Factores socioeconómicos asociados por nivel de inseguridad alimentaria en adultos mexicanos con diabetes mellitus durante la pandemia de la COVID-19.

OBJETIVOS: estimar la prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria e identificar los factores socioeconómicos asociados en adultos mexicanos con diabetes mellitus, durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal, análisis secundario de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre la COVID-19. Se estudió a 1 232 individuos que representan a 9 569 330 adultos con diabetes mellitus. La inseguridad alimentaria se midió utilizando la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria adaptada para México. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logístico binario para cada nivel de inseguridad alimentaria. Se calcularon razón de momios e intervalos de confianza al 95 %. Un valor de p < 0.05 fue estadísticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: el 64.8 % presentó inseguridad alimentaria: 40.7 % leve, 14.2 % moderada y 9.9 % severa. Los factores asociados a inseguridad alimentaria leve fueron: nivel socioeconómico muy bajo (RM 2.6), pérdida del empleo de algún miembro del hogar (RM 2.0) y reducción de gastos en alimentación (RM 5.0); para inseguridad moderada la RM fue de 7.7, 3.4 y 18.6 y en severa la RM 7.1, 3.0 y 46.7, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: la COVID-19 ha tenido efectos inmediatos en la inseguridad alimentaria de la población de adultos mexicanos con diabetes mellitus. Identificar los factores socioeconómicos asociados es prioritario para llevar a cabo políticas públicas que permitan redirigir los recursos y cubrir necesidades básicas como la alimentación.

[Linguistic acceptability in the comprehension of health services assessment questionnaires in Ibero-America]. / Aceptabilidad lingüística en la comprensión de cuestionarios de valoración de servicios de salud en Iberoamérica.

The use of questionnaires as measuring tools involves the use of language. Spanish intralinguistic variation entails differences in the ways of perceiving the world, analyzing events and behaving, which must be taken into account when designing and adapting questionnaires. The IA-PCAT (Primary Care Assessment Tools for Iberomerica) harmonization process differs from the cross-cultural adaptation scenarios described in the scientific literature, since it intends to obtain a single Spanish product suitable for multiple target populations, that emanates from questionnaires previously adapted in several populations. Hence, this work requires the use of new analysis categories. The aim of this methodological note is to propose discriminant definitions of conceptual equivalence, practical equivalence and linguistic acceptability as analysis categories of the data collected during cognitive interviews to assess the questionnaires' comprehension, carried out with health professionals and users of healthcare services.

[Frequency of medical consultations in the adult population in Spain, before and after the restriction of access to undocumented immigrants]. / Frecuencia de consultas al médico en población adulta en España, antes y después de la restricción de acceso a los inmigrantes indocumentados.

OBJECTIVE: To study the frequency of medical consultations in autochthonous and immigrant populations in Spain, before and after a government measure of 2012 that restricted the use of public health services to undocumented immigrants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data were taken from the European Health Surveys in Spain in 2009 and 2014. An analysis was made of the consultations with the family doctor and the consultations with the medical specialist in autochthonous and immigrant populations from 18 to 64 years. Percentage increases were calculated in the frequency of people who consulted in 2014 with respect to 2009, and, in each year, the percentage ratio (PR) of consultation in immigrants with respect autochthonous, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: The frequency of consultations increased in 2014 compared to 2009, with the exception of family doctor's consultation with the autochthonous women. The highest increases occurred in visits to medical specialists in immigrants (39.9%), in autochthonous (21.6%), and in visits by the family doctor to immigrant women. After adjusting for age and socioeconomic variables and indicators of need for assistance, there were no significant differences in both years between immigrants and autochthonous in the 2types of consultations. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of consultations to the family doctor or medical specialist did not decrease in Spain between 2009 and 2014 in the immigrant population.

Application of two-part models and Cholesky decomposition to incorporate covariate-adjusted utilities in probabilistic cost-effectiveness models.

This study aimed to explain a joint statistical procedure (two-part models and Cholesky decomposition) to incorporate second-order uncertainty from covariate adjusted mean utility functions in probabilistic cost-effectiveness models. First, two-part models were applied to obtain parameters for the utility function. Second, a new set of correlated parameters for each simulation was obtained by Cholesky decomposition. The procedure was applied to EuroQol5D-5L in the Spanish Health Survey (21,007 adults). An example for the first simulation showed that 71% of men aged 60 years, high social status and normal weight were in perfect health, and in those not in perfect health, the expected utility was 0.8474 (= 1 - 0.1526). Therefore, their estimated mean utility value was 0.9559. Mean utility values in the interval (- ∞1] were calculated and their associated uncertainty incorporated in the cost-effectiveness models, based on the uncertainty related to correlated parameters in the utilities function.

[Small area estimation of health indicators based on data from the Basque Country Health Survey]. / Estimación de indicadores de salud en áreas pequeñas a partir de datos de la Encuesta de Salud de Euskadi.

Health surveys are a key tool for decision-making in health policies and health services planning. The use of small-area statistical methods that use information at different geographic levels may be useful for estimating health indicators at a lower geographical level than originally considered in the survey design.

