Functional assessment in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with darolutamide: results from the DaroAcT study.

BACKGROUND: Androgen receptor inhibitors (ARIs) are approved for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer; however, some patients may experience symptoms and side effects that hinder their physical functioning. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) tests are used to assess physical functioning in older adults and are recommended assessments for patients with prostate cancer, despite lacking validation in this setting. METHODS: DaroAct (NCT04157088) was an open-label, multicenter, phase 2b study designed to evaluate the effects of the ARI darolutamide (lead-in phase) and darolutamide vs enzalutamide (randomized phase) on physical functioning in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Only the lead-in phase, in which participants received darolutamide 600 mg twice daily, was completed. The TUG and SPPB tests were used to assess physical functioning. RESULTS: The lead-in phase enrolled 30 participants. During 24 weeks of treatment, 8 (32.0%) of 25 evaluable participants exhibited clinically meaningful worsening in TUG from baseline (primary endpoint). At the week 24 visit, 5 (21.7%) of 23 participants had worsening in TUG time, and 8 (33.3%) of 24 participants had worsening in SPPB score. Because only 48% of participants had the same outcome on the TUG and SPPB tests, the study was terminated without initiating the randomized comparison. CONCLUSION: Most participants showed no clinically meaningful worsening in physical functioning after 24 weeks of darolutamide treatment, but poor agreement between tests was observed. Tools to accurately and consistently measure the impact of ARIs on physical functioning in patients with CRPC are needed.

Physical performance and sarcopenia assessment in patients with a recent fracture visiting the Fracture Liaison Service.

Impaired physical performance is associated with increased fracture risk. Performance on four physical functioning tests and prevalence of sarcopenia were assessed for 1789 fracture patients and compared to reference data. Performance was low on all tests, especially for patients with a hip, major or ≥ 1 prevalent vertebral fracture. PURPOSE INTRODUCTION: Impaired physical performance and sarcopenia are associated with increased fracture risk. This study aims to assess physical performance and the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with a recent clinical fracture attending the Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) compared to population means. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, chair stand test (CST), handgrip strength (HGS), timed-up-and-go (TUG), 6-min walking-test (6MWT), and sarcopenia (following EWGSOP2) were assessed. The proportion of patients with impaired/poor performance compared to reference data was calculated (Z-score: ≥ - 2SD to < - 1 (impaired) and < - 2 SD (poor)). Associations of fracture type, sex, age, and time since fracture with Z-scores were assessed using linear regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1789 consecutive FLS patients were included (median age (IQR): 66 (59-74), 70.7% females, 3.9 (± 1.6) months after fracture). The prevalence of impaired/poor performance for CST, HGS, TUG, and 6MWT was 39.2%, 30.4%, 21.9%, and 71.5%, respectively (expected proportion of 16%) and 2.8% had sarcopenia. Lower Z-scores (P < 0.001) were found for hip, major, and ≥ 1 prevalent vertebral fracture (VF) in CST (major: regression coefficient (B) (95%CI) = - 0.25 [- 0.34, - 0.16]; hip: B = - 0.32 [- 0.47, - 0.17], VF: B = - 0.22 [- 0.34, - 0.11]), TUG; (major: B = - 0.54 [- 0.75, - 0.33]; hip: B = - 1.72 [- 2.08, -1.35], VF: B = - 0.61 [- 0.88, - 0.57]), 6MWT (major: B = - 0.34 [- 0.47, - 0.21]; hip: B = - 0.99 [- 1,22, - 0.77], VF: B = - 0.36 [- 0.53, - 0.19]). CONCLUSIONS: Physical performance is significantly lower in FLS patients compared to healthy peers, especially in patients with hip, major or prevalent VF. These findings underline the need to assess and improve the physical performance of FLS patients, despite a low prevalence of sarcopenia.

Quality of life in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma receiving IMRT vs IMPT: a multicenter prospective longitudinal study.

