Comparison of postoperative analgesia by thoracoscopic-guided thoracic paravertebral block and thoracoscopic-guided intercostal nerve block in uniportal video-asssited thoracic surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Thoracoscopic-guided thoracic paravertebral nerve block (TG-TPVB) and thoracoscopic-guided intercostal nerve block (TG-INB) are two postoperative analgesia technology for thoracic surgery. This study aims to compared the analgesic effect of TG-TPVB and TG-INB after uniportal video-asssited thoracic surgery (UniVATS). METHODS: Fifty-eight patients were randomly allocated to the TG-TPVB group and the TG-INB group. The surgical time of nerve block, the visual analog scale (VAS) scores, the consumption of sufentanil and the number of patient-controlled intravenous analgesic (PCIA) presses within 24 h after surgery, the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The VAS scores were significantly lower during rest and coughing at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h in the TG-TPVB group than in the TG-INB group (P < 0.05). The consumption of sufentanil and the number of PCIA presses within 24 h after surgery were significantly lower in the TG-TPVB group than in the TG-INB group (P < 0.001).The surgical time of nerve block was significantly shorter in the TG-TPVB group than in the TG-INB group (P < 0.001). The incidence of bleeding at the puncture point was lower in the TG-TPVB group than that in the TG-INB group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: TG-TPVB demonstrated superior acute pain relieve after uniVATS, shorter surgical time and non-inferior adverse effects than TG-INB.

Letter to the Editor Regarding "Effect of Ropivacaine Intercostal Nerve Block Combined with Patient Controlled Intravenous Analgesia on Postoperative Analgesia After Breast Augmentation".

We read the recently published article "Effect of Ropivacaine Intercostal Nerve Block Combined with Patient Controlled Intravenous Analgesia on Postoperative Analgesia after Breast Augmentation" by You et al. We have noticed several issues in the methods and results of this study and would appreciate the responses from the authors. We question several aspects, opioid-sparing effect, sufentanil consumption, sample size evaluation, exclusion reasons, and side effects.

The Efficacy of Intercostal Nerve Block in the Management of Postoperative Pain After Costal Cartilage Harvest for Craniofacial Reconstruction Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Autologous costal cartilage harvest is a common procedure in craniofacial reconstruction due to its stability, dependability, and diversity. However, such a procedure is associated with severe donor-site pain postoperatively. Therefore, we aim through this study to compare the efficacy of intercostal nerve block in the management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing costal cartilage harvest for craniofacial reconstruction. METHOD: This systematic review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The study systematically reviewed MEDLINE, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases without time-limitation. RESULTS: As a result of reviewing the literature, 33 articles were screened by full-text resulting in 14 articles which met our inclusion/exclusion criteria. However, only four high-quality RCT articles were included in the quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). The findings of this study suggest that there is no significant difference in pain scores between ICNB and control groups at 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively, both at rest and with coughing. Therefore, both techniques are considered safe and effective. CONCLUSION: Our results show evidence of favorable outcome of preventive donor-site analgesia with ICNB for harvesting autologous costal cartilage in multiple studies. However, the overall outcomes were insignificant between the two arms. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Effect of Ropivacaine Intercostal Nerve Block Combined with Patient Controlled Intravenous Analgesia on Postoperative Analgesia after Breast Augmentation.