Social inequalities in indicators of use of healthcare services by adolescents in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil / Desigualdades sociais em indicadores de uso de serviços de saúde por adolescentes de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil / Desigualdades sociales en indicadores de uso de servicios de salud por adolescentes de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of indicators of use of healthcare services according to sex, income and race/skin color, in adolescents (aged 10-19 years old) based on data from the Health Survey of the Municipality of Campinas (ISACamp), carried out in 2014/2015 in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the differences between the outcome variables (indicators of use of healthcare service) and sex, income and race/skin color. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson multiple regression models. The demand for medical care was high in the last year of the interview (79.2%), mostly attended by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (65.2%), with routine consultations being more prevalent for females (PR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.01-1.34) and injury for the male population (PR = 0.47; 95%CI: 0.26-0.84). Economic and racial differences were found in the evaluation of the last medical consultation, with a higher prevalence of worse care among those with lower income (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.14-1.87) and black people (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.01-1.61). Inequalities remained for delay or failure to carry out exams (PR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.02-2.64) and worse quality of dental care (PR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.38-3.21) in those with lower income. Also, black people had fewer appointments with dentists (PR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.82-0.99).

Resumo: O estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência dos indicadores de uso de serviços de saúde de acordo com sexo, renda e etnia/cor da pele entre adolescentes (10 a 19 anos) com base nos dados do Inquérito de Saúde no Município de Campinas (ISACamp), realizada em 2014/2015 em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar as diferenças entre as variáveis de desfecho (indicadores de utilização de serviços de saúde) e sexo, renda e etnia/cor da pele. As razões de prevalência (RP) ajustadas foram estimadas por meio de modelos de regressão múltipla de Poisson. A demanda por atendimentos médicos foi elevada no último ano da entrevista (79,2%), atendidos majoritariamente pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (65,2%), sendo as consultas de rotina mais prevalentes no sexo feminino (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,01-1,34) e lesão na população masculina (RP = 0,47; IC95%: 0,26-0,84). Diferenças econômicas e raciais foram encontradas na avaliação da última consulta médica, com maior prevalência de pior atendimento entre aqueles com menor renda (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,14-1,87) e negros (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,61). Desigualdades permaneceram em termos de atraso ou falha na realização de exames (RP = 1,64; IC95%: 1,02-2,64) e pior qualidade do atendimento odontológico (RP = 2,10; IC95%: 1,38-3,21) naqueles com menor renda. E os negros consultaram menos os serviços de dentistas (RP = 0,90; IC95%: 0,82-0,99).

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de los indicadores de uso de servicios de salud según el sexo, ingresos y etnia/color de la piel entre adolescentes (10 a 19 años) basado en los datos de la Encuesta de Salud de la Ciudad de Campinas (ISACamp), realizada entre 2014 y 2015 en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para evaluar las diferencias entre las variables de resultado (indicadores de uso de servicios de salud) y sexo, ingresos y etnia/color de la piel. Se estimaron las razones de prevalencia (RP) ajustadas a través de modelos de regresión múltiple de Poisson. La demanda de atención médica fue alta en el último año de la entrevista (el 79,2%), mayoritariamente asistidos por el Sistema Único de Salud (el 65,2%), con las consultas de rutina más frecuentes para el sexo femenino (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,01-1,34) y la atención por lesiones más frecuentes para la población masculina (RP = 0,47; IC95%: 0,26-0,84). Se encontraron diferencias económicas y raciales en la evaluación de la última consulta médica, con mayor prevalencia de peor atención entre aquellos con menores ingresos (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,14-1,87) y personas negras (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,61). Las desigualdades persistieron en términos de retraso o no realización de exámenes (RP = 1,64; IC95%: 1,02-2,64) y peor calidad de la atención odontológica (RP = 2,10; IC95%: 1,38-3,21) en aquellos con menores ingresos. Y las personas negras fueron las que menos consultaron los servicios de dentistas (RP = 0,90; IC95%: 0,82-0,99).

Results of the national survey on the treatment of chronic anal fissure in Spanish hospitals. / Resultados de la encuesta nacional sobre el tratamiento de la fisura anal crónica en los hospitales españoles.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of chronic anal fissure (FAC) differs depending on the professional. To come to a consensus, the current situation in Spain should be studied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current situation of the management of FAC in Spanish hospitals. METHODS: Descriptive study, with data from a survey of surgeons of the Spanish Association of Coloproctology. Data was collected according to the doctor's autonomous community, type of hospital and professional category; FAC management data and 3 clinical cases. RESULTS: Response was obtained from 152 surgeons. Pharmacological measures stand out as the first therapeutic step (93.38%). In patients with hypertonia and with no risk factors for fecal incontinence (FI), 55.9% use hygienic-dietary measures associated with nitroglycerin ointment (MHG+NTG). The second step is internal lateral sphincterotomy (ELI) (43.4%). MHG+NTG (75.7%) is used in patients with FI risk factors and in case of failure, ELI is used with a prior ultrasound and/or manometry. In young patients with unexplained hypertonia and incapacitating proctalgia with no risk factors for FI, MHG+NTG (55.9%) is used and, if it is not successful, they are treated with ELI (46.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The management of FAC in Spain shows similarities with the international guideline suggestions. Nevertheless, some differences can be seen from the first stages of treatment.