PURPOSE: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients may experience symptom distress and depression during and after radiation therapy, which negatively impacts quality of life (QOL). We sought to identify trajectories of symptom distress, depression, social support, and QOL in patients with NPC receiving intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) vs intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT). METHODS: A multicenter prospective longitudinal study recruited NPC patients from two leading medical centers in Taiwan. The 121 NPC patients were followed from before RT (T0), at 4 weeks after beginning RT (T1), at 6 weeks of RT or the end of treatment (T2), and at 4 weeks post-RT (T3). Generalized estimating equation analysis was used to identify the factors related to QOL. RESULTS: Patients' symptom distress and depression increased from T0, peaked at T2, and decreased at T3. Physical-QOL and psychosocial-QOL decreased from T0 to T2, then increased by T3. Patients who had early-stage cancer, received a lower RT dose, had less symptom distress, and had less depression were more likely to have better QOL. Greater physical-QOL was associated with IMPT receipt, higher education level, early cancer stage, lower radiation dose, less symptom distress, and less depression. Patients who had good physical performance, received a lower radiation dose, had less symptom distress, and had less depression were more likely to have better psychosocial-QOL. CONCLUSION: Radiation dose, symptom distress, and depression were the most important factors affecting QOL in patients with NPC. Understanding the factors associated with the trajectory of QOL can guide care during radiation treatment.

The Effect of Proprioceptive Training on Hand Function and Activity Limitation After Open Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of proprioceptive training on hand function and activity limitation in patients undergoing open carpal tunnel release surgery. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. SETTING: A university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty patients were included in the study and randomized to proprioceptive training (PT) and conventional rehabilitation (CR) groups. INTERVENTION: One week after surgery, both groups received CR for 6 weeks. All participants were asked to perform home-based exercises daily in 3 sets with 10 repetitions. For the PT group, a 6-step PT program was conducted starting from Week 6. Both groups received face-to-face interventions twice a week for 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures included the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT), the joint position sense test (JPST), the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire, and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale. In total, 3 assessments were performed (at 1, 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively). RESULTS: In the PT group, the results for PPT were statistically significant (P<.05). Although there was a greater decrease in the absolute angular error value (JPST) of the PT group compared to the CR group, the difference was nonsignificant (P>.05). Similar reductions in activity limitation were seen in both groups (PT: 176%, CR: 175%). Symptom severity decreased by 40% in the PT group vs 32% in the CR group. The effect sizes were larger for the changes between the second and third assessments in the PT group compared to the CR group in all parameters tested. CONCLUSION: When applied after carpal tunnel release surgery, PT may potentially to improve hand functions, reduce activity limitation, increase participation in activities of daily living, and thus improve quality of life.

Construct Validity and Responsiveness of Performance-based Tests in Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the construct validity and responsiveness of 3 performance-based tests in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). DESIGN: This study has a prospective cohort design. SETTING: Assessments were administered at the Federal University of São Carlos (Brazil) by 3 different raters. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 107 participants with KOA were aged ≥40 years (N=107). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: This study assessed the construct validity and responsiveness of 3 performance-based tests: 40-meter fast-paced walk test (40-m FPWT), 11-step stair climb test (11-step SCT), and 30-second chair stand test (30-s CST). The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), sedentary behavior (activPAL), and numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) were used as comparator instruments. Measurements were obtained at baseline and after 6 months. The construct validity and responsiveness were calculated using Spearman correlation coefficient within predefined hypotheses based on a panel comprising 5 experts in the field of outcome measurement in KOA. RESULTS: The three performance-based tests showed excellent (ICC>0.9) reliability (intra and inter); however, only the 40-m FPWT and 11-step SCT were considered valid and responsive because both confirmed >75% of the priori hypotheses. The 30-s CST was not considered valid or responsive because it has not confirmed ≥75% of the priori hypotheses. CONCLUSION: The 3 performance-based tests are reliable for intra and inter assessments. The 40-m FPWT and 11-step SCT are both valid and responsive for measuring physical function in patients with KOA. The 30-s CST was not considered valid or responsive. Therefore, 40-m FPWT and 11-step SCT can detect changes over time and are indicated for functional assessment in clinical practice.

