the occlusal force tended to increase as the parameter value representing physical constitution increased, and a significant correlation was observed for all parameters. For masticatory performance, a significant correlation was observed in all parameters in the combined group, but no significant correlations were observed in the male group and in the female group. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that weight was significantly associated with occlusal force. Though occlusal force may be affected by physical constitution, masticatory performance is not easily affected by physical constitution.

Development and validation of non-invasive prediction models for migraine in Chinese adults.

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a common disabling neurological disorder with severe physical and psychological damage, but there is a lack of convenient and effective non-invasive early prediction methods. This study aimed to develop a new series of non-invasive prediction models for migraine with external validation. METHODS: A total of 188 and 94 subjects were included in the training and validation sets, respectively. A standardized professional questionnaire was used to collect the subjects' 9-item traditional Chinese medicine constitution (TCMC) scores, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score, Zung's Self-rating Anxiety Scale and Self-rating Depression Scale scores. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk predictors of migraine, and a series of prediction models for migraine were developed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve were used to assess the discrimination and calibration of the models. The predictive performance of the models were further validated using external datasets and subgroup analyses were conducted. RESULTS: PSQI score and Qi-depression score were significantly and positively associated with the risk of migraine, with the area of the ROC curves (AUCs) predicting migraine of 0.83 (95% CI:0.77-0.89) and 0.76 (95% CI:0.68-0.84), respectively. Eight non-invasive predictive models for migraine containing one to eight variables were developed using logistic regression, with AUCs ranging from 0.83 (95% CI: 0.77-0.89) to 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89-0.96) for the training set and from 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66-0.85) to 0.83 (95% CI: 0.75-0.91) for the validation set. Subgroup analyses showed that the AUCs of the eight prediction models for predicting migraine in the training and validation sets of different gender and age subgroups ranged from 0.80 (95% CI: 0.63-0.97) to 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91-1.00) and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.64-0.84) to 0.93 (95% CI: 0.82-1.00), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study developed and validated a series of convenient and novel non-invasive prediction models for migraine, which have good predictive ability for migraine in Chinese adults of different genders and ages. It is of great significance for the early prevention, screening, and diagnosis of migraine.

Investigating material basis and molecular mechanism of Qing Cuo formula in the treatment of acne based on animal experiments, UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology.

CONTEXT: Qing Cuo Formula (QCF) is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating acne, but its active compounds and molecular mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the material basis and molecular mechanism of QCF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vivo experiments were conducted on 60 male golden hamsters with damp-heat acne, with a blank group, a spironolactone group and 3 QCF administration groups (given high, medium and low doses) over a 30-day period. Serum androgen and inflammatory cytokine levels were tested by ELISA. In vitro, chemical compositions of QCF were investigated by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS. Network pharmacology approaches were used to analyse the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and QCF active compounds-intersection targets-acne network. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis was conducted subsequently. RESULTS: Low-dose QCF group (11.4 g/kg/day) showed significantly reduced levels of serum T (4.94 ± 0.36; 5.51 ± 0.36 ng/mL), DHT (6.67 ± 0.61; 8.09 ± 0.59 nmol/L), E2 (209.01 ± 20.92; 237.08 ± 13.94 pg/mL), IL-1α (36.84 ± 3.23; 44.07 ± 4.00 pg/mL) and FFA (128.32 ± 10.94; 148.00 ± 12.12 µmol/L) compared to the blank group (p < 0.05). In vitro experiments identified 75 compounds in QCF decoction, with 27 active compounds absorbed in serum. Network pharmacology identified 6 active components connecting 17 targets. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis indicated that QCF's anti-acne targets mainly regulate extracellular matrix function, inflammatory processes, immune response and endocrine function. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of the molecular mechanism and material basis of QCF in treating androgen-related damp-heat acne, paving the way for further research on its potential in treating other conditions related to damp-heat constitution.

RELATIONSHIPS, RIGHTS, AND RESPONSIBILITIES: (RE)VIEWING THE NHS CONSTITUTION FOR THE POST-PANDEMIC 'NEW NORMAL'.

Action needs to be taken to map out the fairest way to meet the needs of all NHS stakeholders in the post-pandemic 'new normal'. In this article, we review the NHS Constitution, looking at it from a relational perspective and suggesting that it offers a useful starting point for such a project, but that new ways of thinking are required to accommodate the significant changes the pandemic has made to the fabric of the NHS. These new ways of thinking should encompass concepts of solidarity, care, and (reciprocal) responsibility, grounded in an acceptance of the importance of relationships in society. To this end, we explore and emphasise the importance of our interconnections as NHS stakeholders and 're-view' the NHS Constitution from a relational perspective, concentrating on the rights and responsibilities it describes for patients and the public as NHS stakeholders. We argue that the NHS Constitution, of which most stakeholders are probably unaware, can be used as a tool to engage us, and to catalyse conversation about how our responsibilities as NHS stakeholders should change in the post-pandemic 'new normal'.