BACKGROUNDS: To observe the effect of ropivacaine intercostal nerve block combined with PCIA as early postoperative analgesia following breast augmentation surgery with prosthesis (axillary approach) METHODS: A total of 80 women with breast augmentation surgery were selected in the plastic surgery department of Chongqing Huamei Plastic Surgery Hospital from December 2021 to May 2022. They were equally randomized into control group and observation group, with 40 cases in each one. Before placing the prosthesis, the control group was given 0.9% normal saline for intercostal nerve block; the observation group was given 0.75% ropivacaine + 1‰ adrenaline for intercostal nerve block. Patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) was used after operation. Observation indexes the visual analog scale (VAS) of resting and motor state at 4 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after operation and the adverse reactions. RESULTS: The VAS scores of patients at rest and exercise and adverse reactions in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine intercostal nerve block combined with PCIA can effectively alleviate the pain after breast augmentation with pectoralis major prosthesis through axillary incision, help patients more comfortably through the perioperative period, accelerate postoperative recovery, reduce the dosage of systemic opioids and effectively reduce side effects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Chest Wall and Abdominal Blocks for Thoracic and Abdominal Surgeries: A Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date description and overview of the rapidly growing literature pertaining to techniques and clinical applications of chest wall and abdominal fascial plane blocks in managing perioperative pain. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical evidence suggests that regional anesthesia blocks, including fascial plane blocks, such as pectoralis, serratus, erector spinae, transversus abdominis, and quadratus lumborum blocks, are effective in providing analgesia for various surgical procedures and have more desirable side effect profile when compared to traditional neuraxial techniques. They offer advantages such as reduced opioid consumption, improved pain control, and decreased opioid-related side effects. Further research is needed to establish optimal techniques and indications for these blocks. Presently, they are a vital instrument in a gamut of multimodal analgesia options, especially when there are contraindications to neuraxial or para-neuraxial procedures. Ultimately, clinical judgment and provider skill set determine which blocks-alone or in combination-should be offered to any patient.

Efficacy of intraoperative thoracoscopic intercostal nerve blocks in nonintubated and intubated video-assisted thoracic surgery: A randomized study.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of thoracoscopic intercostal nerve blocks (TINBs) for noxious stimulation from video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) remains unclear. The efficacy of TINBs may also be different between nonintubated VATS (NIVATS) and intubated VATS (IVATS). We aim to compare the efficacy of TINBs on analgesia and sedation for NIVATS and IVATs intraoperatively. METHODS: Sixty patients randomized to the NIVATS or IVATS group (30 each) received target-controlled propofol and remifentanil infusions, with bispectral index (BIS) maintained at 40-60, and multilevel (T3-T8) TINBs before surgical manipulations. Intraoperative monitoring data, including pulse oximetry, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, BIS, density spectral arrays (DSAs), and propofol and remifentanil effect-site concentration (Ce) at different time points. A two way ANOVA with post hoc analysis was applied to analyze the differences and interactions of groups and time points. RESULTS: In both groups, DSA monitoring revealed burst suppression and α dropout immediately after the TINBs. The Ce of the propofol infusion had to be reduced within 5 min post-TINBs in both NIVATS (p < 0.001) and IVATS (p = 0.252) groups. The Ce of remifentanil infusion was significantly reduced after TINBs in both groups (p < 0.001), and was significantly lower in NIVATS (p < 0.001) without group interactions. CONCLUSION: The surgeon-performed intraoperative multilevel TINBs allow reduced anesthetic and analgesic requirement for VATS. With lower requirement of remifentanil infusion, NIVATS presents a significantly higher risk of hypotension after TINBs. DSA is beneficial for providing real-time data that facilitate the preemptive management, especially for NIVATS.

Divided method of intercostal nerve block reduces ropivacaine dose by half in thoracoscopic pulmonary resection while maintaining the postoperative pain score and 4-h mobilization: a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: This study investigated whether the divided method of multi-level intercostal nerve block (ML-ICB) could reduce the ropivacaine dose required during thoracoscopic pulmonary resection, while maintaining the resting postoperative pain scores. METHODS: This retrospective, single-cohort study enrolled 241 patients who underwent thoracoscopic pulmonary resection for malignant tumors between October 2020 and March 2022 at a cancer hospital in Japan. ML-ICB was performed by surgeons under direct vision. The differences in intraoperative anesthetic use and postoperative pain-related variables at the beginning and end of surgery between group A (single-shot ML-ICB; 0.75% ropivacaine, 20 mL at the end of the surgery) and group B (divided ML-ICB, performed at the beginning and end of surgery; 0.25% ropivacaine, 30 mL total) were assessed. The numerical rating scale (NRS) was used to evaluate pain 1 h and 24 h postoperatively. RESULTS: Intraoperative remifentanil use was significantly lower in group B (14.4 ± 6.4 µg/kg/h) than in group A (16.7 ± 8.4 µg/kg/h) (P = 0.02). The proportion of patients with NRS scores of 0 to 3 at 24 h was significantly higher in group B (85.4%, 106/124) than in group A (73.5%, 86/117) (P = 0.02). The proportion of patients not requiring postoperative intravenous rescue drugs was significantly higher in group B (78.2%, 97/124) than in group A (61.5%, 72/117) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The divided method of ML-ICB could reduce the intraoperative remifentanil dose, decrease the postoperative pain score at 24 h, and curtail postoperative intravenous rescue drug use, despite using half the total ropivacaine dose intraoperatively.