Assessment of Mobility Trajectories Using Wearable Inertial Sensors During Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplant.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize mobility patterns using wearable inertial sensors and serial assessment across autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (autoHCT) and investigate the relation between mobility and perceived function in patients with hematologic cancer. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal study. SETTING: Hospital adult transplant clinic followed by discharge. PARTICIPANTS: 78 patients with hematological cancer receiving autoHCT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mobility was measured across 3 clinical phases (pretransplant, pre-engraftment, and post-engraftment) in using inertial sensors worn during prescribed performance tests in the hospital. Perceived function was assessed using validated provider-reported (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] Performance Status Scale) and patient-reported [European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire [EORTC QLQ-C30]) measures. Trajectories of 5 selected mobility characteristics (turn duration, gait speed, stride time variability, double support time, and heel strike angle) across the clinical phases were also evaluated using piecewise linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Using Principal Components Analysis, 4 mobility patterns were identified pretransplant: Gait Limitation, Sagittal Sway, Coronal Sway, and Balance Control. Gait Limitation measured pretransplant was significantly inversely associated with perceived function reported by the provider- (ß = -0.11; 95% CI: -0.19, -0.02) and patient- (ß = -4.85; 95% CI: -7.72, -1.99) post-engraftment in age-adjusted linear regression models. Mobility characteristics demonstrated immediate declines early pre-engraftment with stabilization by late pre-engraftment. CONCLUSION: Patients with hematological cancer experiencing gait limitations pretransplant are likely to have worse perceived function post-engraftment. Mobility declines in early phases post-transplant and may not fully recover, indicating an opportunity for timely rehabilitation referrals. Wearable inertial sensors can be used to identify early mobility problems and patients who may be at risk for future functional decline who may be candidates for early physical rehabilitation.

Sex differences in physical functioning among older adults: cross-sectional results from the OUTDOOR ACTIVE study.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining good functional ability is a key component of healthy ageing and a basic requirement for carrying out activities of daily living, staying independent, and delaying admission to a nursing home. Even though women have a higher life expectancy and slower age-related muscle mass loss than men, they often show a higher prevalence of limitations in physical functioning. However, the reasons behind these sex differences are still unclear. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate sex differences among older adults regarding physical functioning and to study which factors are explaining these sex differences. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from participants of the OUTDOOR ACTIVE study residing in Bremen, Germany, aged 65 to 75 years, were included in the analyses. Physical functioning was assessed via a self-administered questionnaire using the SF-36 10-item Physical Functioning Scale. Social, lifestyle, and health-related factors were also assessed using the questionnaire. Physical activity was measured objectively using wrist-worn accelerometers over seven consecutive days. Descriptive analyses with absolute and relative frequencies, means and standard deviations, as well as T-tests and chi-square tests were carried out. To test for associations between sex, physical functioning, and several individual factors, linear regressions were performed. RESULTS: Data of 2 141 participants (52.1% female) were included in the study. Women and men showed statistically significant differences in physical functioning, with men perceiving fewer limitations than women. On average, women had a physical functioning score of 81.4 ± 19.3 and men 86.7 ± 17.0. Linear regression showed a statistically significant negative association between physical functioning score and sex (ß: -0.15, 95% CL: -0.19, -0.10). The association remained statistically significant when adding individual factors to the model. All factors together were only able to explain 51% of the physical functioning-sex association with health indicators and the presence of chronic diseases being the most influential factors. CONCLUSIONS: We found sex differences in physical functioning, with older women having more limitations than older men. The results showed that health-related factors and chronic diseases played the biggest roles in the different physical functioning scores of women and men. These findings contribute to future longitudinal, more in-depth research. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00015117 (Date of registration 17-07-2018).

