Enhancing Scientific Support for the Stockholm Convention's Implementation: An Analysis of Policy Needs for Scientific Evidence.

The Stockholm Convention is key to addressing the global threats of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to humanity and the environment. It has been successful in identifying new POPs, but its national implementation remains challenging, particularly by low- and middle-income Parties. Concerted action is needed to assist Parties in implementing the Convention's obligations. This analysis aims to identify and recommend research and scientific support needed for timely implementation of the Convention. We aim this analysis at scientists and experts from a variety of natural and social sciences and from all sectors (academia, civil society, industry, and government institutions), as well as research funding agencies. Further, we provide practical guidance to scientists and experts to promote the visibility and accessibility of their work for the Convention's implementation, followed by recommendations for sustaining scientific support to the Convention. This study is the first of a series on analyzing policy needs for scientific evidence under global governance on chemicals and waste.

Governance and the mangrove commons: Advancing the cross-scale, nested framework for the global conservation and wise use of mangroves.

Mangroves provide critical ecosystems services, contributing an estimated 42 billion US dollars to global fisheries, storing 25.5 million tons of carbon per year, and providing flood protection to over 15 million people annually. Yet, they are increasingly threatened by factors ranging from local resource exploitation to global climate change, with an estimated 35% of mangrove forests lost in the past two decades. These threats are difficult to manage due to the intrinsic characteristics of mangrove systems and their provisioning services, and their transboundary and pan-global nature. Due to their unique intertidal ecological niche, mangroves are often treated as a "common pool resource" within national legal frameworks, making them particularly susceptible to exploitation. Moreover, they form ecological connections through numerous biotic and abiotic processes that cross political boundaries. Because of these qualities a cross-scale nested framework of international, regional, and local coordination is necessary to successfully sustain mangrove ecosystems and their valuable services. Although coordination across the geopolitical spectrum is often cited as a need for effective management of common resources such as mangroves, there has been no formal analysis of mangrove multiscale governance. In this paper we address this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of interactions between and within international, regional, and local mangrove management regimes and examine the challenges and opportunities such multiscale governance frameworks present. We highlight Costa Rica as a case study to demonstrate the universal relevance and potential of multi-scale governance and explore its downscale potential. Using Elinor Ostrom's principles for self-governance of the commons as our touchstone, we identify where improvements to the status quo could be implemented to increase its effectiveness of the current frameworks to meet the ongoing challenge of managing mangrove-derived resources and services in the face of a changing climate and human needs.

The politics of multilateral environmental agreements lessons from 20 years of INEA.

This review article addresses the question: What lessons can we learn from work published in International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics regarding the politics of multilateral environmental agreements? What are the implications of these lessons for those responsible for creating and administering these agreements? Based on an analysis of 147 articles published over the past 20 years, the article explores issues of institutional design, institutional politics, implementation, and effectiveness. It concludes that key conditions for success in this realm include: (a) developing a toolkit that is not limited to rules-based governance, (b) paying attention to matters of implementation, (c) bearing in mind the overall regime complex, (d) developing effective leadership based on credibility and accountability, and (e) allowing for institutional adaptation.

Improving collaboration in the implementation of global biodiversity conventions.

Eight conventions make up the biodiversity cluster of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) that provide the critical international legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of nature. However, concerns about the rate of implementation of the conventions at the national level have triggered discussions about the effectiveness of these MEAs in halting the loss of biodiversity. Two main concerns have emerged: lack of capacity and resources and lack of coherence in implementing multiple conventions. We focused on the latter and considered the mechanisms by which international conventions are translated into national policy. Specifically, we examined how the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the associated Aichi Biodiversity Targets have functioned as a unifying grand plan for biodiversity conservation. This strategic plan has been used to coordinate and align targets to promote and enable more effective implementation across all biodiversity-related conventions. Results of a survey of 139 key stakeholders from 88 countries suggests streamlining across ministries and agencies, improved coordination mechanisms with all relevant stakeholders, and better knowledge sharing between conventions could improve cooperation among biodiversity-related conventions. The roadmap for improving synergies among conventions agreed to at the 13th Convention on Biological Diversity's Conference of Parties in 2016 includes actions such as mechanisms to avoid duplication in national reporting and monitoring on conventions and capacity building related to information and knowledge sharing. We suggest the scientific community can actively engage and contribute to the policy process by establishing a science-policy platform to address knowledge gaps; improving data gathering, reporting, and monitoring; developing indicators that adequately support implementation of national plans and strategies; and providing evidence-based recommendations to policy makers. The latter will be particularly important as 2020 approaches and work to develop a new biodiversity agenda for the next decade is beginning.