Comparison of the efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block and thoracic paravertebral block combined with intercostal nerve block for pain management in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane block(ESPB) and thoracic paravertebral block(TPVB) combined with intercostal nerve block(ICNB) after video assisted thoracoscopic surgery(VATS). METHODS: Patients were enrolled into three groups according to analgesia technique as ICNB, TPVB + ICNB or ESPB + ICNB: respectively Group C(n = 58), Group T (n = 56) and Group E (n = 59). Patients were followed up by a trained data investigator at 2, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 h after surgery, and the visual analog scale(VAS) at rest and coughing were recorded. The moderate and severe pain mean VAS ≥ 4 when coughing. The postoperative opioids consumption, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), supplementary analgesic requirements within 48 h, length of stay in PACU, ambulation time, postoperative days in hospital and potential side effects, such as hematoma, hypotension, bradycardia, hypersomnia, uroschesis, pruritus and apnea were recorded. RESULTS: The incidence of moderate-to-severe pain was no significant difference between 3 groups in 24 h and 48 h (P = 0.720). There was no significant difference among the 3 groups in the resting pain intensity at 2, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after surgery(P > 0.05). In 2-way analysis of variance, the VAS when coughing in Group T were lower than that in Group C (mean difference = 0.15, 95%CI, 0.02 to 0.29; p = 0.028). While no difference was found when comparing Group E with Group C or Group T(P > 0.05). There was no difference between the three groups in the sufentanil consumption( within 24 h p = 0.472, within 48 h p = 0.158) and supplementary analgesic requirements(p = 0.910). The incidence of PONV and the length of stay in PACU, ambulation time and postoperative days in hospital were comparable in the 3 groups(P > 0.05). Two patients from Group T developed hematoma at the site of puncture. CONCLUSIONS: The present randomized trial showed that the analgesic effect of TPVB + ICNB was superior to that of INCB after VATS, the analgesic effect of ESPB was equivalent to that of TPVB and ICNB. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2100049578. Registered 04 Aug 2020 Retrospectively registered.

