Socioeconomic position, family context, and child cognitive development.

Socioeconomic position (SEP) may have different effects on cognitive development and family context could play a role in this association. This work aimed to analyse the role of socioeconomic positions, measured via various indicators collected longitudinally, in cognitive development at 7-11 years of age, evaluating the role of family context as a potential mediator. The study sample included 394 and 382 children from the INMA Gipuzkoa and Valencia cohorts, respectively. SEP indicators were assessed during pregnancy (family social class, parental education, employment, and disposable income) and at 7 (Gipuzkoa) and 11 (Valencia) years of age (At Risk of Poverty or Social Exclusion (AROPE)). Family context and cognitive development were measured with the Haezi-Etxadi Family Assessment Scale 7-11 (HEFAS 7-11) and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (Raven's CPM), respectively. Linear regression models were developed to assess the relationships between (a) SEP-family context, (b) SEP-cognitive development, and (c) family context-cognitive development, adjusting for a priori-selected confounders. Simple and multiple mediation analyses were performed to explore the role of family context in the SEP-cognitive development relationship. Lower SEP was related with a lower cognitive score, this association being particularly robust for family social class. SEP indicators were related to subscales of family context, in particular those regarding cognitive stimulation, parental stress, and parenting. A relationship was also found between these three subscales and child cognitive development, mediating the effect of family social class on child cognition by 5.2, 5.5, and 10.8%, respectively, and 12.0% jointly.    Conclusion: Both family SEP and context contribute to a child's cognitive development. Equalising policies and positive parenting programmes could contribute to improving cognitive development in children. What is Known: • Parental social class, education, and employment status have been widely employed to measure socioeconomic position. What is New: • This work focuses on standard measurements of socioeconomic position but also other economic indicators such as the EHII and AROPE, and their effect on child cognitive development and family context. • Promotion of cognitive and linguistic development, parental stress and conflict, and parental profile fostering child development mediated the effect of family social class on cognitive development.

Poverty, social exclusion, and mental health: the role of the family context in children aged 7-11 years INMA mother-and-child cohort study.

Mental health problems are common in childhood and tend to be more frequent in populations at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE). The family environment can play a role in reducing the impact of economic hardship on these problems. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of multidimensional poverty on the mental health of children aged 7-11 years and the role of the family environment in two areas of Spain. Participants were 395 and 382 children aged 7 and 11 from Gipuzkoa and Valencia, respectively. Internalizing and externalizing problem scales of the child behaviour checklist (CBCL) were used. AROPE indicators were obtained by questionnaire, and three dimensions of the family context (Organization of the Physical Environment and Social Context, Parental Stress and Conflict, and Parental Profile Fostering Development) were measured through subscales 3, 4 and 5 of the Haezi-Etxadi family assessment scale (7-11) (HEFAS 7-11), respectively. Data were analysed using negative binomial regression and Structural Equation Modelling. AROPE prevalence was 7.1 and 34.5% in Gipuzkoa and Valencia, respectively. In both cohorts, there was a significant increase in internalizing and externalizing problems among participants with a higher AROPE score. However, AROPE did not affect internalizing problems in children from families living in a better physical environment and with social support (Subscale 3). The AROPE effect was jointly mediated by subscales 4 and 5 in 42 and 62% of internalizing and externalizing problems, respectively. Preventing economic inequities by economic compensation policies, improving the neighbourhood and immediate environment around the school, and promoting positive parenting programmes can improve mental health in childhood.

In or out of sync? Concordance between parent and adolescent sleep varies by family context.

Evidence suggests significant interrelations among parent and adolescent sleep (i.e., concordance). However, less is known regarding how parent-adolescent sleep concordance varies as a function of the family context. This study examined daily and average concordance between parent and adolescent sleep and explored adverse parenting and family functioning (e.g., cohesion, flexibility) as potential moderators. One hundred and twenty-four adolescents (Mage  = 12.90) and their parents (93% mothers) wore actigraphy watches assessing sleep duration, efficiency, and midpoint across 1 week. Multilevel models indicated daily (within-family) concordance between parent and adolescent sleep duration and midpoint. Average (between-family) concordance was found for sleep midpoint only. Family flexibility was linked with greater daily concordance in sleep duration and midpoint, whereas adverse parenting predicted discordance in average sleep duration and efficiency.