Attitudes and beliefs of argentinian medical oncologists regarding palliative care referral / Actitudes y creencias de los médicos oncólogos argentinos sobre la derivación a cuidados paliativos

Abstract Introduction: Local evidence suggests insufficient access to palliative care (PC) for advanced cancer patients. The objective was to investigate the attitudes and beliefs of Argentinian medical oncologists regarding PC referral of their patients. Methods: All medical oncologists listed in the main national Clinical Oncology Associations (N = 831) were invited to participate in a telephone survey. Results: Fifty nine percent (N = 489) completed the survey. Most reported being informed about the scopes of PC (83%) and having accessible PC service/specialists (71%). However, 53% did not work collaboratively, and 55% exceptionally or never referred their patients. Oncologists who usually referred their patients did so mainly due to uncontrolled pain (67%) or absence of curative treatment (48%). Only 19% supported early-referral criteria. Those who exception ally referred their patients argued that PC was not meaningful/beneficial/a priority (78%) or that they preferred to handle the patient's problems by themselves (55%). End-of-life care (33%) and improvement in quality of life (32%) were stated as primary benefits of PC for cancer patients. Addressing psychological aspects was consid ered the least important item (2%). Having an accessible PC service (P = 0.002) and being well informed about PC (P = 0.008) were associated with frequent referral. Having ≤10 years or >30 years from graduation were associated with exceptional or no referral (P = 0.012 and 0.001, respectively). Discussion: Oncologists report awareness of the potential advantages of PC and have accessible PC services, but rarely refer patients. They mainly use late-referral criteria. Younger and older age are negatively associated with referral. More research is needed to improve the referral rate and timing of cancer patients to PC.

Resumen Introducción: La evidencia local sugiere un acceso insuficiente a los cuidados paliativos (CP) para los pacien tes con cáncer avanzado. El objetivo fue investigar las actitudes y creencias de médicos oncólogos argentinos respecto de la derivación de sus pacientes a CP. Métodos: Todos los médicos oncólogos registrados en las principales Asociaciones Nacionales de Oncología Clínica (N = 831) fueron invitados a participar en una encuesta telefónica. Resultados: El 59% (N = 489) completó la encuesta. La mayoría informó estar informado sobre los alcances de CP (83%) y tener especialistas/servicios de CP acce sibles (71%). Sin embargo, el 53% no trabajaba de forma colaborativa y el 55% excepcionalmente o nunca derivaba a sus pacientes. Los oncólogos que habi tualmente derivan a sus pacientes lo hacen principalmente por dolor no controlado (67%) o ausencia de trata miento curativo (48%). Solo el 19% mencionó criterios de derivación temprana. Aquellos que excepcionalmente derivan a sus pacientes argumentaron que los CP no era significativos, beneficiosos o prioritarios (78%) o que preferían manejar los problemas del paciente por sí mismos (55%). La atención al final de la vida (33 %) y la mejora de la calidad de vida (32 %) se señalaron como los principales beneficios de los CP para los pacientes con cáncer. El abordaje de los aspectos psicológicos fue el ítem menos señalado (2%). Tener un servicio de CP accesible (P= 0,002) y estar bien informado sobre CP (P = 0,008) se asociaron con la derivación frecuente. Tener ≤10 años o >30 años desde la graduación se asoció con una derivación excepcional o nula (P = 0,012 y 0,001, respectivamente). Discusión: Los oncólogos refieren conocer las ventajas potenciales de los CP y tienen servicios de CP accesibles, pero rara vez derivan pacientes. Utilizan principalmente criterios de derivación tardía. Las edades más jóvenes y mayores se asocian negativamente con la derivación. Se necesita más investigación para mejorar la tasa y momento de derivación de los pacientes con cáncer a CP.

Prevalência de saúde cardiovascular ideal na população adulta brasileira - Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019 / Prevalencia de salud cardiovascular ideal en la población adulta brasileña - Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2019 / Prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in the Brazilian adult population - National Health Survey 2019

Objective: to analyze the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) in the Brazilian adult population based on the 2019 National Health Survey. Methods: this was a population-based cross-sectional study (n = 77,494); prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of ideal CVH (seven metrics achieved simultaneously) and by individual metrics (four behavioral and three biological metrics), as defined by the American Heart Association, were estimated. Results: only 0.5% (95%CI 0.4;0.6) of the study population presented ideal CVH, with higher prevalence among those with higher level of education (1.3%; 95%CI 0.9;1.6) and residents in urban areas (0.6%; 95%CI 0.5;0.7); the prevalence of behavioral and biological metrics was 0.7% (95%CI 0.6;0.8) and 63.3% (95%CI 62.7;63.9) respectively. Conclusion: the prevalence of ideal CVH was very low, highlighting the need for public policies aimed at promotion, surveillance and CVH care in the Brazilian adult population.

Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de salud cardiovascular (SCV) ideal en la población adulta brasileña con base en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019. Métodos: estudio transversal de base poblacional (n = 77.495). Según lo propuesto por la Asociación Americana del Corazón, la prevalencia y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) del SCV ideal se estimaron globalmente (siete metas alcanzadas simultáneamente) y por metas individuales (cuatro metas de comportamiento y tres metas). Se calculó la prevalencia de las metas por variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: sólo el 0,5% (IC95% 0,4;0,6) de la población presentó SCV ideal, siendo más frecuente en aquellos con educación superior (1,3%; IC95% 0,9;1,6) y entre los residentes de áreas urbanas (0,6%; IC95%0,5;0,7). La prevalencia de las metas de comportamiento y biológicas fue de 0,7% (IC95% 0,6;0,8) y 63,3% (IC95% 62,7;63,9), respectivamente. Conclusión: la prevalencia de SCV ideal en adultos brasileños es muy baja, destacando la necesidad de políticas públicas para la promoción, vigilancia y atención a la SCV en la población adulta brasileña.

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de saúde cardiovascular (SCV) ideal na população adulta brasileira. Métodos: estudo transversal com base na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019 (n = 77.494); foram estimadas as prevalências e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de SCV ideal (sete metas alcançadas simultaneamente) e por metas individuais (quatro metas comportamentais; três biológicas), conforme propõe a Associação Americana do Coração. Resultados: apenas 0,5% (IC95% 0,4;0,6) da população estudada apresentou SCV ideal, observando-se maior prevalência entre aqueles com maior escolaridade (1,3%; IC95% 0,9;1,6) e os residentes em áreas urbanas (0,6%; IC95% 0,5;0,7); as prevalências das metas comportamentais e biológicas foram de 0,7% (IC95% 0,6;0,8) e 63,3% (IC95% 62,7;63,9) respectivamente. Conclusão: a prevalência de SCV ideal foi muito baixa, evidenciando a necessidade de políticas públicas para promoção, vigilância e atenção à SCV na população adulta brasileira.

Iodine nutritional status in Asturian schoolchildren. / Estado nutricional de yodo en la población escolar asturiana.

INTRODUCTION: Iodine deficiency is a public health problem, and iodine nutritional status should therefore be regularly measured. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain iodine nutritional status in Asturias and its relation to use of iodized salt and to other sociodemographic and nutritional parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, observational study was conducted in a random sample of schoolchildren aged 5 to 14 years, in whom urinary iodine levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Families completed a survey on use of iodized salt, consumption of dairy products and fish, and sociodemographic data. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 705 schoolchildren (51.1% females) with a mean age of 9.9 years (SD 2.6). In a total of 620 valid measurements, mean urinary iodine level was 204.1 µg/L (SD 120.6), while the median value was 180.7 µg/L (P25-P75: 124-252.3 µg/L, interquartile range 128.3 µg/L). Urinary iodine levels were <100 µg/L in 16.6% of children, and very low (<20 µg/L) in 0.2%. Iodized salt was used in 69.3% of all households, and in all school canteens. Consumption of dairy products was significantly associated to urinary iodine levels (P<.0005). CONCLUSION: Iodine nutrition of Asturian schoolchildren is adequate, although the target of use of iodized salt in 90% of households is still far away. Adequate iodine nutrition may be due to other sources, such as dairy products. Public health campaigns are required to promote iodized salt consumption. Regular assessment of iodine nutritional status is also needed.

Perceived discrimination and self-rated health in the immigrant population of the Basque Country, Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of perceived discrimination and self-rated health among the immigrant population in the Basque Country, Spain, and determine whether this effect varies according to region of origin, age, sex and education. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study. The study population included immigrants aged 18 and older residing in the Basque Country. Data from the 2014 Foreign Immigrant Population Survey (n=3,456) were used. Log-binomial regression was used to quantify the association between perceived discrimination and self-rated health before and after checking for the selected characteristics. RESULTS: Almost 1 in 10 immigrant adults reports perceiving discrimination. In adjusted analyses, the immigrants perceiving discrimination were almost were 1.92 more likely to rate their health as poor (prevalence ratio: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.44-2.56) than those who did not report discrimination. This association did not vary according to region of origin, age, sex or educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived discrimination shows a consistent relationship with perceived health. Moreover, this association did not depend on the region of origin, age, sex or educational level of immigrants. These results show the need for implementing inclusive policies to eliminate individual and institutional discrimination and reduce health inequalities between the immigrant and native populations.