Optimal postoperative pain management after VATS lung resection by thoracic epidural analgesia, continuous paravertebral block or single-shot intercostal nerve block (OPtriAL): study protocol of a three-arm multicentre randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Adequate pain control after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for lung resection is important to improve postoperative mobilisation, recovery, and to prevent pulmonary complications. So far, no consensus exists on optimal postoperative pain management after VATS anatomic lung resection. Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is the reference standard for postoperative pain management following VATS. Although the analgesic effect of TEA is clear, it is associated with patient immobilisation, bladder dysfunction and hypotension which may result in delayed recovery and longer hospitalisation. These disadvantages of TEA initiated the development of unilateral regional techniques for pain management. The most frequently used techniques are continuous paravertebral block (PVB) and single-shot intercostal nerve block (ICNB). We hypothesize that using either PVB or ICNB is non-inferior to TEA regarding postoperative pain and superior regarding quality of recovery (QoR). Signifying faster postoperative mobilisation, reduced morbidity and shorter hospitalisation, these techniques may therefore reduce health care costs and improve patient satisfaction. METHODS: This multi-centre randomised study is a three-arm clinical trial comparing PVB, ICNB and TEA in a 1:1:1 ratio for pain (non-inferiority) and QoR (superiority) in 450 adult patients undergoing VATS anatomic lung resection. Patients will not be eligible for inclusion in case of contraindications for TEA, PVB or ICNB, chronic opioid use or if the lung surgeon estimates a high probability that the operation will be performed by thoracotomy. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: (1) the proportion of pain scores ≥ 4 as assessed by the numerical rating scale (NRS) measured during postoperative days (POD) 0-2; and (2) the QoR measured with the QoR-15 questionnaire on POD 1 and 2. Secondary outcome measures are cumulative use of opioids and analgesics, postoperative complications, hospitalisation, patient satisfaction and degree of mobility. DISCUSSION: The results of this trial will impact international guidelines with respect to perioperative care optimization after anatomic lung resection performed through VATS, and will determine the most cost-effective pain strategy and may reduce variability in postoperative pain management. Trial registration The trial is registered at the Netherlands Trial Register (NTR) on February 1st, 2021 (NL9243). The NTR is no longer available since June 24th, 2022 and therefore a revised protocol has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on August 5th, 2022 (NCT05491239). PROTOCOL VERSION: version 3 (date 06-05-2022), ethical approval through an amendment (see ethical proof in the Study protocol proof).

COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED ERECTOR SPINAE PLANE BLOCK WITH INTERCOSTAL NERVE BLOCK FOR TRAUMA-ASSOCIATED CHEST WALL PAIN.

BACKGROUND: Pain associated with chest wall trauma is a major issue in the emergency department (ED). However, it may be challenging to select among the various analgesic procedures. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare single-shot erector spinae plane block (ESPB) with intercostal nerve block (ICNB) under ultrasound guidance for pain management in thoracic trauma. METHODS: This study was a randomized nonblinded clinical trial performed in a level I urban trauma center. A convenience sample of patients with isolated chest wall trauma and initial Numeric Rating Scale pain scores (NRS 0) > 5 were included. Exclusion criteria were large pain area, surgical interventions, discharged from the ED, and presence of contraindications to lidocaine. Pain scores at 20 min and 60 min (NRS 20 and 60) and at disposition (disp) were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients in the ESPB and 23 in the ICNB groups were enrolled. Mean values of NRS 0, 20, 60, and disp for the ESPB vs. ICNB groups were 8.0 vs. 7.4, 5.2 vs. 6.1, 4.1 vs. 5.4, and 4.3 vs. 5.8, respectively (p = 0.07, p = 0.04, p = 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). Four patients in the ESPB and 8 patients in the ICNB groups required administration of adjunctive doses of fentanyl for satisfactory pain control (p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided ESPB was superior to ICNB regarding pain control during the ED stay period of patients with painful chest wall trauma. We recommend ESPB in the ED for pain control in blunt or penetrating thoracic trauma.

Methylene Blue Combined with Ropivacaine for Intercostal Nerve Block After Autologous Costal Cartilage Removal in Juvenile Patients.