"Help Me Control My Impulses!": Adolescent Impulsivity and Its Negative Individual, Family, Peer, and Community Explanatory Factors.

The literature shows that impulsivity, prevalent in adolescence, is negatively linked with a variety of psychosocial factors (e.g., positive interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation); however, there is limited research examining the relative contribution of multiple factors for this trait nor exploring how these factors influence the associations between impulsivity and risk-related outcomes. Drawing on multiple components of the unified theory of development (i.e., psychological variables, peers subsystem, community subsystem, family processes subsystem), this cross-sectional study aims to identify explanatory psychosocial variables (i.e., early memories of warmth and safeness, rational decision-making style, resilience, emotion regulation, coping, parental attachment, social group attachment, satisfaction with school and family-related variables) that are negatively related with impulsivity, in younger (13-15) and older (16-19 years) adolescents, and explore their moderating role in the associations between this trait and some risk-related outcomes (i.e., verbal aggression, anger, self-harm, other high-risk behaviors). A representative sample of 6894 adolescents (52.9% female) living in the Azores (Portugal), with ages ranging from 13 to 19 (M = 15.4), was used. Two stepwise multiple regressions, one for each age group, revealed that only emotion regulation, parental attachment, and social group attachment had a negative effect on impulsivity in both age groups; additionally, satisfaction with teachers also had this effect in younger adolescents. The first three variables weakened the positive associations between impulsivity and the risk-related outcomes. These results suggest that the psychological system and all subsystems of the social context measured play a relevant role in explaining adolescent impulsivity and that it may be reduced by promoting emotion regulation, positive parenting practices, healthier relationships with peers, and healthier relationships with teachers.

Family environmental antecedents of pubertal timing in girls and boys: A review and open questions.

Across nonhuman species, pubertal timing is affected by the social environment, with consequences for reproductive success and behavior. In human beings, variations in pubertal timing have not been systematically examined in relation to social environmental antecedents, although their psychological consequences are well documented. This paper focuses on links in human beings between pubertal timing and the childhood social environment, with several sections: A review of studies relating pubertal timing to the family context, a key aspect of the social environment; challenges in studying the issue; and opportunities for future work that takes advantage of and creates links with evidence in other species. The review shows that pubertal timing in girls is accelerated by adversity in aspects of the early family social context, with effects small in size; data in boys are not sufficient to enable conclusions. Inferences from existing studies are limited by variations in conceptualizations and measurement of relevant aspects of puberty and of the family social environment, and by methodological issues (e.g., reliance on existing data, use of retrospective reports, nonrandom missing data). Open questions remain about the nature, mechanisms, and specificity of the links between early family social environment and pubertal timing (e.g., form of associations, consideration of absence of positive experiences, role of timing of exposure). Animal studies provide a useful guide for addressing these questions, by delineating potential hormonal mechanisms that underlie links among social context, pubertal timing, and behavior, and encouraging attention to aspects of the social environment outside the family, especially peers.

Rules, role models or overall climate at home? Relative associations of different family aspects with adolescents' problematic social media use.

AIM: This study aimed to enhance knowledge on which aspects of the family context are most relevant in identifying at-risk/problematic social media users among adolescents. Therefore, we examined the relative contribution to adolescents' at-risk/problematic social media use (SMU) of general and Internet-specific family factors related to three different family (sub)systems: parent-child (Internet-specific rule-setting, reactive restrictions towards Internet use, co-use, adolescents' involvement in rule-setting and positive parenting), parent (parental screen time, phubbing, stress, anxiety and depression) and family (family functioning, family intactness and SES) (sub)system. METHODS: Questionnaire data came from 403 adolescents (M = 13.51, SD = 2.15) and 396 parents (M = 46.59, SD = 5.29) who participated in wave 1 of the Dutch 'Digital Family project'. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses showed that only factors related to the parent-child subsystem remained significant in predicting being an at-risk/problematic social media user when examining predictors related to the parent-child, parent and family (sub)system simultaneously. Specifically, general and Internet-specific parenting practices contributed to the prediction above and beyond each other. Positive parenting and Internet-specific rule-setting seem protective, while parental reactive restrictions towards Internet use could be a risk factor. Positive parenting showed the largest effect size. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that parental behaviors directed towards the child should be a focus of attention in prevention of adolescents' problematic SMU. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of untangling restrictive mediation (impulsive, in the moment, attempts to limit SMU versus communicating clear rules in advance) when examining its effects.

