Use of pollen and ancient DNA as conservation baselines for offshore islands in New Zealand.

Islands play a key role globally in the conservation of endemic species. Many island reserves have been highly modified since human colonization, and their restoration and management usually occur without knowledge of their prehuman state. However, conservation paleoecology is increasingly being recognized as a tool that can help to inform both restoration and conservation of island reserves by providing prehuman vegetation baselines. Many of New Zealand's mammal-free offshore islands are foci for biological diversity conservation and, like many islands in the Polynesian region, were deforested following initial human settlement. Therefore, their current restoration, replanting, and management are guided either by historic vegetation descriptions or the occurrence of species on forested islands. We analyzed pollen and ancient DNA in soil cores from an offshore island in northern New Zealand. The result was a 2000-year record of vegetation change that began >1200 years before human settlement and spanned 550 years of human occupation and 180 years of forest succession since human occupation ceased. Between prehuman and contemporary forests there was nearly a complete species turnover including the extirpation of a dominant conifer and a palm tree. The podocarp-dominated forests were replaced by a native but novel angiosperm-dominated forest. There is no modern analog of the prehuman forests on any northern New Zealand island, and those islands that are forested are dominated by angiosperms which are assumed to be climax forests. The pollen and DNA evidence for conifer- and palm-rich forests in the prehuman era challenge this climax forest assumption. Prehuman vegetation records can thus help to inform future restoration of degraded offshore islands by informing the likely rate and direction of successional change; helping to determine whether natural rates of succession are preferable to more costly replanting programs; and providing past species lists if restoration replanting is desired.

Quantification of Asian monsoon variability from 68 ka BP through pollen-based climate reconstruction.

The glacial-interglacial variability of precipitation and its driving mechanism in monsoonal regions has long been a subject of debate. However, there are few records of quantitative climate reconstruction dating to the last glacial cycle in areas dominated by the Asian summer monsoon. Here, using a pollen-based quantitative climate reconstruction based on three sites in areas exposed to the Asian summer monsoon, we demonstrate that climate has undergone great variability over the past 68 ka. The differences between the last glacial and the Holocene optimum could have been as much as 35%-51% for precipitation, and 5-7 °C for mean annual temperature. Our findings also reveal regional heterogeneity during the abrupt climate events of Heinrich Event 1 and Younger Dryas, that drove drier conditions in southwestern China dominated by the Indian summer monsoon, and a wetter climate in central eastern China. The pattern of variation in reconstructed precipitation, exhibiting strong glacial-interglacial variability, is broadly consistent with the stalagmite δ18O records from Southwest China and South Asia. Our results of reconstruction quantify the sensitivity of the MIS3 precipitation to orbital insolation changes, and highlight the prominent influence of interhemispheric temperature gradients on Asian monsoon variability. Comparison with transient simulations and major climate forcings has shown that the mode of precipitation variability during the transition from the last glacial maximum to the Holocene has been significantly modulated by weak or collapsed Atlantic meridional overturning circulation events in addition to insolation forcing.

Holocene landscape evolution and its interaction with human activities in the southern piedmont of Taihang Mountain, Central China.

Piedmont zones have been witnessing intensive human activities since ancient times. However, it remains unclear when it comes to the environmental mechanism for early humans exploiting piedmont zones. Here we present a case study about the interactions between early human activities and landscape evolution in the piedmont of Taihang Mountain, an area with prominent ecological and cultural significance in Chinese history. Based on chronological and pollen analyses, we reconstruct the regional landscape evolution in the Fengtougang (FTG) site of southern Taihang Mountain during the Holocene. The results show that the area has been dominated by terrestrial plants since the late Longshan culture (4000 BP), including a large number of Pinus, Artemisia, Spiraea, and Gramineae, a few Cattails, and some other aquatic herbs. During the early history (4000-2000 BP), there is a combination of Pinus, Artemisia, Spiraea, Compositae, and Selaginella Chinensis, with a few aquatic plants. Since the late history (500 BP), the Chinese selaginella, Pinus, Selaginella, and Sedge families dominate, with no aquatic plant pollen found. Combining the detailed geoarchaeological survey, grain size analysis, and magnetic susceptibility analysis, we demonstrate that there should be a landscape of extensive floodplain during the early-middle Holocene (10000-4000 BP). During the late Longshan culture (about 4000 BP), the study area should be dominated by a landscape of sparse forest grassland with interlacing rivers and lakes. With river downcutting and watercourse fixation since the late Longshan culture, the flooded area massively shrinks, providing suitable habitat for human settlement. From then on, human activities begin to move to the study area on a large scale, followed by continuous cultural development and thriving early civilization.

