Elderly Sexual Abuse: An Examination of the Criminal Event.

The current study investigates the modus operandi specificities for the sexual abuse against the elderly. A comparison between sex crimes against adult and elderly victims is conducted following the criminal event approach. The comparison is based on the precrime, crime, and postcrime phases of the modus operandi, operationalized through 53 variables. The sample comes from a French national police database including a total of 1,829 cases-including 130 cases of elderly sexual abuse and 1,699 cases of sexual abuse against victims aged between 18 and 45 years. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are performed to examine the differences in the two groups. Several differences are observed between the two modus operandi. Findings indicate that the precrime phase is the most important to explain these differences, and this phase of the criminal event affects the rest of the decisions taken during the crime and postcrime phases. Specifically, we have highlighted that sexual crimes against the elderly are more violent and occur more often in the victim's residence. This study suggests that offenders targeting the elderly use specific crime characteristics, and this allows to highlight practical implications in terms of investigation and offender management.

Analysis of the influence of EDTA-treated reference samples on forensic bloodstain age estimation.

The age estimation of blood traces provides important leads for the chronological assessment of criminal events and their reconstruction. To determine bloodstain age, experimental comparative data from a laboratory environment are used. Under these conditions the utilization of anticoagulants such as EDTA helps to suppress the blood clotting mechanism to allow the examination over a longer time period. This unnatural prevention of blood coagulation is highly questionable when estimating bloodstain age, since the blood's physical and chemical properties are altered. For this reason, the authors determined actual influence of EDTA on blood spectra over time in order to formulate a statement as to whether this effect can be measured. Human and porcine blood samples were aged under controlled conditions. The resulting UV/VIS spectra were separated into their individual components using signal separation techniques, allowing the changes in the ratios of the individual hemoglobin derivatives to be observed over time. The results show a significant influence of EDTA on the conversion of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin and a minor influence on the conversion of methemoglobin to hemichrome within the relevant time range of 5-100 h. The use of EDTA thus slows down the aging process of blood spots. To illustrate the great influence of EDTA, spectra of untreated pig blood samples were included as comparison data. These show that the difference between EDTA-treated and untreated blood samples is as great as the difference between human blood and pig blood. As a consequence of our findings experimental comparative data for the age estimation of bloodstains should never result from EDTA-treated blood.

Towards substrate-independent age estimation of blood stains based on dimensionality reduction and k-nearest neighbor classification of absorbance spectroscopic data.

The age determination of blood traces provides important hints for the chronological assessment of criminal events and their reconstruction. Current methods are often expensive, involve significant experimental complexity and often fail to perform when being applied to aged blood samples taken from different substrates. In this work an absorption spectroscopy-based blood stain age estimation method is presented, which utilizes 400-640nm absorption spectra in computation. Spectral data from 72 differently aged pig blood stains (2h to three weeks) dried on three different substrate surfaces (cotton, polyester and glass) were acquired and the turnover-time correlations were utilized to develop a straightforward age estimation scheme. More precisely, data processing includes data dimensionality reduction, upon which classic k-nearest neighbor classifiers are employed. This strategy shows good agreement between observed and predicted blood stain age (r>0.9) in cross-validation. The presented estimation strategy utilizes spectral data from dissolved blood samples to bypass spectral artifacts which are well known to interfere with other spectral methods such as reflection spectroscopy. Results indicate that age estimations can be drawn from such absorbance spectroscopic data independent from substrate the blood dried on. Since data in this study was acquired under laboratory conditions, future work has to consider perturbing environmental conditions in order to assess real-life applicability.

Journey "during" crime: predicting criminal mobility patterns in sexual assaults.

The aim of this study was to test whether there is a relationship between situational and modus operandi characteristics and criminal mobility during the sexual assault event. Data collected from both police files and semistructured interviews with 72 serial sex offenders who have committed 361 sexual assaults have been used. Negative binomial regression was used to identify the relationships between the situational and modus operandi characteristics and the criminal mobility exhibited during the sexual assault. Events that involved child or adolescent victims, those where the offender did not use pornography prior to crime, and those where victim resistance was observed exhibited more criminal mobility. Moreover, crimes in which the victim was selected, the victim was alone when approached by the offender, and the assault was characterized by sexual penetration and a lack of premeditation exhibited more criminal mobility. Results seem to suggest that criminal mobility is a goal-oriented action taken by serial sex offenders to successfully complete their crime and to avoid detection and apprehension.