Mental health in children of parents being treated by specialised psychiatric services.

BACKGROUND: One in ten children have a parent diagnosed with a mental illness by specialised psychiatric services. Severe parental mental illness is a well-established risk factor for children's mental health problems, making the identification and support of these children a public health concern. This study investigated the mental health and family context of children of parents diagnosed with depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder in this clinical setting. METHODS: Parental reports on 87 children aged 8-17 years were analysed. The children's mental health was compared with that of a Swedish population-based sample. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate associations between child mental health and child gender, child age, parent symptoms and social status, family functioning, and perceived parental control. Furthermore, a cumulative risk index explored the effect of multiple risk factors on child mental health. RESULTS: The children reportedly had significantly more mental health problems than did the population-based sample and about one-third had scores above the clinical cut-off. A significant multiple linear regression explained 49% of the variance in child mental health, with lower perceived parental control and younger child age being associated with more child mental health problems. With more reported risk factors, children reportedly had more mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS: The results underline the importance of identifying a patient's children and assessing multiple relevant risk factors in the child's life. Furthermore, the results indicate that the needs of younger children and of patients in their parenting role are important to address.

Don't take the context out of the picture: Contextually shaped parents' and children's obesogenic behaviors in a marginalized area of Mexico City.

Santa Fe Gully zone is a marginalized area of Mexico City where nearly 39% of children live with either overweight or obesity. Despite the extensive research on obesogenic behaviors, studies frequently overlook the contexts where such behaviors occur. This qualitative study described individual and familial obesogenic behaviors among children with obesity from Santa Fe Gully, and explained how these behaviors might be contextually shaped. We used a grounded theory approach to investigate the process of development/maintenance of obesity in our sample. Fifteen participants (seven 10-year-olds with overweight or obesity and their parents) participated in nine art-based focus groups, and parents completed individual semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using a structured thematic content analysis. Results showed children's weight status was part of their identity, providing children with a familial 'fitting' sense while increasing psychosocial difficulties, leading to emotional overeating as a coping strategy. Parents' use of controlling and low-structured parenting practices reinforced children's emotional overeating and failed to regulate children's dietary and physical activity behaviors. Some low-structured parenting practices were guilt-motivated or fostered by socioeconomic and cultural factors (e.g., limited food access, unhealthy food exposure, community unsafety). Future interventions in Santa Fe Gully aimed at modifying obesogenic behaviors should incorporate systemic and ecological approaches to help participants navigate through contextual obstacles, as their behaviors should be analized considering the context where they occur.

Sexual debut among college students in China: effects of family context.

This study examines family context and sexual debut among young people in China. Using data from the 2018 Panel Study of Chinese University Students (PSCUS), it explores how the family is correlated with sexual debut among young people in China aged 18-24 years. The Kaplan-Meier method was adopted to detect a survival function for different family factors and related demographic variables. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was adopted to calculate hazard ratios for the timing of sexual debut. The average age of sexual debut among the college students was 18.39 years. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that sexual intercourse initiation was earlier for female students who had no siblings, and those who had a mother with senior high school (including technical school) education or higher family income, but this correlation was insignificant among male students. The multivariate hazard regression analysis revealed that living in a family with a higher level of fathers' education, having a lower level of family income and having siblings had positive correlations with later sexual debut among the college students. Moreover, family factors showed gender differences in their associations with the timing of sexual debut, typically parent's education level, family income and left-behind experience. This study provides a comprehensive perspective on the role of family influences in timing of sexual debut among youth in China.