OBJECTIVES: Autologous costal cartilage is commonly used as a graft material in plastic surgery. However, after autologous costal cartilage removal, the pain at the surgical site is particularly strong. We conducted this controlled clinical study to verify the efficacy of methylene blue (MB) in intercostal nerve block after autologous costal cartilage removal and to provide a reference for the application of MB in postoperative analgesia after autologous costal cartilage removal. METHODS: In this study, 90 adolescent patients with congenital microtia who underwent autologous rib cartilage graft for auricular reconstruction were randomly allocated to one of three groups (Group A: intercostal nerve block was performed with 0.75% ropivacaine; Group B: intercostal nerve block was performed with 1% MB; and Group C: intercostal nerve block was performed with 1% MB and 0.75% ropivacaine mixture). Two trained researchers observed and recorded the pain status of the children at 6 hours (T1), 24 hours (T2), 48 hours (T3), and 72 hours (T4) after surgery, respectively. Numerical rating pain scale (NRS) was used for scoring. And adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, and skin itching were recorded. RESULTS: In this study, there was no statistical difference in age and gender of patients in Groups A, B, and C (P >0.05). In terms of NRS comparison, 6 hours after operation (T1), Group B > Group A > Group C (P< 0.05); 24 hours after operation (T2), Group B > Group A > Group C (P< 0.05); 48 hours after operation (T3), Group B > Group A > Group C (P< 0.05); 72 hours after operation (T4), Group A > Group B > Group C (P< 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative nausea, vomiting, and skin itching among the three groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The analgesic effect of IV self-controlled analgesia combined with ropivacaine is quick, but the maintenance time is short. The analgesic effect of IV self-controlled analgesia combined with MB is slow to onset but long to maintain. The analgesic effect of IV self-controlled analgesia combined with MB and ropivacaine mixture is quick and maintained for a long time. Therefore, in patients after removal of costal cartilage, we recommend the analgesic treatment method of IV self-controlled analgesia combined with MB and ropivacaine mixture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 . Special Topic.

The feasibility of thoracoscopic-guided intercostal nerve block during uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy of the lung.

Background: Uniportal thoracoscopic surgery has become widely accepted for its favourable outcomes with regard to pain. However, post-operative pain is still a concern associated with thoracic surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the post-operative pain of patients undergoing uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomies using an intra-operative intercostal nerve block. Methods: All consecutive patients undergoing uniportal VATS lobectomies between October 2018 and October 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Twenty consecutive patients in Group A underwent uniportal VATS lobectomies without intra-operative intercostal nerve blocks. The other 20 consecutive patients in Group B underwent uniportal VATS lobectomies with intra-operative intercostal nerve blocks. Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRS) scores were recorded at 1, 12 and 24 h postoperatively. The number of anti-inflammatory drugs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAIDs]) consumed until the time of chest tube removal was also recorded. Results: There was no difference between the groups with regard to sex, age, chest tube duration, length of stay, operative time or laterality. There was a significant difference in post-operative NRS scores at 1 h (P < 0.001) and 12 h (P = 0.014) between the groups. The NSAID consumption was significantly lower in Group B than in Group A (P = 0.038). Conclusion: Intra-operative intercostal nerve blocks with bupivacaine provided immediate post-operative pain relief and reduced post-operative opioid consumption in patients who underwent uniportal VATS lobectomies.

A Review of Techniques of Intercostal Nerve Blocks.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Intercostal nerve blocks are indicated for multiple chronic pain and acute pain conditions including rib fractures, herpes zoster, post-thoracotomy pain syndrome, and intercostal neuralgia. Intercostal neuralgia is a type of neuropathic pain that is in the distribution of intercostal nerves. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the different techniques used to perform intercostal nerve blocks and review their efficacy and safety including blind technique using anatomical landmarks, and fluoroscopically guided and ultrasound-guided intercostal nerve blocks. RECENT FINDINGS: Literature search was performed with the keywords including intercostal neuralgia, treatment, intercostal nerve blocks, and radiofrequency ablation on PubMed and Google Scholar. Three studies and one case report were identified. Literature review revealed that ultrasound-guided techniques and fluoroscopically guided techniques are superior to landmark-based technique in terms of efficacy. There was no difference in efficacy and complication rates between ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance. Ultrasound-guided techniques and fluoroscopically guided techniques can both be performed safely and effectively for various chronic pain conditions. Ultrasound guidance has its advantages of direct visualization of nerves, vessels, muscles, and the lung. It is potentially a superior technique in terms of improving accuracy and decreasing complications. Further large population randomized control studies should be conducted to compare the efficacy of intercostal nerve blocks performed under ultrasound and fluoroscopy.