Patterns of physical activity and associated factors among teenagers from Barcelona (Spain) in 2012.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA), as defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO), and associated factors among teenagers from Barcelona in 2012. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey to assess risk factors in a representative sample of secondary school students (aged 13-16 years, International Standard Classification of Education [ISCED] 2, n=2,162; and 17-18 years, ISCED 3, n=1016) in Barcelona. We estimated MVPA prevalence overall, and for each independent variable and each gender. Poisson regression models with robust variance were fit to examine the factors associated with high-level MVPA, and obtained prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Only 13% of ISCED 2 and 10% of ISCED 3 students met the WHO physical activity recommendations. This percentage was lower among girls at both academic levels. MVPA was lower among ISCED 3 compared to ISCED 2 students, and among students with a lower socioeconomic status. Physical activity was associated with positive self-perception of the health status (e.g., positive self-perception of health status among ISCED 2 compared to ISCED 3 students: PR=1.31 [95%CI: 1.22-1.41] and 1.61 [95%CI: 1.44-1.81] for boys and girls, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of teenagers who met WHO MVPA recommendations was low. Strategies are needed to increase MVPA levels, particularly in older girls, and students from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

[Level of training in autistic spectrum disorders among hospital paediatricians]. / Nivel formativo sobre trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) entre los pediatras de atención hospitalaria.

BACKGROUND: Training in autistic spectrum disorders is crucial in order to achieve an early diagnosis. However, the number of papers describing this training is limited. This study describes this level of knowledge among paediatricians from tertiary care hospitals in different regions of Spain and detects areas that need improvement. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of one hundred and fifty-seven (157) paediatricians working in tertiary healthcare hospitals located in three different regions in Spain consented to complete an online questionnaire divided in three sections (socio-demographic, knowledge about childhood autism, and opinion). Data were analysed using SPSS version 15. RESULTS: The total mean score of participating paediatricians in the questionnaire was 20.34 (± 2.43 SD) out of a total possible score of 23. Approximately two-thirds (65%) of paediatricians scored more or equal to the mean score. The knowledge gap was found to be higher with symptoms of repetitive behaviour patterns, concept of autism, and comorbidity, with no statistical significance. There were no differences in paediatrician scores within different socio-demographic groups. Just under two-thirds (64%) of paediatricians subscribed to the opinion that their own knowledge about autism is limited, and there is a significant lack of knowledge about facilities in every region. CONCLUSIONS: There is a sufficient level of knowledge about autism among paediatricians in tertiary healthcare, although a lack of awareness about the management of these patients, with poor coordination between the different specialists that are involved in their treatment. Efforts should focus on achieving a better coordination between these specialists, and update the knowledge gaps identified.

[MESGI50 study: description of a cohort on Maturity and Satisfactory Ageing]. / Estudio MESGI50: descripción de una cohorte sobre la madurez y el envejecimiento satisfactorio.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic, health and socio-economic characteristics of the participants in the Study on Maturity and Satisfactory Ageing in Girona (MESGI50 study). METHODS: Population-based Study linked to the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The reference population was the inhabitants of the province of Girona (Spain) aged 50 and over. A probabilistic two-stage stratified cluster sampling according to the number of inhabitants and the degree of ageing of the population was used. RESULTS: Twenty-eight municipalities were randomly selected according to their type (demographically aged or young), and then stratified by the population size. The response rate was 65% with a mean of 1.7 eligible individuals per household and a final sample of 2,065 households and 3,331 participants. The design effect was 1.27. 52.9% were women and the mean age was 66.9 years (SD=11.5). The self-rated health status, hand grip strength, restriction in daily life activities and depressive symptomatology increased with age and more markedly in women. There were differences in alcohol consumption and eating patterns depending on the area of residence. CONCLUSIONS: The demographic, health and socio-economic characteristics during the ageing process differ depending on age group, gender, and area of residence.

Prevalência de doenças crônicas e posse de plano de saúde em idosos: comparação dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e 2019 / Prevalence of chronic diseases and ownership of health insurance among the elderly: comparison of data from the Brazilian National Health Survey of 2013 and 2019 / Prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas y posesión del plan de salud en personas mayores: comparación de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña de 2013 y 2019

Informações sobre prevalências de doenças crônicas específicas e posse de plano de saúde podem contribuir para o dimensionamento e monitoramento de demandas assistenciais. O objetivo do estudo foi estimar e comparar as prevalências de doenças crônicas em pessoas idosas, conforme posse de plano de saúde em 2013 e 2019. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional com dados de pessoas idosas (idade ≥ 60 anos) da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013: n = 11.177; 2019: n = 22.728). Estimaram-se as prevalências das doenças crônicas autorreferidas e razões de prevalência ajustadas, segundo posse de plano de saúde (médico e/ou odontológico) e ano. No período, houve elevação das prevalências de hipertensão (RP = 1,11; IC95%: 1,06-1,16), diabetes (RP = 1,12; IC95%: 1,01-1,24), doença do coração (RP = 1,21; IC95%: 1,05-1,39), AVC (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,04-1,54), problema na coluna (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,05-1,23), hipercolesterolemia (RP = 1,09; IC95%: 1,01-1,18) e depressão (RP = 1,23; IC95%: 1,05-1,43) naqueles sem plano de saúde. Em 2019, artrite/reumatismo (RP = 1,21; IC95%: 1,03-1,43), hipercolesterolemia (RP = 1,13; IC95%: 1,01-1,26) e depressão (RP = 1,26; IC95%: 1,03-1,53) aumentaram nas pessoas idosas com plano. Os achados mostraram diferenças nas prevalências das doenças crônicas segundo posse de plano de saúde e aumento para algumas doenças no período. As políticas de promoção de saúde com ênfase na redução dos fatores de risco modificáveis precisam ser mantidas e intensificadas. Particularmente na população idosa, ressalta-se a importância da ampliação de ações voltadas para o rastreamento de casos e diagnóstico precoce, prevenção e controle de complicações que favoreçam a equidade no cuidado.