A Holocene pollen record of savanna establishment in coastal Amapá

The main goal of this study was to investigate how climate and human activities may have influenced ecotonal areas of disjoint savannas within Brazilian Amazonia. The fossil pollen and charcoal records of Lake Márcio (Amapá) were used to provide a Holocene palaeoecological history of this region. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to enhance the patterns of sample distribution along the sediment core. A marked vegetation change from closed forests with swamp elements to open flooded savanna at c. 5000 yrs BP was evident from the pollen record. Charcoal analysis revealed a pattern of increased accumulation of particles coincident with the establishment of savannas, suggesting higher fire frequency and human impacts near the lake. A 550-year sedimentary hiatus suggests that the lake depended heavily on floodwaters from the Amazon River, and that it became suddenly isolated from it. When sedimentation restarted in the lake, the environment had changed. A combination of factors, such as reduced river flooding, palaeofires and human occupation may have had a tremendous impact on the environment. As there are no other major changes in vegetation, after 4700 yrs BP, it is plausible to assume that the modern mosaic vegetation formed at that time.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência do clima e atividades antrópicas em ecótonos de savanas da Amazônia Brasileira. Os registros palinológicos e de microcarvões do Lago Márcio (Amapá) foram utilizados a fim de fornecer a história paleoecológica desta região durante o Holoceno. Foi utilizada a técnica de DCA (Análise de Correspondência Destendenciada) para demonstrar os padrões de distribuição de amostras ao longo do testemunho. O registro palinológico evidenciou mudança na vegetação, passando de floresta com elementos brejosos para savana inundada há cerca de 5000 anos AP. A análise de microcarvões revelou um aumento na acumulação de partículas paralelo ao estabelecimento de savanas, indicando alta freqüência de queimadas e do impacto humano próximo ao lago. A ocorrência de um hiato sedimentar de 550 anos sugere que o lago dependia das enchentes sazonais do rio Amazonas, e que se tornou abruptamente isolado. Quando a deposição de sedimentos reiniciou no lago, o ambiente estava mudado. Uma combinação de fatores, tais como redução na freqüência de cheias fluviais, paleo-incêndios, e ocupação humana deve ter tido um tremendo impacto no ambiente. Como não foram observadas outras mudanças importantes na vegetação, após 4700 anos AP, é plausível supor que o mosaico da vegetação atual formou-se naquele período.

Vegetation and hydrology changes in Eastern Amazonia inferred from a pollen record

Pollen, charcoal, and C14 analyses were performed on a sediment core obtained from Lake Tapera (Amapá) to provide the palaeoenvironmental history of this part of Amazonia. A multivariate analysis technique, Detrended Correspondence Analysis, was applied to the pollen data to improve visualization of sample distribution and similarity. A sedimentary hiatus lasting 5,500 years was identified in the Lake Tapera. Because the timing of the hiatus overlapped with the highest Holocene sea-level, which would have increased the local water table preventing the lake from drying out, it is clear that sea-level was not important in maintaining the lake level. Lake Tapera probably depended on riverine flood waters, and the sedimentary gap was caused by reduced Amazon River discharge, due to an extremely dry period in the Andes (8,000-5,000 years BP), when precipitation levels markedly decreased. The lack of Andean pollen (river transported) in the record after this event supports this interpretation. The pollen analysis shows that when sedimentation resumed in 1,620 cal. years BP, the vegetation around the lake was changed from forest into savanna. This record demonstrates the need to improve our understanding of climate changes and their associated impacts on vegetation dynamics.

Análises de pólen, carvões e datações C foram conduzidas em um testemunho coletado no lago Tapera (Amapá) com o objetivo de interpretar a história paleoambiental desta parte da Amazônia. Uma das técnicas de análises multivariadas, Análise de Correspondência Destendenciada (DCA), foi utilizada a fim de melhor visualizar a distribuição e similaridade das amostras. Foi identificado um hiato sedimentar com duração de 5.500 anos no lago Tapera. Como o hiato ocorreu simultaneamente ao nível do mar mais alto do Holoceno, o que deveria ter aumentado o lençol freático, impedindo assim o lago de secar, é evidente que variações do nível do mar não foram importantes na manutenção do nível do lago. O lago Tapera provavelmente dependia de água das cheias fluviais,e o hiato sedimentar foi causado por uma redução da descarga do Amazonas, devido a um período extremamente seco nos Andes (8.000-5.000 anos cal. AP), quando os níveis de precipitação diminuíram drasticamente. A ausência de pólen transportado dos Andes pelo rio Amazonas no registro sedimentar, após este evento, apóia esta interpretação. A análise palinológica demonstra que quando a sedimentação reiniciou, em 1.620 anos cal. AP, a vegetação em torno do lago havia mudado de floresta para savana. Este registro demonstra a necessidade de melhorar nosso entendimento sobre a extensão e os impactos das mudanças climáticas sobre a evolução da vegetação.