Ultrasound-guided parasternal intercostal nerve block for postoperative analgesia in mediastinal mass resection by median sternotomy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound-guided parasternal intercostal nerve block is rarely used for postoperative analgesia, and its value remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided parasternal intercostal nerve block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing median sternotomy for mediastinal mass resection. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial performed in Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, enrolled 41 participants aged 18-65 years. The patients scheduled for mediastinal mass resection by median sternotomy were randomly assigned were randomized into 2 groups, and preoperatively administered 2 injections of ropivacaine (PSI) and saline (control) groups, respectively, in the 3rd and 5th parasternal intercostal spaces with ultrasound-guided (USG) bilateral parasternal intercostal nerve block. Sufentanil via patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) was administered to all participants postoperatively. Pain score, total sufentanil consumption, and postoperative adverse events were recorded within the first 24 h. RESULTS: There were 20 and 21 patients in the PSI and control group, respectively. The PSI group required 20% less PCIA-sufentanil compared with the control group (54.05 ± 11.14 µg vs. 67.67 ± 8.92 µg, P < 0.001). In addition, pain numerical rating scale (NRS) scores were significantly lower in the PSI group compared with control patients, both at rest and upon coughing within 24 postoperative hours. Postoperative adverse events were generally reduced in the PSI group compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: USG bilateral parasternal intercostal nerve block effectively reduces postoperative pain and adjuvant analgesic requirement, with good patient satisfaction, therefore constituting a good option for mediastinal mass resection by median sternotomy.

Intercostal Blocks with Liposomal Bupivacaine in Thoracic Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the efficacy of adding liposomal bupivacaine (LB) to bupivacaine-containing intercostal nerve blocks (ICNBs) to improve analgesia and decrease opioid consumption and hospital length of stay compared with bupivacaine-only ICNBs. DESIGN: This retrospective, observational investigation compared pain intensity scores and cumulative opioid consumption within the first 72 postoperative hours in patients who received ICNBs with bupivacaine plus LB (LB group) versus bupivacaine only (control group) after minimally invasive anatomic pulmonary resection. LB was tested for noninferiority on pain scores and opioid consumption. If LB was noninferior, superiority of LB was tested on both outcomes. SETTING: Academic tertiary care medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients undergoing minimally invasive anatomic pulmonary resection. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: For the secondary analysis, hospital length of stay was compared through the Cox regression model. Of 396 patients, 178 (45%) received LB and 218 (55%) did not. The mean (standard deviation) pain score was three (one) in the LB group and three (one) in the control group, with a difference of -0.10 (97.5% confidence interval [-0.39 to 0.18]; p = 0.41). The mean (standard deviation) cumulative opioid consumption (intravenous morphine equivalents) was 198 (208) mg in the LB group and 195 (162) mg in the control group. Treatment effect in opioid consumption was estimated at a ratio of geometric mean of 0.94 (97.5% confidence interval [0.74-1.20]; p = 0.56). Pain control and opioid consumption were noninferior with LB but not superior. Hospital discharge was not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: LB with bupivacaine in ICNBs did not demonstrate superior postoperative analgesia or affect the rate of hospital discharge.

Association Between Intercostal Nerve Block and Postoperative Glycemic Control in Patients With Diabetes Undergoing Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Pulmonary Resection: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was performed to investigate the possible association between intercostal nerve block (INB) and postoperative glycemic control in patients with diabetes undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary resection. DESIGN: A retrospective study. SETTING: Single-center tertiary academic hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with diabetes, ages 18 to 79 years, who had undergone elective video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary resection (segmentectomy or lobectomy) from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018. INTERVENTIONS: Postoperative blood glucose levels and insulin dosage were extracted from the record. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients with diabetes who received INB before closure of surgical incisions were compared with those who did not receive INB. The primary outcome was the daily blood glucose (BG) level. Univariate analyses and multivariate regression analysis were performed to explore risk factors of hyperglycemia within 48 hours after the surgery. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. Patients who received INB had a lower maximum BG level and amplitude of glycemic excursion from zero-to-24 hours after surgery (p = 0.007 and p = 0.041, respectively) and lower maximum and minimum BG levels from 24-to-48 hours after surgery (p = 0.023 and p = 0.006, respectively). Meanwhile, the daily insulin dose increment during zero-to-24 hours and 24-to-48 hours after surgery decreased (p = 0.010 and p = 0.003, respectively), the white blood cell counts within 48 hours after surgery were lower (p = 0.021), and the length of postoperative stay decreased in the INB group (p = 0.044). Multivariate regression analysis further confirmed that INB was an independent protective factor of postoperative hyperglycemia (Nagelkerke R2 value 0.229; odds ratio 0.298; 95% confidence interval 0.099-0.901; p = 0.032). CONCLUSION: INB, performed before closure of surgical incisions, was associated with improved glycemic control in patients with diabetes within 48 hours after video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary resection.

