[Basic guidelines for detecting sedentarism and recommendations for physical activity in primary care]. / Guía básica de detección del sedentarismo y recomendaciones de actividad física en atención primaria.

The detection of physical inactivity in adults, using simple and useful tools is primary objective in both public health and in clinical settings, since this risk factor is one of the major causes of non-communicable disease in the world, and is very prevalent in developed societies such as in Spain. Two validated instruments are described that are simple and useful for detecting and/or monitoring physical inactivity in adults: (i)the international physical activity questionnaire in its short version, and (ii)the pedometer to measure the number of steps taken in a day. Increased levels of physical activity are important for the primary prevention of some chronic diseases (coronary heart disease, type2 diabetes, osteoporosis, colon cancer) and to improve the quality of life. Medical personnel must determine the motivation level and the availability of patients and their families to change their behavior towards physical activity. Moderate-intensity physical activities have hardly any contraindications and the risks are few.

[Evolution of sedentarism prevalence in Spanish population between 1987 and 2020]. / Evolución de la prevalencia de sedentarismo en la población española entre los años 1987 y 2020.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sedentary behavior is a predictive factor for numerous diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the evolution of the prevalence of sedentary behavior in the Spanish adult population between 1987 and 2020. METHODS: The data sources were the National and European Health Surveys. The prevalence of sedentary behavior was assessed in three scenarios (main activity, leisure time and all scenarios). Prevalence of sedentary behavior was estimated overall, by sex and age group. In all scenarios, prevalence was also estimated by Autonomous Community. The prevalence trend was analyzed with the annual percent change (APC) obtained through joinpoint models. RESULTS: The prevalence of sedentary in the main activity ranged from 31.2% in 1987 to 38.4% in 2020 [PCA: 0.7 (0.5-1.0)], being higher in men than in women and higher in younger and older people. The prevalence of sedentary in the leisure time varied between 55.1% in 1993 and 36.4% in 2020 [PCA: -1.4 (-1.9 to -0.9)], being always higher in women, higher in those over 64 years of age and lower in those aged 16-24 years. Cantabria and the Canary Islands were the Autonomous Communities with the lowest prevalence of sedentary behavior in all scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of sedentary behavior in the main activity is increasing in Spain, whereas during leisure time it is decreasing. It is important to implement prevention and health promotion measures aimed at reducing sedentary behavior in the population.

Relación entre práctica de actividad física en el tiempo libre y rendimiento académico en alumnos(as) de 5° de Primaria a 4° de ESO.

Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron establecer la relación de la práctica de ejercicio físico en el tiempo libre con la práctica de los padres, el rendimiento académico, la importancia que le dan a la asignatura de educación física (EF) y la influencia que consideran que tiene sobre su rendimiento académico; así como sobre la percepción que tienen de la importancia que le dan los padres a la EF. Para ello, un total de 867 niños y niñas de 5° de Primaria a 4° de la ESO (edad: 12.99 ± 1.90 años) diligenciaron un cuestionario previamente validado. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas al relacionar práctica deportiva de los alumnos con la práctica de sus padres y madres (p < 0.001), así como un mayor rendimiento académico entre los practicantes (p entre 0.008 y <0.001). En general, los alumnos le dieron la misma importancia a la EF que al resto de asignaturas, si bien los practicantes tenían una mejor percepción de la importancia de la EF (p = 0.002). En conclusión, hay una relación entre la práctica de ejercicio físico y el rendimiento académico, con la práctica de los padres y con la importancia que le dan ellos a la asignatura de EF, pero no con la que perciben que le dan sus padres.

Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity from a comprehensive perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the prevalence of physical activity in the population aged ≥16 years integrating sedentarism and physical inactivity. METHOD: A cross-sectional study using data from the Galician Risk Behavior Data System (n=12,928) was conducted. The population was classified into four categories: physically active (active and non-sedentary), active but sedentary (active and sedentary), lightly active (inactive and non-sedentary), and extremely sedentary (inactive and sedentary). Prevalences were calculated for each category and a multinomial logistic regression model was fitted. RESULTS: 58.0% of the population was physically active and the remaining 42.0% presented some degree of sedentarism and/or physical inactivity. Men were more likely to be extremely sedentary. The risk of sedentarism decreased with age, and workers and/or students were prone to a higher risk of extreme sedentarism in comparison to those who reported other status. Extremely sendentary behaviors were also more common in people with higher educational levels, individuals living alone, residents of urban environments, and smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Joint evaluation of sedentarism and physical inactivity provides a more comprehensive and realistic picture of population behaviors related with physical activity. Since sedentarism is the most prevalent behavior, this study recommends that interventions be conducted at work and at academic environments.