Information about the prevalence of specific chronic diseases and the ownership of a health plan can help size and monitor care demands. This study aimed to estimate and compare the prevalence of chronic diseases among the elderly, according to the possession of a health plan in 2013 and 2019. This is a population-based cross-sectional study with data from elderly people (age ≥ 60 years) from the Brazilian National Health Survey (2013: n = 11,177; 2019: n = 22,728). The prevalence of self-reported chronic diseases and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated, according to health plan ownership (medical and/or dental) and by year. In the period, increased prevalence was observed for hypertension (PR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.06-1.16), diabetes (PR = 1.12; 95%CI: 1.01-1.24), heart disease (PR = 1.21; 95%CI: 1.05-1.39), stroke (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.04-1.54), back pain (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.05-1.23), hypercholesterolemia (PR = 1.09; 95%CI: 1.01-1.18), and depression (PR = 1.23; 95%CI: 1.05-1.43) among those without a health plan. In 2019, arthritis/rheumatism (PR = 1.21; 95%CI: 1,03-1,43), hypercholesterolemia (PR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.01-1.26), and depression (PR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.03-1.53) increased among elderly patients with a health plan. The findings showed differences in the prevalence of chronic diseases according to health plan ownership and an increase for some diseases in the period. Health promotion policies with an emphasis on reducing modifiable risk factors need to be maintained and intensified. Particularly for the elderly population, the importance of expanding actions focused on case tracking and early diagnosis, prevention and control of complications that favor equity in care is highlighted.

La información sobre las prevalencias de determinadas enfermedades crónicas y la posesión del plan de salud pueden contribuir a dimensionar y monitorear las demandas asistenciales. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar y comparar las prevalencias de enfermedades crónicas en las personas mayores, conforme la posesión del plan de salud en 2013 y 2019. Se trata de un estudio transversal de base poblacional con datos de personas mayores (edad ≥ 60 años) de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña (2013: n = 11.177; 2019: n = 22.728). Se estimaron las prevalencias de las enfermedades crónicas autoinformadas y razones de prevalencia ajustadas, según posesión de plan de salud (médico y/o odontológico) y año. En el periodo, se produjo un aumento de la prevalencia de la hipertensión (RP = 1,11; IC95%: 1,06-1,16), diabetes (RP = 1,12; IC95%: 1,01-1,24), enfermedad del corazón (RP = 1,21; IC95%: 1,05-1,39), AVC (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,04-1,54), problema en la columna (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,05-1,23), hipercolesterolemia (RP = 1,09; IC95%: 1,01-1,18) y depresión (RP = 1,23; IC95%: 1,05-1,43) en aquellos sin seguro de salud. En el 2019, artritis/reumatismo (RP = 1,21; IC95%: 1,03-1,43), hipercolesterolemia (RP = 1,13; IC95%: 1,01-1,26) y la depresión (RP = 1,26; IC95%: 1,03-1,53) aumentaron en las personas mayores con un plan. Los resultados mostraron diferencias en las prevalencias de las enfermedades crónicas según la posesión de plan de salud y un aumento para algunas enfermedades en el período. Es necesario mantener e intensificar las políticas de promoción de la salud con énfasis en la reducción de los factores de riesgo modificables. Particularmente en la población adulta mayor, se resalta la importancia de aumentar el seguimiento de casos y de diagnóstico precoz, prevención y control de complicaciones que favorezcan la equidad en el cuidado.

Factores asociados con el parto domiciliario en el Perú: un análisis de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud 2019 / Factors associated with home birth in Peru: An analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey, 2019

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la proporción y los factores asociados con el parto domiciliario en el Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, transversal, analítico y cuantitativo efectuado en conglomerados de viviendas distribuidas en las capitales de los departamentos, ciudades urbanas y entornos rurales de Perú. Se utilizó una base de datos secundaria de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del Perú del año 2019. Se optó por este diseño debido a que el desenlace (parto domiciliario) y la exposición (factores) se evaluaron simultáneamente durante la recolección de datos. RESULTADOS: De los 18,401 registros analizados, se estimó que el 5.39% (IC95%: 4.83-6.03%) de mujeres en el Perú tuvieron parto domiciliario; sin embargo, la proporción alcanzó 19.59% (IC95%: 17.26-22.17%) en el área rural y 17.85% (IC95%: 15.21-20.84%) en la selva peruana. CONCLUSIONES: La proporción de partos domiciliarios en el Perú durante el 2019 fue de 5.39%. Se identificaron determinantes que favorecen los partos domiciliarios: residir en la sierra o selva del Perú, en un área rural, tener menos de seis atenciones prenatales, ser pobre o muy pobre, tener estudios o solo haber alcanzado la instrucción primaria y tener 2 o 3 hijos. Un determinante que redujo la probabilidad de parto domiciliario fue el nivel de instrucción superior (universitaria o técnica).