The State of Exception Between Schmitt and Agamben: On Topographies of Exceptionalism and the Constitutionality of COVID Quarantine Measures (with Examples from the Irish Context).

According to political philosopher Carl Schmitt (1888-1985), the emergency or State of Exception (Ausnahmezustand) is the ultimate test of political power and reveals in whom that power is vested. The State of Exception determines who is truly sovereign in a given state. Schmitt defines the sovereign act as a decision on the question of the exception, and further classifies sovereignty as a liminal term, a borderline concept (Grenzbegriff), suggesting a geometric metaphoricity underlying his conceptualization. On this theoretical basis, he develops the concept of decisionism, whereby the actual content or "what" of a decision is not the germane element, but rather the "who" of the decision and whether a given "who" (or decider) is the proper authority and possessor of the necessary sovereignty. This political philosophy is usually read in (and arguably tainted) by the immediate historical context in which it was conceived, namely 1930s Germany and the rise of National Socialism. Nevertheless, it has been reinvigorated recently as a paradigm used to explain government decisions taken under evolving COVID-19 pandemic conditions. The current use of Schmitt to understand the suspension of the normal order of things coincides with intense controversy about the work of one of his arch-critics-the surprising hero of the anti-lockdown anti-vaccination movement, Italian philosopher, Giorgio Agamben (1942 - ). The COVID State of Exception will be situated here between the competing philosophies of Schmitt and Agamben, with illustrative examples from, amongst other things, challenges to the Irish Constitution under pandemic conditions, in an attempt to reveal the rhetorical constructions of exceptionalism at work in political theory.

Parliament's Constitution: Legislative Disruption of Implied Repeal.

UK constitutional law establishes priority rules governing the relations among legal sources. According to the implied repeal rule, a later statute is preferred to and repeals an earlier statute where the two cannot stand together. There is a vast literature testing the rule's application in future-facing scenarios: whether Parliament in enacting legislation is capable of legally binding its successors. This article instead adopts a backward-facing perspective, focusing on past enactments. I examine Parliament's legislative power to disrupt how implied repeal applies to earlier, inconsistent statutes. This sheds light on Parliament's capacity to shape the constitution's architecture-here, by rearranging priority relations among existing statutes. I juxtapose the technique against the doctrine of constitutional statutes, and also address the implications for the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. Nor is the technique simply of academic interest. A backward-facing reprioritising regime has already been established in the legislation governing UK withdrawal from the EU. Lastly, the argument may be generalised to encompass other legislatures that also enjoy powers to disrupt the implied repeal rule normally operating among past statutes.

[The sanitary constitution and somatic status of students on territory of the Privolzhye Federal Okrug].

The features of sanitary constitution of students of the Nizhniy Novgorod region related to gradation of intra-group somatologic characteristics are presented. The results of anthropometric screening of 10 400 students of the Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast (boys/girls 5100/5300) aged 7-17 years were analyzed; body types were evaluated according to the Darskaya S. S. methodology; biological age - according to the Maximova T. M. methodology; physical development groups - according to the Baranov A. A. and Kuchma V. R. methodology. The typology was considered in formation of age and gender groups. They intra-group statistical analysis was implemented. The patterns of somatotyping were established. In boys/girls main types were thoracic type 58.9/67.3%, muscular - 21.6/17.4%, asthenoid - 9.1/8.2%, digestive - 7.3/8.3% and indefinite - 3.1/3.2%. The age factor significantly (p < 0.05) modifies dynamics of distributions of somatic types. The significant (p < 0.01) heterogeneity on the factor of biological maturation level was demonstrated in 66.0/68.6% of biological age corresponded to passport age, lag in 19.7/15.3%, advance in 14.3/16.1%. The decelerating ones in 30.9% of cases demonstrated thoracic somatotype with a single occurrence of asthenoid body type. In pre- and post-puberty individuals with thoracic somatotype in 57.0% had passport age that corresponded to biological age. For children with advanced type thoracic and muscular body types are specific and the digestive somatotype is specific only to advanced type (p = 0.01). The body typologies in combination with levels of biological development individualize characteristics of growing organism. The rate of maturation decreases its informative significance in post-puberty period. The individuals with different somatotypes are characterized by intra-group morphofunctional features.