Are Thoracic Wall Blocks Efficient After Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy Surgery-Lobectomy Pain? A Comparison Between Serratus Anterior Plane Block and Intercostal Nerve Block.

OBJECTIVES: Video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery-lobectomy is less invasive than conventional thoracotomy and is associated with fewer complications. However, the pain related is classified as moderate and requires adequate treatment. Ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) provides analgesia by blocking the lateral branches of the intercostal nerves, avoiding the complications of epidural analgesia and paravertebral block. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the SAPB compared with the intercostal nerve block (ICNB). DESIGN: This was a non-randomized prospective study, in which surgery-lobectomy pain after video-assisted thoracoscopy was treated with the following multimodal approach: SAPB or ICNB, morphine-patient controlled analgesia, and paracetamol. SETTING: The study was undertaken in a single community hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The study comprised 40 patients. INTERVENTIONS: Execution of ultrasound-guided SAPB. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Nineteen (47.5%) men and 21 (52.5%) women were enrolled, and the mean age was 67.22 ± 11 years. Both groups showed any visual analog scale values >4, which was significantly lower in the SAPB group at the 6th hour and at the 12th and 24th hours only during coughing (p < 0.05). The sedation score was significantly lower in the ICNB group at 0 and at the 2nd and 4th hours; it was lower in the SAPB group at the 6th hour. All patients had a sedation score <1, and they all were awake and oriented. After 24 hours, the total morphine requirement was 19.3 ± 14.4 mg and 11.3 ± 8.5 mg (p = 0.038); after 48 hours, it was 12.2 ± 7.9 mg and 8.2 ± 5.8 mg in the ICNB and SAPB groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The multimodal approach of SAPB, morphine-patient controlled analgesia, and paracetamol is effective, safe, and time efficient.

Thoracic Paravertebral Block Achieves Better Pain Control Than Erector Spinae Plane Block and Intercostal Nerve Block in Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane block (ESPB), thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB), and intercostal nerve block (ICNB) after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, single-blind study. SETTING: University hospital, single institution. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients undergoing VATS. INTERVENTIONS: Ultrasonography-guided ESPB, ultrasonography-guided TPVB, or ICNB. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were enrolled into the following three groups according to analgesia technique as ESPB, TPVB, or ICNB, respectively, group erector spinae plane block (GESP) (n = 35), group thoracic paravertebral block (GTPV) (n = 35), and group intercostal nerve block (GICN) (n = 36). Multimodal analgesia was achieved with paracetamol, tenoxicam, and intravenous morphine (via patient-controlled analgesia) for all study groups. Pain scores were assessed by visual analog scale, and morphine consumption, rescue analgesic requirement, and side effects were recorded postoperatively. Dynamic visual analog scale at the first hour as primary outcome was determined five (two-seven), four (one-six) and (two-six) in GESP, GTPV, and GICN, respectively. Dynamic pain scores were significantly lower in GTPV compared with GESP and GICN at 24 hours (p < 0.017). Dynamic pain scores in GICN were significantly lower at 12 hours compared with GESP (p < 0.017). Morphine consumption for the first 24 hours was similar in GICN and GTPV, and it was significantly lower in GICN and GTPV in comparison to GESP (p < 0.017). Rescue analgesic requirement and side effects were similar among groups. CONCLUSIONS: All three blocks can obtain sufficient analgesia after VATS; however, TPVB appeared to be the preferable method compared with ESPB and ICNB, with a more successful analgesia and less morphine consumption.

Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Intercostal Nerve Block for Post-Minithoracotomy Acute Pain Management: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Several nerve block procedures are available for post-thoracotomy pain management. DESIGN: In this randomized trial, the authors aimed to determine whether the analgesic effect of preoperative ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) might be superior to that of intraoperative intercostal nerve block (ICNB) in pain control in patients undergoing minithoracotomy. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty consecutive adult patients scheduled to undergo minithoracotomy for lung resection were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were allocated randomly in a 1:1 ratio to receive either single-shot ESPB or ICNB. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was the intensity of postoperative pain at rest, assessed with the numeric rating scale (NRS). The secondary outcomes were (1) dynamic NRS values (during cough); (2) perioperative analgesic requirements; (3) patient satisfaction, on the basis of a verbal scale (Likert scale); and (4) respiratory muscle strength, considering the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) variation from baseline. The ESPB group showed lower postoperative static and dynamic NRS values than the ICNB group (p < 0.05). Total remifentanil consumption and requirements for additional analgesics were lower in the ESPB group (p < 0.05). Patient satisfaction was higher in the ESPB group (p < 0.001). A significant overall time effect was found in MIP and MEP variation (p < 0.001); ESPB values were higher at all points, reaching a statistically significant level at the first and sixth hours for MIP, and at the first, 12th, 24th, and 48th hours for MEP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ESPB was demonstrated to provide superior analgesia, lower perioperative analgesic requirements, better patient satisfaction, and less respiratory muscle strength impairment than ICNB in patients undergoing minithoracotomy.

Paravertebral Block Versus Intercostal Nerve Block in Non-Intubated Uniportal Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Non-intubated uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has been reported to be safe and feasible for patients with various thoracic diseases, including those who have respiratory dysfunction. This study examined the anaesthetic and analgesic sparing effects of either paravertebral block or intercostal nerve block on the non-intubated technique with spontaneous ventilation in patients under general anaesthesia (GA) using a supraglottic airway device. The primary aim was to compare the anaesthetic sparing effect of paravertebral block versus intercostal nerve block in non-intubated GA with airway support via a supraglottic airway device during VATS surgery. The secondary aim was to compare the recovery characters and postoperative outcomes of the patients. METHODS: The study included 105 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status II-III who had video-assisted thoracoscopy without endotracheal intubation and using a laryngeal airway. The patients were divided into three groups; each group consisted of 35 patients. Group I (35 patients): control group received only GA. Group 2 (35 patients): received a single-shot paravertebral block before induction of the GA. Group 3 (35 patients): received thoracoscopic intercostal block infiltration after induction of anaesthesia from the third to the eighth intercostal nerve block, in addition to intrathoracic vagal block. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and oxygen saturation were recorded before induction of GA (T0), after induction of GA (T1), 20 minutes later (T2), and before the end of the surgical procedure (T3). RESULTS: Heart rate was significantly lower in Groups 2 and 3 compared with Group 1, and lower in Group 2 compared with Group 3. The MAP was significantly lower in Groups 2 and 3 compared with Group 1, and there was no significant difference between Groups 2 and 3. Oxygen saturation was significantly higher in Group 2 and in Group 3 compared with Group 1 and there was no significance difference between Groups 2 and 3. Expiratory fraction of sevoflurane (Ef sevo) was significantly lower in Groups 2 and 3 compared with Group 1, with no difference between Group 2 and 3. Groups 2 and 3 had lower fentanyl requirements, time to spontaneous eye movement, time to spontaneous arm movement, time to purposeful movement, and time to laryngeal mask removal than Group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Regional anaesthesia by either preoperative paravertebral block or thoracoscopic intercostal nerve block with ipsilateral vagal block provided an anaesthetic sparing effect, guided by lower Ef sevo concentration, with comparable bi-spectral index in patients undergoing uniportal thoracoscopic surgery.