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion and factors associated with home delivery in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical and quantitative study carried out in clusters of households distributed in Departmental capitals, urban cities and rural settings in Peru. A secondary database from the 2019 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) was used. This design was chosen because outcome (home delivery) and exposure (factors) were assessed simultaneously during data collection. RESULTS: Of the 18401 records analyzed, it was estimated that 5.39% (95%CI: 4.83-6.03%) of women in Peru had home births; however, the proportion reached 19.59% (95%CI: 17.26-22.17%) in rural areas and 17.85% (95%CI: 15.21-20.84%) in the Peruvian jungle. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of home births in Peru during 2019 was 5.39%; likewise, determinants favoring the occurrence of home births were identified, such as residing in the Peruvian highlands or jungle, in a rural area, having less than six prenatal care, being poor or very poor, having studies or only having attained primary education and, finally, having 2 or 3 children.

[Alcohol Consumption in the Colombian Population, 2015 National Mental Health Survey]. / Consumo de alcohol en la población colombiana. Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015.

INTRODUCTION: National Survey of Mental Health (ENSM) in 2015 in Colombia asks, among other conditions, about alcohol consumption in people 12-17 years old, and 18 and older. Data were presented by age and region, with no cross-references to other categories of mental health problems, disorders, access to services, and health status. OBJECTIVE: To assess alcohol consumption in Colombia, taking into account sociodemographic and clinical screening categories included. METHODS: Secondary database analysis, sample size: 15,231 people from 13,200 households of five regions (Atlantic, Bogotá, Central, Eastern, and Pacific), with an age range from 12 to 96 years. AUDIT and AUDIT-C were used and stratified according to score and other variables included in the survey analysis. RESULTS: The high-risk drinking category was observed in 2.7% of children studied, with the highest percentage of drinking risk lying in the range of 18 to 44 years, with a clear majority of men. CONCLUSIONS: The study finds that a positive AUDIT-C in adults is associated with a higher percentage of non-anxiety, less anxiety problems, and traumatic events and traumatic events related to armed conflict. This requires further studies. Adults with positive AUDIT-C have a greater perception of well-being, but also a higher percentage of households in poverty. The study of individual, social, family and environmental factors in specific populations should be developed in order to make more appropriate interventions.

Diferencias según sexo en los factores asociados a hipertensión arterial en el Perú: análisis de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2017 / Gender differences in factors associated with hypertension in Peru: analysis of the National Demographic and Health Survey 2017

RESUMEN Introducción. La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es una de principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial, donde el sexo masculino es el grupo mayormente afectado. Objetivo. Determinar las diferencias según sexo de los factores asociados a HTA en la población peruana mayor de 18 años. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional y Demográfica de Salud 2017. Se calcularon razones de prevalencia crudas (RP) y ajustadas (RPa) y sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%) mediante modelos lineales generalizados de la familia Poisson entre la variable dependiente (HTA) e independientes. Resultados. Se encontró que la prevalencia de HTA fue de 17,8% en hombres y 11,4% en mujeres. La edad, tener sobrepeso y obesidad aumentaron la probabilidad de padecer HTA. Mientras que ser de la costa, sierra y selva disminuyeron la probabilidad de HTA en ambos sexos. Conclusiones. Existe mayor prevalencia de HTA en el sexo masculino y factores como la edad, sobrepeso y obesidad aumentaron la probabilidad de padecer HTA.

ABSTRACT Introduction. High blood pressure (HBP) is a leading cause of death worldwide, where the male sex is the most affected group. Objetives. Determine the gender differences of the factors associated with HBP in the Peruvian population over 18 years of age. Methods. A secondary analysis of the 2017 National and Demographic Health Survey was performed. Crude (RP) and adjusted (RPa) prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using generalized linear models of the Poisson family between the dependent variable (HBP) and independent. Results. The prevalence of HBP was found to be 17,8% in men and 11,4% in women. Age, being overweight and obese increased the likelihood of HBP. While being from the coast, mountain range and jungle decreased the likelihood of HBP in both sexes. Conclusions. There is a higher prevalence of HBP in the male sex and factors such as age, overweight and obesity increased the likelihood of HBP.