Effects of Walking-Only Intervention on Physical Function, Fall-Related Outcomes, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This study aimed to determine the effects of walking-only intervention (walking was the only exercise in which people participated) on physical function, fall-related outcomes, and health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults. We conducted a systematic search across five electronic databases, assessing risk of bias using Minds Manual for Guideline Development. Meta-analyses were performed, and pooled standardized mean differences were calculated. Nine studies (a total of 1,309 participants) were included, showing that walking-only interventions improved walking endurance (standardized mean difference: 1.11, 95% confidence interval: [0.08, 2.15]) and health-related quality of life (standardized mean difference: 0.71, 95% confidence interval: [0.18, 1.25]). However, there were no significant improvements in other outcomes. The certainty of the evidence based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach for all outcomes was graded as very low, primarily due to significant inconsistency and imprecision. Our results suggest that walking-only intervention can be effective for enhancing walking endurance and health-related quality of life for community-dwelling older adults. Further studies are required to investigate the effects of walking-only intervention. This need stems from the limited number of randomized controlled trials, heterogeneous intervention settings and results, and the very low certainty of the evidence.

Lumbar Extensor Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings From SarcoSpine Cohort.

BACKGROUND: The lumbar extensor muscles (LEMs) play an important role in body posture and physical function in older adults. Because lumbar extensor strength decreases more rapidly than limb muscle strength with age, it should be evaluated to aid healthy aging. This study investigated the association between LEM strength and physical performance in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: This prospective observational cohort study of spinal sarcopenia (SarcoSpine) was conducted at a single center. One hundred and ten consecutive individuals who completed the baseline survey, including conventional sarcopenic indices, lumbar spine three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging, isokinetic lumbar extensor strength, and physical performance tests (Short Physical Performance Battery, Berg Balance Scale, and Back Performance Scale [BPS]), were enrolled. A multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to determine the variables for evaluating their association with LEM strength. RESULTS: Among the conventional sarcopenic indices, gait speed was significantly correlated with Short Physical Performance Battery results and Berg Balance Scale score in men and women. Handgrip strength was significantly correlated with the BPS score for both sexes. In the multivariable linear regression, age (ß = -2.12, p < .01) and BPS score (ß = -3.54, p = .01, R2 = .29) were independent indicators of LEM strength. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal the substantial association between LEM strength and BPS score in older women. The targeted intervention aimed at improving the LEMs strength would be needed to enhance physical performance in the aging population.

Determining the relationship between oral health and physical function in elderly people.

BACKGROUND: Poor oral conditions in the elderly may have numerous effects on general health, including physical fitness and performance. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the relationship between oral health and physical function in elderly people. METHODS: Physical function and oral health parameters were compared using parametric comparison tests and Pearson correlation analyses. In addition, principal components analysis, hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling analysis clustered the patients' physical and oral health scores. The relationship between the groups was also determined using decision tree analysis. RESULTS: A total of 112 elderly patients participated in the study. Grip strength (GS) was higher in patients with high chewing ability, and Timed Up and Go (TUG) scores were lower in the high oral health group (p < .05). GS was correlated with Decay, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index (DMFT) and the number of remaining and functional teeth (p < .05). According to principal component analysis, it was seen that there were three components (oral, functional and quality of life (QoL) parameters), and the features that were related to each other were gathered together. TUG and GS showed the highest relative importance among physical function criteria in the classification based on chewing ability. They were GS and physical activity for oral health-related QoL. CONCLUSION: In the elderly, higher physical function parameters, especially GS may be an indicator of a better oral health and oral health-related QoL. Preventive physical rehabilitation practices, in addition to oral treatments, may be effective in improving oral health in the elderly.