The association between body mass index and pathological complete response in neoadjuvant-treated breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Obesity seems to be associated with a poorer response to adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer (BC); however, associations in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) setting and according to menopausal status are less studied. This study aims to investigate the association between pretreatment body mass index (BMI) and pathological complete response (pCR) following NACT in BC according to menopausal and estrogen receptor (ER) status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 491 patients receiving NACT in 2005-2019. Based on pre-NACT patient and tumor characteristics, the association between BMI and achieving pCR was analyzed using logistic regression models (crude and adjusted models (age, tumor size, and node status)) with stratification by menopausal and ER status. RESULTS: In the overall cohort, being overweight (BMI ≥25) compared by being normal-weight (BMI <25), increased the odds of accomplishing pCR by 15%. However, based on the 95% confidence interval (CI) the data were compatible with associations within the range of a decrease of 30% to an increase of 89%. Stratification according to menopausal status also showed no strong association: the odds ratio (OR) of accomplishing pCR in overweight premenopausal patients compared with normal-weight premenopausal patients was 1.76 (95% CI 0.88-3.55), whereas for postmenopausal patients the corresponding OR was 0.71 (95% CI 0.35-1.46). DISCUSSION: In a NACT BC cohort of 491 patients, we found no evidence of high BMI as a predictive factor of accomplishing pCR, neither in the whole cohort nor stratified by menopausal status. Given the limited precision in our results, larger studies are needed before considering BMI in clinical decision-making regarding NACT or not.

What does the Chilean Constitution say about euthanasia?

What does the Chilean Constitution say about euthanasia? When we read the Chilean Constitution we cannot find the word "euthanasia" in the text, and there is no such thing as a right to die, therefore the answer should apparently be that the Constitution does not say anything about euthanasia and, in short, euthanasia is not allowed. However, on a second reading we can find out some statements from which we can infer another answer. My aim is to show that there is room for the acceptance of euthanasia in the Chilean Constitution, and in other similar Constitutions and international regulations in which freedom of conscience is granted.

[On the co-constitution of age(ing) and digital technologies : A critical gerontological discussion of the thematic focal point "Commercially available digital technology in the daily routine of older persons: a research update"]. / Zur Ko-Konstitution von Alter(n) und digitalen Technologien : Eine kritisch-gerontologische Diskussion des Themenschwerpunkts "Kommerziell verfügbare digitale Technik im Alltag Älterer: ein Forschungsupdate".

The thematic focus addresses two interwoven megatrends of the 21st century: demographic and technological change. This commentary aims to contextualize and reflect on this update from the perspective of a critical gerontology.

Stigma, COVID and Health Status Related Discrimination under Nigeria Law.

Stigmatisation of a person often leads to a demeaning treatment of the person by the public. There is a growing stigma about COVID-19 resulting in denials by some persons that members of their family died of COVID. This portends danger to public health as data and information-sharing are important ways of curbing challenges to public health. Stigmatisation may result in treating persons with health challenges like COVID in a discriminatory manner. This article reviews the remedies available to persons who have been discriminated against on the grounds of their health condition. It examines the constitutionality of the powers to restrict movement and the like, made to address the COVID-19 pandemic. It suggests how health stigmatisation can be curbed.

COVID-19 Compulsory Vaccination of Healthcare Workers and the Italian Constitution.

ABSTRACT: On April 1, 2021, the Italian Government issued the Decree Law no. 44 establishing COVID-19 compulsory vaccination for healthcare workers. In covering the news, national and international commentators have foreshadowed controversy over its constitutional status. In fact, it seems sensible to wonder if mandatory vaccination is consistent with the right to medical self-determination in the Italian Constitution, and if vaccine mandates that exclusively apply to a specific part of the population can be squared with its Equality Principle. As it happens, both answers are in the affirmative. On the one hand, the Italian Constitution acknowledges medical self-determination, but it explicitly admits of public health coercive measures, as both the text of the Constitution and its original understanding make abundantly clear. On the other, as to the Equality Principle, the scientific literature has long attested to the unique benefits of vaccinating healthcare workers, which seem all the more appropriate amidst a pandemic. Moreover, the government's choice of moderate penalties for vaccine refusal and the temporary nature of the mandatory regime further agree with the Italian Constitutional Court's interpretation of the Equality Principle - the so-called "Reasonableness Criterion." The Decree Law - meanwhile become, with minor modifications, Law 76 of May 28 2021 - is thus expected to pass foreseeable judicial review. However, it would be beneficial if the Italian government more vocally advocated the constitutionality of its vaccination policies in a general effort to contrast vaccine hesitancy.