What are the Origins of Chronic Back Pain of "Obscure Origins"? Turning Toward Family and Workplace Social Contexts.

Chronic back pain (CBP) is a common symptom throughout the world, and those undergoing it often experience a profound degradation of life. Despite extensive research, it remains an elusive symptom. In most cases, CBP is "non-specific," since bio-mechanisms examined in the clinic do not account for it; another way of saying this is that it is "of obscure origins." This paper re-directs attention towards origins that are distal and usually out of sight from the vantage point of the clinic. CBP as considered here is non-specific, persists ≥ 3 months, and, additionally, interferes with activities of daily life, such as family interaction or work. A theory proposed in the paper draws upon Durkheim's Suicide to explain why exposures in the distal social contexts of family and workplace are fundamentally implicated in CBP. The theory is formed out of previously published studies on family and workplace social contexts of CBP and, in effect, provides a theoretical framework with which to review them. After treatment of CBP in the clinic, patients return to family and workplace contexts. Unless exposures in these contexts are addressed, they serve as continually renewing sources of CBP that remain unabated regardless of mechanism-based treatment in the clinic.

Dishing on dinner: a life course approach to understanding the family meal context among families with preschoolers.

OBJECTIVE: Family meals promote healthful dietary intake and well-being among children. Despite these benefits, family meal participation typically declines as children age. This study utilises life course theory to explore parents' perceptions of family meals in order to understand how parents' past experiences with family meals (in childhood and earlier in adulthood) influence their current beliefs and practices regarding mealtimes with their own children. DESIGN: Semi-structured qualitative interviews. SETTING: In-person interviews were conducted in participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty families (twenty-one mothers and fifteen fathers) with a child aged between 18 months and 5 years. RESULTS: Thematic analysis revealed that families seemed to primarily approach mealtimes from one of three overarching orientations: meals for (1) Togetherness, (2) Nutrition Messaging or (3) Necessity. These orientations were informed by parents' own mealtime experiences and significant life transitions (e.g. parenthood). The current family meal context, including the messages parents shared with their children during mealtimes and the challenges experienced with mealtimes, characterised the orientations and families' approaches to mealtimes. CONCLUSIONS: Parents' own early life experiences and significant life transitions influence why families eat meals together and have important implications for the intergenerational transmission of mealtime practices. Results may help to inform the content and timing of intervention strategies to support the continuation of frequent family meals beyond the preschool years.

Family Experiences and Parent Personality as Antecedents of Pubertal Timing in Girls and Boys.

Pubertal timing may be influenced by typical variations in early family environmental events, but questions remain concerning the roles of specific parenting factors, developmental age of exposure to events, moderation by child temperament, and comparability of effects for girls and boys. This study focused on these questions utilizing longitudinal data from 733 same-sex twins (45% girls) in the U.S.; family context was measured at ages 1-3, 4-5, and 6-7 years and pubertal status was assessed annually via self-report at ages 9-15, enabling estimates of pubertal timing. Home environment at ages 4-5 years predicted pubertal timing better than home environment at other ages for both girls and boys, but parent personality was more predictive than home experiences (e.g., divorce, parental harshness, family conflict). Thus, effects of family environment must be considered within the context of parent characteristics, encouraging caution in implicating early environmental experiences as direct influences on early pubertal timing.

An integrative model of self-determination and related contextual variables in adolescents with and without disabilities.

Self-determination, as a person dispositional characteristic, is indeed influenced by situational characteristics that shape actions across contexts. Research has also reported differences in self-determination as a function of personal factors, but there is a need to integrate this knowledge in a general model aiming to analyse the impact of contextual variables in adolescents with and without disabilities. An integrative model of self-determination and related contextual factors was tested through a structural equation modelling approach. Participants were adolescents that reported their perceptions on self-determination dimensions and opportunities. Results indicated that educational and family contexts impacted self-determination and provided further understanding on self-determination dimensions' entity and function. Relevant implications for self-determination measure, comprehension and promotion derived from this study are discussed.