[Physical activity in the regional health plans in Spain: a review of proposals]. / La actividad física en los planes de salud autonómicos de España. Una revisión de propuestas.

OBJECTIVE: To identify if the regional government health plans in Spain include specific objectives and measures related to physical activity. METHOD: Institutional websites were scanned to identify the most recent health plan of each regional government. The information included in the health plans on objectives and measures and the population groups targeted by these measures was extracted. The search was completed on 24 January 2022. RESULTS: Sixteen health plans were identified of which six are in force in 2022; 15 of these have incorporated specific objectives and measures on physical activity. Most of the actions are focus on general population, children-adolescents and elderly population. The plans of Cantabria, the Comunitat Valenciana and País Vasco cover physical activity more widely, proposing measures for seven of the eight identified population groups. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the health plans include measures related to physical activity and target two or more population groups. The objectives, specific measures and population groups were highly heterogeneous. This study could serve to prompt regional governments to review their health plans, update them and improve them in terms of physical activity. It seems advisable that the different health plans should have a homogeneous framework of proposals related to the promotion of physical activity.

Changes in physical activity habits in subjects with type 1 diabetes: A comparative study 10 years apart.

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity (PA) is highly recommended in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Few studies have reported the amount of PA performed by individuals with T1D in their daily life, and there is no information about changes over time. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in patients with T1D from a referral hospital recruited in two different periods: data from the Biobank registers from 2009 and data from patients attending visits at the hospital in 2019, on a consecutive basis. Data included clinical characteristics and the PA assessment through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form (IPAQ-SF). RESULTS: In 2019, participants with T1D (n=135) reported a lower sedentary lifestyle and greater levels of high PA compared to subjects with T1D (n=355) from 10 years earlier (6.7% vs. 14.1% sedentariness, p=0.015; and 52.6% vs. 25.4% of high PA, p<0.001, respectively). Similar results were identified when the groups were divided according to sex. Both groups presented similar distribution by sex (women, 54% vs. 55%), age (40 vs. 39 years old), years with diabetes (20 vs. 18 years), BMI (25 vs. 24kg/m2) and glycated haemoglobin (7.5% vs. 7.5%, respectively; p>0.05 for all comparisons). Sex and age groups were not determinant for sedentary lifestyle in the different years studied. Analysing all the 490 participants, there was an inverse correlation of age with sitting hours (p=0.024, r=-0.102), total METs (p<0.001, r=-0.146) and HbA1c (p=0.038, r=-0.097). No correlations were found between PA and HbA1c or BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that PA has significantly increased in subjects with T1D over the last 10 years. Future studies are needed to assess whether these healthier habits translate into better outcomes in this high-risk population.

[Phenotype proposal for early diagnosis of possibility of metabolic syndrome in school children aged 6 to 15 years]. / Propuesta de fenotipo para diagnóstico temprano de posibilidad de síndrome metabólico en escolares de seis a 15 años.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) continue to be a problem at a socioeconomic level, causing high morbidity and mortality in the adult population. Prevention of risk factors should be carried out from an early age. Currently, there is no consensus on the opportune moment to start an intervention or treatment, regarding metabolic syndrome. The objective of the study is to describe the phenotype to predict early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, prospective, cross-sectional and analytical study in schoolchildren from 6 to 15 years old, conducted in Guayaquil. Anthropometric measurements and a survey were performed, obtaining signing informed consent. The IBM Watson artificial intelligence (AI) platform with its software Modeler Flow, were used for the analysis. RESULTS: A population of 1025 students between 6 and 15 years old (mean of 12 years for men and 13 years for women) was examined, of whom 62.3% were men and 37.7% women. 23.9% of the population was overweight and 14% obese. A greater tendency to weight alteration was observed in men than in women (51.37% vs 47.79%), and a lower waist circumference in men (85 cm vs 87 cm, respectively). Males had a higher level of systolic blood pressure (SBP), being within the 90th percentile (mean SBP of 123 mmHg) 61.2%, compared to 38.8% of women, with a p < 0.001. Sedentary lifestyle is similar in both groups, with an average of 4.79 hours in front of the screen and/or video games. A statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between SBP and the waist/height ratio (WHtR) in the 90th percentile and 95th percentile (X2 9.075, p < 0.028, and X2 23,54, p < 0,000 respectively), as well as a relationship between 95th percentile and sex (X2 11.57, p < 0.001). The Modeler Flow software showed us that if WHtR, > 0.46, weight > 56.1 kg and height > 1.61 m, the probability of presenting metabolic syndrome, was of 82.4%. The statistic of this study has a predictive accuracy of 90% (error deviation of 0.009). The importance in the predictors of metabolic syndrome, range from 97.57% to 100%. CONCLUSIONS: A prevalence of 33.9% of metabolic syndrome was observed in schoolchildren from 6 to 15 years old, with pathological cut-off points of: WHtR > 0.46, weight > 56.1 kg, pure sedentary lifestyle > 3 hours in front of the screen/playing video games, and SBP within the 90th percentile (> 123 mmHg). With these four indicators, we can predict a probability of early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome of 97% to 100%.