ESTABLISHMENT OF TYPES OF THE CONSTITUTIONS IN STUDENTS-ATHLETES AND IN STUDENTS-MEDICISTS WITH THEIR FURTHER ANALYSIS.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: Establishing anthropometric parameters and determining the patterns of formation of types of constitution in students-athletes and medical students while studying in higher education. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: We conducted a study of anthropometric parameters on 129 first and second year students of higher educational institutions in Chernivtsi (aged 16 to 21). The vast majority of students - 121 (93.8%), were from 17 to 19 years, 16 years - 5 (3.9%), 21 years - 2 (1.5%), 21 years - 1 student (0.8 %). Of these, 83 (64.4%) were male and 46 (35.6%) were female. All respondents are divided into two groups: the main group - 89 (69%), control group - 40 (31%). Among the students of the main group there were 62 (69.7%) male and 27 (30.3%) female. The control group consists of 21 (52.5%) men and 19 (47.5%) women. Students of the main group, in addition to physical activity, which was included in the program of their specialty, additionally engaged in the following sports: football - 40 (44.9%) students, volleyball - 18 (20.3%), tennis - 10 (11.2 %), fitness - 9 (10.1%), basketball - 7 (7.9%), freestyle wrestling - 5 (5.6%).All students underwent anthropometric research, according to the method of VV Bunak in the modification by PP Shaparenko. Anthropometric survey included the definition of total (length and body weight) and partial dimensions - longitudinal, transverse, circumferential. Determination of the somatotype was performed by MV Chornorutsky based on the Pinier index L - (P + T), L - body length, P - weight, T - chest circumference. In hypostenics (asthenics) this index is more than 10, in hypersthenics less than 10, in normosthenics in the range from 10 to 30 and according to V.M. Shevkunenko, where Ind: length of the lower limb / height x 100. Based on the index, dolichomorphic type of structure of the lower limb corresponds to a value greater than 55, from 50 to 55 indicates a mesomorphic (middle) type of structure of the lower limb. If the figure is less than 50 - brachymorphic type of structure. RESULTS: Results: The probable difference of types of the constitution of students of the main group for MV Chornorutsky on the based the Pinier index and VM Shevkunenko, using the Shevkunenko index. So, between the asthenic type and the hypersthenic type of constitution, because in the main group, according to the Pinier index of asthenics - 26 (29.2%), while according to the Shevkunenko index - 3 (3.4%). Hypertensives according to the Pinier index are - 9 (10.1%), on the difference according to the Shevkunenko index - 25 (28%). The result of a study of students in the control group based on the Pinier index by MV Chornorutsky, and according to VM using the Shevkunenko index, Shevkunenko also showed a significant difference for all types of constitution: according to the Pinier index of normosthenics - 23 (57.5%), while according to the Shevkunenko index - 19 (47,%), according to the Pinier index - 7 (17.5%) - hypertensive, according to the Shevkunenko index - 25 (28%), according to MV Chornorutsky, asthenics - 10 (25%) at the same time as according to Shevkunenko dolichomorphic type of constitution in students of the control group, was not observed during the study. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: There is a significant discrepancy in terms of determining the types of constitution, according to MV Chornorutsky, based on the Pinier index and VM Shevkunenko, using the Shevkunenko index. Based on this, it is necessary to further study this issue because the criteria and methods of evaluation, indices, analysis of index results and in order to find common approaches to the methodology of establishing the types of constitution remain unrelated.

Contracting for Catastrophe:Legitimizing Emergency Constitutions by Drawing on Social Contract Theory.

States of emergency are declared frequently in all parts of the world. Their declaration routinely implies a suspension of basic constitutional rights. In the last half century, it has become the norm for constitutions to contain an explicit 'emergency constitution', i.e., the constitutionally safeguarded rules of operation for a state of emergency. In this paper, I ask whether inclusion of an emergency constitution can be legitimized by drawing on social contract theory. I argue that there are important arguments, both against and in favor of constitutionalized emergency provisions, and that social contract theory-as applied by economists-can be of some help when deciding whether to have, or not to have an emergency constitution. This paper introduces a novel argument for justifying emergency constitutions. It argues that they can serve as a commitment mechanism protecting both citizens and politicians from overreacting to rare but significant threats.

The Changing Concepts of the Constitution.

There have been several important formal changes to the United Kingdom's constitution over the past few decades, including devolution to Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales; the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights in domestic law; and the creation of a new Supreme Court. This article is about the informal semantic changes that may have accompanied these formal changes. It focuses on several central concepts: parliamentary sovereignty, the rule of law, the separation of powers, devolution, and human rights. Using a recently developed machine learning method to analyse a massive corpus of parliamentary debate, the article gauges the extent to which these concepts have become more (or less) related to the meaning of the UK's constitution in parliamentary discourse. Ultimately, the analysis supports some important theoretical expectations about the changing nature of the constitution, including the claim that parliamentary sovereignty is now a less significant concept for the meaning of the constitution than it once was.