Fruit and vegetable consumption and mental health across adolescence: evidence from a diverse urban British cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption (FV) and mental health in adolescence is sparse and inconsistent. Social determinants of FV include ethnicity, family environments and economic disadvantage. We investigated the relationship between FV and mental health in the British multi-ethnic Determinants of Adolescents (now young Adult) Social well-being and Health (DASH) longitudinal study. METHODS: A longitudinal study of 4683 adolescents living in London at age 11-13 years and followed up at 14-16 years. FV was measured using validated questions on the number of portions consumed daily. Mental health was measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as mean Total Difficulties Score (TDS) and by classification as a 'probable clinical case' (TDS > 17). Social measures included ethnicity, parenting and socioeconomic circumstances. Multilevel modelling was used to investigate the association between FV and mental health throughout adolescence. RESULTS: Low FV was common among adolescents, with approximately 60-70% of adolescents reporting < 5 portions/day and 20-30% reporting < 1 portion/day. In late adolescence, most ethnic minority groups reported lower FV than their White peers. In fully adjusted models, < 1 portion/day remained a significant correlate with mean TDS (Coef: 0.55, 0.29-0.81, P < 0.001) and TDS > 17 (Odds Ratio: 1.43, 1.11-1.85, P = 0.007). Gender- or ethnic-specific effects were not observed. Low parental care partly attenuated the association between FV and mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Low FV is a longitudinal correlate of poor mental health across adolescence. A focus on FV in parenting interventions could yield interrelated benefits across developmental outcomes given its importance to both physical and socioemotional health.

Evaluating the Role of Family Context Within a Randomized Adolescent HIV-Risk Prevention Trial.

Project STYLE is a multi-site 3-arm RCT comparing family-based, adolescent-only, and general health promotion interventions with 721 adolescents in mental health treatment. This study reports 12-month outcomes for family context and sexual risk behaviors, and explores the role of baseline family context in modifying treatment response. Using the full sample, there were sustained benefits for parent-reported sexual communication (d = 0.28), and adolescent-reported parental monitoring (d = 0.24), with minimal differences in risk behaviors. Latent profile analysis identified four family context classes: struggling (n = 177), authoritative (n = 183), authoritarian (n = 175), and permissive (n = 181). The authoritarian and permissive classes were also distinguished by disagreement between parent and adolescent report of family context. Classes differed in terms of baseline mental health burden and baseline sexual risk behavior. Classes showed different patterns of treatment effects, with the struggling class showing consistent benefit for both family context and sexual risk. In contrast, the authoritarian class showed a mixed response for family context and increased sexual risk.

Household relationships and healthcare seeking behaviour for common childhood illnesses in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-national mixed effects analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intra-household dynamics play crucial roles in utilisation of healthcare services for children. We investigated the influence of household relationships on healthcare seeking behaviour for common childhood illnesses in four sub-Sahara African regions. METHODS: Data on 247,061 under-five children were extracted from recent Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2012 and 2016 in 25 countries. Data were combined and analysed per sub-region. Dependent variables (DVs) were uptake of health facility care for diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) symptoms. The main independent variable (IV) was household relationship which was represented by maternal marital profile (marital status, family type and number of marriages) and maternal relationship to household head. Mixed effects logit models were fitted to assess independent relationship between the IVs and DVs with adjustment for relevant demographic and socio-economic characteristics at 5% significance level. RESULTS: The percentage of children who received care for diarrhea and ARI symptoms from health facilities across sub-regions was: Western Africa (WA) 42.4, 44.1%; Central Africa (CA) 32.6, 33.9%; Eastern Africa (EA) 41.5, 48.7% and Southern Africa (SA) 58.9, 62.7%. Maternal marital profile was not associated with healthcare seeking behaviour for diarrhea and ARI symptoms in any of the sub-regions. Children whose mothers were daughter/daughter-in-law to household head were significantly less likely to be taken to health facility for diarrhea treatment in Eastern Africa (AOR = 0.81, CI: 0.51-0.95). Having a mother who is the head of household was significantly associated with higher odds of facility care for ARI symptoms for children from Western (AOR = 1.20, CI: 1.02-1.43) and Southern Africa (AOR = 1.49, CI: 1.20-1.85). CONCLUSION: The type of relationship between mother of under-fives and head of households affect health seeking behaviour for treatment of diarrhea and ARI symptoms in Eastern, Western and Southern Africa. Countries in these regions need to adapt best practices for promoting healthcare utilisation for children such that household relationship does not constitute barriers.