Effects of a sequential square mat walking training program Fisior® on improving physical performance in older adults with Parkinson's disease: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a 12-week functional walking training program utilizing a sequential square mat (Fisior® Mat) on the physical performance of older adults diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease (PD). METHODS: Participants, aged over 60 and diagnosed with mild to moderate PD, underwent progressive resistance training sessions lasting 30-40 minutes, three times a week, using the Fisior® sequential square mat. A randomized clinical trial was conducted with participants from a patient association. Multiple linear regression models were employed to analyze physical performance variation between intervention and control groups. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (14 in each group) participated, with improvements observed in total Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score, chair test score, gait speed score, and balance test score. Participants in the intervention group showed significant improvement in chair and balance test scores compared to controls. CONCLUSION: The Fisior® sequential square mat program, as an adjunct to conventional outpatient physiotherapy, effectively enhances physical performance in older adults with PD.

Association between changes in disease severity and physical function after surviving a critical illness: A multicentre retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Whilst disease severity can significantly impact functional outcomes, the ability to predict the scale of this impact has not been consistent. AIM: We aimed to investigate whether changes in disease severity within the first 48 h of ICU admission are more strongly associated with physical dysfunction than a single-time assessment of disease severity at ICU admission. METHODS: A multicentre retrospective study in seven tertiary ICUs in Japan, including all consecutive adult ICU patients (>48 h ICU stay) between September 2019 and February 2020. The primary outcome was physical function defined as the Barthel Index, which is an ordinal scale (0-100: larger indicates better function) to measure physical independence and performance. The association between Barthel Index score at hospital discharge and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, measured at ICU admission, the highest recorded score within 48 h of ICU admission, and the level of change between these two timepoints were investigated in multivariable analysis. RESULTS: A total of 199 patients were included. Median SOFA score at ICU admission and the highest recorded score within the first 48 h were 6 (interquartile range: 5-10) and 8 (interquartile range: 6-11), respectively. A quarter of patients had a Barthel Index score of 60 or less at hospital discharge. The highest SOFA score within 48 h of ICU admission and the level of change in SOFA scores between ICU admission and the highest recorded score within 48 h were significantly associated with lower Barthel Index scores at hospital discharge. No significant association was identified with regard to Barthel Index scores and SOFA score at ICU admission. An increase in SOFA score of 1 or more within the first 48 h of ICU admission was the threshold to predict a Barthel Index score of 60 or less at hospital discharge. Larger changes in SOFA scores over the first 48 h of ICU admission were also significantly associated with smaller changes in Barthel Index scores from ICU discharge to hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The level of change in SOFA score between ICU admission and the highest recorded score within the first 48 h of ICU stay can more accurately predict the presence of physical dysfunction at hospital discharge than a single-time assessment of disease severity at ICU admission. The larger worsening in SOFA potentially indicates lower recovery after a critical illness.

Effect of Patient-Reported Preprocedural Physical and Mental Health on 10-Year Mortality After Percutaneous or Surgical Coronary Revascularization.

BACKGROUND: Clinical and anatomical characteristics are often considered key factors in deciding between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with complex coronary artery disease (CAD) such as left-main CAD or 3-vessel disease. However, little is known about the interaction between self-reported preprocedural physical/mental health and clinical outcomes after revascularization. METHODS: This subgroup analysis of the SYNTAXES trial (SYNTAX Extended Survival), which is the extended follow-up of the randomized SYNTAX trial (Synergy Between PCI With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) comparing PCI with CABG in patients with left-main CAD or 3-vessel disease, stratified patients by terciles of Physical (PCS) or Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores derived from the preprocedural 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, with higher PCS and MCS scores representing better physical and mental health, respectively. The primary end point was all-cause death at 10 years. RESULTS: A total of 1656 patients with preprocedural 36-Item Short Form Health Survey data were included in the present study. Both higher PCS and MCS were independently associated with lower 10-year mortality (10-point increase in PCS adjusted hazard ratio, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.73-0.97]; P=0.021; in MCS adjusted hazard ratio, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.76-0.95]; P=0.005). A significant survival benefit with CABG over PCI was observed in the highest PCS (>45.5) and MCS (>52.3) terciles with significant treatment-by-subgroup interactions (PCS Pinteraction=0.033, MCS Pinteraction=0.015). In patients with both high PCS (>45.5) and MCS (>52.3), 10-year mortality was significantly higher with PCI compared with CABG (30.5% versus 12.2%; hazard ratio, 2.87 [95% CI, 1.55-5.30]; P=0.001), whereas among those with low PCS (≤45.5) or low MCS (≤52.3), there were no significant differences in 10-year mortality between PCI and CABG, resulting in a significant treatment-by-subgroup interaction (Pinteraction=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with left-main CAD or 3-vessel disease, patient-reported preprocedural physical and mental health status was strongly associated with long-term mortality and modified the relative treatment effects of PCI versus CABG. Patients with the best physical and mental health had better 10-year survival with CABG compared with PCI. Assessment of self-reported physical and mental health is important when selecting the optimal revascularization strategy. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; SYNTAXES Unique identifier: NCT03417050. URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; SYNTAX Unique identifier: NCT00114972.