Mejora en la Colaboración en la Implementación de las Convenciones Mundiales sobre la Biodiversidad Resumen Ocho convenciones son las que forman la agrupación multilateral de acuerdos ambientales (MEAs, en inglés), los cuales proporcionan el marco de trabajo legal importante para la conservación y el uso sustentable de la naturaleza. Sin embargo, la preocupación por la tasa de implementación de estas convenciones a nivel nacional ha disparado discusiones sobre la efectividad de estas MEAs para detener la pérdida de la biodiversidad. Han surgido dos preocupaciones principales: la falta de capacidad y recursos y la falta de coherencia en la implementación de múltiples convenciones. Nos enfocamos en la segunda y consideramos los mecanismos mediante los cuales las convenciones internacionales se transforman en reglamentos y políticas nacionales. En específico, examinamos cómo el Plan Estratégico para la Biodiversidad 2011 - 2020 y los Objetivos de Biodiversidad de Aichi asociados han funcionado como un gran plan unificador para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Este plan estratégico se ha usado para coordinar y alinear los objetivos para promover y habilitar una implementación más efectiva a lo largo de todas las convenciones relacionadas con la biodiversidad. Los resultados de una encuesta entre 139 accionistas clave de 88 países sugieren la optimización en los ministerios y en las agencias, una coordinación mejorada de los mecanismos entre todos los accionistas relevantes, y una mejor partición del conocimiento entre las convenciones podría aumentar la cooperación entre las convenciones relacionadas con la biodiversidad. La hoja de ruta para mejorar las sinergias entre las convenciones, acordada en la Conferencia de Participantes de la 13ra Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica en 2016, incluye acciones como los mecanismos para evitar la duplicación de reportes y monitoreos nacionales sobre las convenciones y la capacidad de construcción relacionada con la partición de la información y el conocimiento. Sugerimos que la comunidad científica pueda participar activamente y contribuir al proceso de políticas al establecer una plataforma política-científica que resuelva los vacíos en el conocimiento; mejore la recolección, reporte y monitoreo de datos, desarrolle indicadores que respalden adecuadamente a la implementación de planes y estrategias nacionales; y proporcione recomendaciones basadas en evidencia para los políticos. La última acción será de particular importancia conforme se aproxima el 2020 y se inicie la labor por desarrollar una nueva agenda de biodiversidad para la siguiente década.

Facilitating Policy Responses for Renewable Energy and Biodiversity.

Renewable energy contributes substantially to climate change mitigation, but its expansion can have trade-offs with biodiversity. These trade-offs could be reduced by building a strong evidence base, rationalizing the selection of sites and operational characteristics of renewable energy installations, and coordinating concerted policy efforts at the national and international levels.

Sympathy for the devil: a conservation strategy for devil and manta rays.

BACKGROUND: International trade for luxury products, medicines, and tonics poses a threat to both terrestrial and marine wildlife. The demand for and consumption of gill plates (known as Peng Yu Sai, "Fish Gill of Mobulid Ray") from devil and manta rays (subfamily Mobulinae, collectively referred to as mobulids) poses a significant threat to these marine fishes because of their extremely low productivity. The demand for these gill plates has driven an international trade supplied by largely unmonitored and unregulated catches from target and incidental fisheries around the world. Scientific research, conservation campaigns, and legal protections for devil rays have lagged behind those for manta rays despite similar threats across all mobulids. METHODS: To investigate the difference in attention given to devil rays and manta rays, we examined trends in the scientific literature and updated species distribution maps for all mobulids. Using available information on target and incidental fisheries, and gathering information on fishing and trade regulations (at international, national, and territorial levels), we examined how threats and protective measures overlap with species distribution. We then used a species conservation planning approach to develop the Global Devil and Manta Ray Conservation Strategy, specifying a vision, goals, objectives, and actions to advance the knowledge and protection of both devil and manta rays. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Our literature review revealed that there had been nearly 2.5-times more "manta"-titled publications, than "mobula" or "devil ray"-titled publications over the past 4.5 years (January 2012-June 2016). The majority of these recent publications were reports on occurrence of mobulid species. These publications contributed to updated Area of Occupancy and Extent of Occurrence maps which showed expanded distributions for most mobulid species and overlap between the two genera. While several international protections have recently expanded to include all mobulids, there remains a greater number of national, state, and territory-level protections for manta rays compared to devil rays. We hypothesize that there are fewer scientific publications and regulatory protections for devil rays due primarily to perceptions of charisma that favour manta rays. We suggest that the well-established species conservation framework used here offers an objective solution to close this gap. To advance the goals of the conservation strategy we highlight opportunities for parity in protection and suggest solutions to help reduce target and bycatch fisheries.