Predicting Substance Use Patterns Among Rural Adults: The Roles of Mothers, Fathers, and Parenthood.

This study examined the role of parenthood and parental influences on substance use patterns for 710 stimulant users age 18-61 living in the rural Midwest and Mid-south U.S. Longitudinal growth analyses showed that a maternal history of drug use was associated with increased baseline drug use severity, lesser declines in severity, and greater plateau of drug use severity over time. Parental conflict was associated with lesser declines in drug use severity, and drug use severity declined more steeply for participants who were themselves parents. Participants with two parents having a history of alcohol use had a greater baseline severity of alcohol use, with paternal history of drug use associated with lower baseline alcohol use severity. These findings demonstrate the importance of identifying parental influences in evaluating adult substance use, and point to the inclusion of parents in efforts to prevent and treat substance use disorders.

Este estudio analizó el papel que desempeñan la paternidad y las influencias de los padres en los patrones de consumo de sustancias de 710 consumidores de estimulantes de entre 18 y 61 años que viven en el Medio Oeste y Centro-Sur rural de Estados Unidos. Los análisis longitudinales de crecimiento demostraron que los antecedentes maternos de consumo de drogas estuvieron asociados con una mayor gravedad inicial de consumo de drogas, una menor disminución de la gravedad y una mayor estabilidad de la gravedad del consumo de drogas con el tiempo. El conflicto parental estuvo asociado con menos disminuciones de la gravedad del consumo de drogas y la gravedad del consumo de drogas disminuyó más abruptamente en los participantes que eran padres. Los participantes que tenían dos padres con antecedentes de consumo de alcohol tuvieron una mayor gravedad inicial de consumo de alcohol, con antecedentes paternos de consumo de drogas asociados con una menor gravedad inicial de consumo de alcohol. Estos resultados demuestran la importancia de reconocer las influencias de los padres a la hora de evaluar el consumo de sustancias de los adultos e indican la inclusión de los padres en los esfuerzos para prevenir y tratar los trastornos por consumo de sustancias.

Older Siblings as Academic Socialization Agents for Younger Siblings: Developmental Pathways across Adolescence.

The role of older siblings in younger siblings' academic socialization becomes increasingly salient during adolescence. This longitudinal study examines the developmental mechanisms through which older siblings shape younger siblings' academic outcomes and whether older siblings' peer affiliations predict younger siblings' educational aspirations and attainment. Data consisted of responses from 395 target adolescents (Mage = 12.22 years, 48.9% female; 51.6% African American, 38.5% European American) and their older siblings (Mage = 14.65 years, 50.1% female) across nine years. The findings showed that older siblings' affiliation with academically disengaged peers at 7th grade predicted younger siblings' decreased affiliation with academically engaged peers and increased affiliation with disengaged peers at 9th grade. In addition, younger siblings' affiliation with academically engaged peers predicted greater educational aspirations at 11th grade, which in turn were related to higher postsecondary educational attainment. The identification of developmental processes through which older siblings were associated with younger siblings' academic success may aid in creating supportive social environments in which adolescents can thrive.