Do Exercise Programs Improve Fitness, Mobility, and Functional Capacity in Adults With Lower Limb Amputation? A Systematic Review on the Type and Minimal Dose Needed.

OBJECTIVE: To answer the following questions: (1) Do physical activity (PA) and exercise improve fitness, mobility, and functional capacity among adults with lower limb amputation (LLA) and (2) What is the type and minimum dose of PA (frequency, intensity and duration) needed? DESIGN: Systematic review. SETTING: Outpatient intervention, outside of the prosthetic rehabilitation phase. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with lower limb amputation living in the community. INTERVENTION: Any physical activity or exercise intervention. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Any fitness, mobility, or functional capacity indicators and measurements. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies were included, totaling 408 adults with LLA. Studies evaluated the effect of structured PA sessions on fitness, mobility, and functional capacity. The highest evidence is for mixed exercise programs, that is, programs combining aerobic exercise with strengthening or balance exercise. There is moderate confidence that 1-3 sessions of 20-60 minutes of exercise per week improves balance, walking speed, walking endurance, and transfer ability in adults with LLA above the ankle. As for flexibility, cardiorespiratory health, lower-limb muscles strength, and functional capacity, there was low confidence that exercise improves these fitness components because of the lack of studies. CONCLUSION: Exercise 1-3 times per week may improve balance, walking speed, walking endurance, and transfer ability in adults with LLA, especially when combining aerobic exercises with lower limb strengthening or balance exercises. There is a need for most robust studies focusing on the effect of PA on cardiorespiratory health, muscles strength, flexibility, and functional status.

Natural Course of Muscular Strength, Physical Performance, and Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the course of muscle strength, musculoskeletal symptoms and physical performance over time in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and their relation with disease severity at admission. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Pandemic clinic of Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. PARTICIPANTS: 76 adult COVID-19 patients (aged >18 years) were enrolled in the study between March 2021 and May 2021 (N=76). The participants were grouped as "mild," "moderate," and "severe" according to clinical and radiological findings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), oxygen saturation (SpO2), hand grip strength (HGS), 5-times sit and stand test (5XSTS), modified Borg scale at rest (mBorg-rest), modified Borg scale during activities of daily living (mBorg-ADL), Barthel index, and visual analog scale for myalgia (myalgia-VAS) values were recorded on the first day of hospitalization and in the first, third, and 12th weeks. Outcome measures were compared between disease severity groups. In addition, the changes in these outcome measures over time were also examined. RESULTS: There were 15 (19.7%) participants in the mild, 20 (26.3%) in the moderate, and 41 (53.9%) in the severe groups. At the baseline evaluation, SpO2 (P<.001), FiO2 (P<.001), 5XSTS (P=.002), mBorg-rest (P=.016), and mBorg-ADL (P<.001) were different in 3 groups, but there were no differences for HGS, Barthel index, and myalgia-VAS score. HGS, 5XSTS, myalgia-VAS, and mBorg-ADL scores improved significantly over time in all the groups (P<.001, P≤.001, and P<.001, respectively). At the end of 12 weeks, only 5XSTS was different between the groups. 5XSTS was significantly longer in the severe group (P=.010). CONCLUSION: Although significant improvement was observed in the muscle strength, physical performance, and musculoskeletal symptoms of patients with COVID-19 over time, the physical performance of these patients did not reach normal standards. We conclude that post-COVID-19 rehabilitation programs are needed to optimize the physical performance of the patients.