Calidad de los instrumentos que valoran las funciones de la atención primaria: revisión sistemática / Quality of the instruments that value the functions of primary health: a systematic review / Qualidade dos instrumentos que valoram as funções da atenção primaria: revisão sistemática

Objetivo: evaluar las propiedades métricas de los instrumentos que valoran las funciones de la atención primaria en salud desde la perspectiva de usuarios. Métodos: revisión sistemática. Se utilizaron los descriptores "primary health care", "questionnaires", "psychometrics", "outcome measurement" y "process measurement". Los criterios de inclusión fueron publicaciones de revistas científicas en español, inglés y portugués, estudios de validación de cuestionarios que evaluaran funciones de la atención primaria en salud. Las propiedades métricas de los instrumentos se valoraron mediante el cuestionario EMPRO (por su sigla en inglés: Evaluating Measures of Patient Reported Outcomes). Resultados: se identificaron 28 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Los cuestionarios que resultaron adecuados para su aplicación fueron 11, y de estos, ocho partían del PCAT (por su sigla en inglés: Primary Care Assessment Tool), ya que reunieron más evidencias sobre la calidad de sus propiedades métricas. Conclusiones: existen cuestionarios para evaluar las funciones esenciales de la atención primaria en salud. Las propiedades métricas del PCAT fueron adecuadas en la mayoría de las versiones adaptadas y validadas, por lo que permite obtener resultados confiables.

Objective: To evaluate the metric properties of the instruments that value the functions of primary health care from the perspective of the users. Materials and methods: Systematic review. The "primary health care" descriptors, "questionnaires", "psychometrics", "outcome measurement", and "process measurement" were used. The inclusion criteria were publications of scientific journals in Spanish, English and Portuguese, validation studies of questionnaires that evaluated functions of primary health care. The metric properties of the instruments were assessed using the EMPRO (by its acronym in English: Evaluating Measures of Patient Reported Outcomes) questionnaire. Results: A total of 28 descriptors that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Eleven questionnaires were suitable for application, and of these, eight came from the PCAT (by its acronym in English: Primary Care Assessment Tool), since they gathered more evidence on the quality of their metric properties. Conclusions: There are questionnaires to evaluate the essential functions of primary health care. The metric properties of the PCAT were adequate in most of the adapted and validated versions thus allowing reliable results.

Objetivo: avaliar as propriedades métricas dos instrumentos que valoram as funções da atenção primaria em saúde desde a perspectiva de usuários. Métodos: revisão sistemática. Utilizaram-se os descriptores "primary health care", "questionnaires", "psychometrics", "outcome measurement" e "process measurement". Os critérios de inclusão foram publições de revistas científicas em espanhol, inglês e português, estudos de validação de questionários que avaliaram funções da atenção primaria em saúde. As propriedades métricas dos instrumentos se valoraram mediante o questionário EMPRO (por sua sigla em inglês: Evaluating Measures of Patient Reported Outcomes). Resultados: Identificaram se 28 artigos que cumpriram com os criterios de inclusão. Os questionários que resultaram adequados para sua aplicação foram 11, e destes, oito partiam do PCAT (por sua sigla em inglês: Primary Care Assessment Tool), já que reuniram mais evidencias sobre a qualidade de suas propriedades métricas. Conclusões: existem questionários para avaliar as funções essenciais da atenção primaria em saúde. As propriedades métricas do PCAT foram adequadas na maioria das versões adaptadas e validadas, pelo que permite obter resultados confiáveis.

Determinantes del estado de salud percibido tras padecer una depresión a través de la encuesta de salud española 2017 / Determinants of perceived health after suffer from depression through the Spanish health survey 2017

El estudio sobre el efecto de los medicamentos en el estado de salud de las personas es amplio y necesario. En salud mental, el estado de salud percibido puede ser determinante para el tratamiento de algunas afecciones. El caso de la depresión es uno de los ejemplos en los que mejorar el estado de salud percibido puede incidir positivamente en el tratamiento. En este artículo se ha realizado un análisis de algunos indicadores relevantes obtenidos en la encuesta española de salud de 2017, con el objetivo de contrastar el efecto sobre el estado de salud percibido de algunas variables que se consideran fundamentales, tales como haber padecido depresión, haberse sometido a un tratamiento con homeopatía o antidepresivos, el nivel de estudios, la edad o la nacionalidad. Es conveniente señalar que los coeficientes de los sujetos que han tomado antidepresivos y homeopatía son próximos entre sí para los estados de salud bueno o muy bueno, algo superior en el caso de los antidepresivos, lo cual se puede interpretar como que ambos tratamientos generan una mejor salud percibida pudiendo optar por cualquiera de ellos pero reduciendo los efectos adversos en el caso de la homeopatía. Por otra parte, cabe destacar que, para el caso de salud percibida muy mala, el uso de homeopatía no empeora ese estado mientras que los antidepresivos sí, lo que confirma esos menores efectos adversos generados por la homeopatía

The study about the effect of medicine on perceived health is wide and necessary. In mental health issues, perceived health could act as a determinant. In case of depression, a better perceived health could help in the medical treatment. In this article, some relevant variables from the Spanish health survey of 2017 have been analyzed, with the aim of contrasting the effect of some essential variables on the perceived health such as the use of homeopathy and antidepressants, nationality, age, or education level. This article shows positive and significant results for using both, homeopathy and antidepressants, in order to get a good or a very good perceived health. Both treatments are useful, but homeopathy has the advantage of having no side effects. Moreover, for the very bad perceived health status, the use of homeopathy does not get a worse perceived health