Influence of maternal negative emotion reactivity and cognitive reappraisal on child anxiety disorder.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychopathologies in childhood. Two underlying contributors to child anxiety disorders (ADs) are negative emotional hyper-reactivity and deficits in reappraisal, a cognitive strategy of emotion regulation. Given that emotion regulation develops in the context of parent-child interaction, the aim of this study was to fill a research gap regarding the association between maternal negative emotional reactivity (NER) and reappraisal and child anxiety by examining (a) whether mothers of children with ADs display abnormalities in emotional reactivity and reappraisal compared to mothers of children without ADs; (b) whether maternal NER and reappraisal are associated with child anxiety; and (c) whether maternal reactivity and reappraisal significantly explain the variance in the level of child anxiety beyond the level of maternal anxiety. METHOD: Forty-nine mothers and their AD children (aged 10-17) were assessed at admission to an anxiety disorder clinic and were compared to a control group of 42 mothers and their non-anxious (NA) children. Child and maternal anxiety were assessed, as well as maternal NER and reappraisal. RESULTS: Mothers of AD children showed a higher NER as well as reappraisal deficits compared to the control group. Self-rated child anxiety was associated with maternal deficits in reappraisal. The variance in child anxiety was significantly explained by the level of maternal anxiety as well as maternal reappraisal deficits. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that maternal NER and reappraisal play an important role in child anxiety and should be considered in prevention and intervention of childhood ADs.

[Intrafamilial disruptive behaviour disorders in children and adolescents: Present data and treatment prospects]. / Troubles disruptifs intrafamiliaux : données actuelles et perspectives de traitement.

Child-to-parent violence is a form of family violence that is still a well-kept secret. Abused parents can be victims of different types of abuse. Children can use both physical and psychological violence such as financial threats to take control of the home. In this situation, parents often no longer dare to contradict their children by fear of triggering uncontrollable violence. Although the phenomenon recently drew the attention of the media, there is still little knowledge about its prevalence and clinical characteristics. Most families remain isolated for a long time and, even in case of consulting in a mental health setting, disclosure of the nature of the difficulties is often delayed. This article presents the specificities of these children and their clinical characteristics. It also studies the victimized parents, the entire family, and their relation to the external environment. When observing these young offenders oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are frequently found. The diagnosis of "conduct disorder confined to family context" defined in the ICD 10 is the most appropriate to describe them. But it is regrettable that there has currently been no study to validate it and to determine its specificity. Compared with other young children who have "classic" disruptive disorders, children involved in violence against their parents have more difficulties with affect regulation, impulse control, and interpersonal skills. These children also frequently have low self-esteem and difficulties interacting with their peers. They may be isolated and bullied. They feel more sadness than these other young people and use violence as a way to express their emotions. Within the family both girls and boys commit violence against their parents. Girls will mostly use psychological violence but can also be involved in physical aggression. The first victim of child-to-parent violence is the mother. As mothers are often more present at home and seen by their children as weaker than the father, they are seen as an "easy target". If the "classic" conduct disorder is most frequently encountered in low social status families, intra familial disruptive behavior can be observed in families from all socio economic status. With respect to the parent-child relationship in those families, there are some relevant specificities. First, the quality of communication is bad, parents and children are not intimate and the tension is permanent. Furthermore, children do not respect their parents' authority. They perceive parenting style as permissive and negligent without enough support and control, and they may want to restore a coherent authority in the family. It is important to mention that potential vulnerability factors such as older age, a history of mental illness and social isolation have been described in parents of these children. Thereby, victimized parents have all the more difficulty to stand up against their children or to cleverly adapt their authority to their behavior. Other types of inappropriate education can be the origin of the child-to-parent violence. There is a direct correlation between the high frequency of punishments and violent attitude of the children towards their parents. So, the family dynamic is characterized by an inversion of the family hierarchy, the parents' fear of violent behavior from their child, and shame expressed by the parents with regards to the nature of familial relationships. Their fear and their shame will contribute to ensuring that their child's behavior is kept secret. Finally, several factors can therefore be at the source of the development of child-to- parent violence ; this study aims to raise awareness of clinicians of this impairing and frequently hidden condition. Due to the absence of specific studies, management of intra-familial disruptive disorder is likely to be less than optimal and heterogeneous. The development of a group of targeted parental psychoeducation is a promising management technique. We will describe the basic principles of « active parental control¼, a programme using techniques of « non-violent resistance¼ to help parents cope with violence and control children's behavior. The results of this programme are still being evaluated, but preliminary results seem promising since the parents included in the pilot group have described a significant improvement in the feeling of parental competence and, notably, self-control.