Sex differences in change of direction deficit and asymmetries in footballers with cerebral palsy.

The aims of this study were (1) to describe and examine differences in change of direction (COD) performance and the magnitude of asymmetries in para-footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) and controls and (2) to evaluate the association between COD outcomes and linear sprint performance. Twenty-eight international para-footballers with CP and thirty-nine non-impaired football players (control group) participated in this study. All participants completed a 10-m sprint and two attempts of the 505 COD test with the dominant and non-dominant leg. The COD deficit was calculated using the difference between the 505 test and the 10-m sprint time, while the asymmetry index was determined by comparing each leg's completion time and COD deficit. Players across groups showed interlimb asymmetries between the dominant and non-dominant legs in COD outcomes and deficit (p < 0.05, dg = -0.40 to -1.46), although these asymmetries imbalance were not significantly different between the sexes with and without impairment. Males with CP exhibited a faster directional COD speed and a shorter COD deficit than their female counterparts (p < 0.01, dg = -1.68 to -2.53). Similarly, the control group had faster scores than the CP groups of the same sex (p < 0.05, dg = 0.53 to 3.78). Lastly, the female CP group and male control groups showed a significant association between sprint and the COD deficit in the dominant leg (p < 0.05, r = -0.58 to 0.65). Therefore, the use of directional dominance, the COD deficit, and asymmetry outcomes could be helpful for classification purposes to assess the impact of the impairment on sport-specific activity testing according to sex.

Impact on physical function of the +AGIL Barcelona program in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment: an interventional cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Older adults with cognitive impairment (CI) have higher multimorbidity and frailty prevalence, lower functional status and an increased likelihood to develop dementia, non-cognitive deficits, and adverse health-related events. +AGIL, a real-world program for frail older adults in a primary care area of Barcelona, is a pragmatic, multi-component and integrated intervention implemented since 2016. It includes physical activity, nutrition, sleep hygiene, revision and adequacy of pharmacological treatment, detection of undesired loneliness and screening for CI; to improve physical function in community-dwelling older adults. We aimed to assess the + AGIL longitudinal impact on physical function among community-dwelling frail older persons with CI. METHODS: An interventional cohort study included data from all the + AGIL consecutive participants from July 2016 until March 2020. Based on the comprehensive geriatric assessment, participants were offered a tailored multi-component community intervention, including a 10-week physical activity program led by an expert physical therapist. Physical performance was measured at baseline, three and six months follow-up. The pre-post impact on physical function was assessed by paired sample t-test for repeated samples. Linear mixed models were applied to analyze the + AGIL longitudinal impact. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: 194 participants were included (82 with CI, based on previous diagnosis or the Mini-COG screening tool), 68% women, mean age 81.6 (SD = 5.8) yo. Participants were mostly independent in Activities of Daily Living (mean Barthel = 92.4, SD = 11.1). The physical activity program showed high adherence (87.6% attended ≥ 75% sessions). At three months, there was a clinically and statistically significant improvement in the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and its subcomponents in the whole sample and after stratification for CI [CI group improvements: SPPB = 1.1 (SD = 1.8) points, gait speed (GS) = 0.05 (SD = 0.13) m/s, Chair stand test (CST)=-2.6 (SD = 11.4) s. Non-CI group improvements: SPPB = 1.6 (SD = 1.8) points, GS = 0.08 (SD = 0.13) m/s, CST=-6.4 (SD = 12.1) seg]. SPPB and gait speed remained stable at six months in the study sample and subgroups. CI had no significant impact on SPPB or GS improvements. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that older adults with CI can benefit from a multidisciplinary integrated and comprehensive geriatric intervention to improve physical function, a component of frailty.

Examining the role of different weakness categories for mobility and future falls in older Americans.

BACKGROUND: Recently developed absolute and body size normalized handgrip strength (HGS) cut-points could be used individually and collectively to predict mobility problems and falls. AIMS: We examined the associations of (1) each absolute and normalized weakness cut-point, (2) collective weakness categories, and (3) changes in weakness status on future falls in older Americans. METHODS: The analytic sample included 11,675 participants from the 2006-2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Falls were self-reported. Men were classified as weak if their HGS was < 35.5-kg (absolute), < 0.45 kg/kg (body mass normalized), or < 1.05 kg/kg/m2 (body mass index normalized). While, women were considered weak if their HGS was < 20.0-kg, < 0.337 kg/kg, or < 0.79 kg/kg/m2. Collective weakness categorized those below 1, 2, or all 3 cut-points. The collective weakness categories were also used to observe changes in weakness status over time. RESULTS: Older Americans below each absolute and normalized cut-point had greater odds for future falls: 1.23 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-1.32) for absolute weakness, 1.20 (CI 1.11-1.29) for body mass index normalized weakness, and 1.26 (CI 1.17-1.34) for body mass normalized weakness. Persons below 1, 2, or all 3 weakness cut-points had 1.17 (CI 1.07-1.27), 1.29 (CI 1.18-1.40), and 1.36 (CI 1.24-1.48) greater odds for future falls, respectively. Those in some changing weakness categories had greater odds for future falls: 1.26 (CI 1.08-1.48) for persistent and 1.31 (CI 1.11-1.55) for progressive. DISCUSSION: Collectively using these weakness cut-points may improve their predictive value. CONCLUSION: We recommend HGS be evaluated in mobility and fall risk assessments.

Validation of the Short Physical Performance Battery via Plantar Pressure Analysis Using Commercial Smart Insoles.

This cross-sectional study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital's rehabilitation clinic, aimed to validate Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) results obtained through plantar pressure analysis using commercial smart insoles (SPPB-SI) and to compare these results to manually acquired results by an experienced examiner (SPPB-M). This study included 40 independent-walking inpatients and outpatients aged 50 or older. SPPB-SI and SPPB-M were administered concurrently, with the smart insoles providing plantar pressure data that were converted into time-pressure curves. Two interpreters assessed the curves, determining component completion times for the SPPB-SI scores. Among the 40 participants (mean age: 72.98, SD: 9.27), the mean total SPPB-SI score was 7.72 ± 2.50, and the mean total SPPB-M score was 7.95 ± 2.63. The time recordings and measured scores of each SPPB-SI component exhibited high reliability with inter- and intra-interpreter correlation coefficients of 0.9 and 0.8 or higher, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the total SPPB-SI and SPPB-M scores was 0.831 (p < 0.001), and that between the component scores of the two measurements ranged from 0.837 to 0.901 (p < 0.001). Consistent correlations with geriatric functional parameters were observed for both SPPB-SI and SPPB-M. This study underscores the potential of commercial smart insoles as reliable tools for conducting SPPB assessments.

Relationship of Functional Outcome With Sarcopenia and Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Patients With Stroke Undergoing Rehabilitation.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of Functional Independence Measure for motor function (FIM-M) with sarcopenia, and physical activity in patients with stroke undergoing rehabilitation. This cross-sectional study included patients with stroke at a single convalescent rehabilitation hospital. Sarcopenia was diagnosed based on the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. Physical activity was measured as the duration of light-intensity physical activity and moderate to vigorous physical activity using a triaxial accelerometer. Of 80 patients (median age: 72.0 years), 46 (57.5%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. In multivariate linear regression analysis, FIM-M score was significantly associated with sarcopenia (ß = -0.15, p = .043) and light-intensity physical activity (ß = 0.55, p < .001). In another model, FIM-M score was significantly associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity (ß = 0.27, p = .002) but not with sarcopenia. This study demonstrated that FIM-M was partially associated with sarcopenia and associated with physical activity regardless of intensity in patients with stroke.