[Patterns of physical activity in Chilean adults across the lifespan]. / Caracterización de los patrones de actividad física en distintos grupos etarios chilenos.

INTRODUCTION: Background: international physical activity (PA) guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA or 75 minutes of vigorous PA weekly; however, the proportion of the Chilean population who meet this recommendation across the lifespan remains unknown. Objective: to characterize PA patterns by age categories and sex in the Chilean population. Methods: participants from the Chilean Health Survey 2009-2010 (5,293 individuals) were included in this study. PA types (transport, moderate and vigorous) and sedentary behavior were measured using the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Time spent on different intensities of physical activity by age and sex was investigated using regression analyses. Results: compared to participants aged < 20 years (reference group), commuting-related PA decreased for both men and women from the age of 60 years onwards. Moderate intensity PA increases for both sexes reaching the highest level between the ages of 40-49 years, and then it shows a decline with increasing age. Vigorous PA reaches the highest levels between ages 30-39 and 40-49 years for women and men, respectively. Time spent sitting increased markedly on participants aged 60 years and above, reaching the highest levels at the age of 80 years. Conclusion: in the Chilean population, there are clear patterns of change in PA levels and sitting time across age groups. These findings may help informing stakeholders on tailoring interventions to increase PA levels, especially at ages when the population is more likely to reach their lowest levels of activity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: las recomendaciones internacionales fomentan la realización de al menos 150 minutos de actividad física (AF) moderada/vigorosa o 75 minutos de AF vigorosa semanalmente; sin embargo, se desconoce cuál es el porcentaje de cumplimiento de estas recomendaciones en los distintos grupos etarios chilenos. Objetivo: caracterizar los patrones de AF según grupos etarios y sexo en población chilena. Métodos: fueron incluidos 5.293 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2009-2010. Se determinaron los niveles de AF (de transporte, moderada y vigorosa) y el tiempo sedentario a través del cuestionario GPAQ V2. El tiempo total destinado a los diferentes tipos de AF y el tiempo sedentario entre las diferentes categorías de edad fueron analizados según sexo mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: en comparación con el grupo < 20 años, la AF de transporte muestra una disminución a partir de los 60 años en ambos sexos. En ambos sexos, la AF de intensidad moderada alcanzó su nivel más alto entre los 40-49 años, pero posterior a esta edad se observó una pronunciada disminución. La AF vigorosa alcanzó su nivel más alto entre los 30-39 años para mujeres y 40-49 años para hombres. Finalmente, el tiempo sedente se incrementó a partir de los 60 años, alcanzando su nivel más alto en ≥ 80 años en ambos sexos. Conclusión: los patrones de AF en población chilena se modifican con la edad y su intensidad varía por sexo. Estos resultados podrían orientar el desarrollo de políticas y programas que promuevan la realización de AF, especialmente en edades donde se observan los niveles más bajos.

Childhood obesity: current situation in Mexico. / Situación actual de la obesidad infantil en México

Introduction: Mexico has reported in 2016 a combined prevalence of obesity and overweight of 33.2% in children. The objective of this work was to make a literature review of the factors associated with obesity in Mexican children, such as genetic factors, feeding patterns, sedentary lifestyle and gut microbiota. We found that in Mexican children SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) is present in genes such as MC4R, FTO and ADRB1, associated with obesity, and that PON-1192 polymorphism increases the risk of suffering insulin resistance. On the other hand, the variant of the ADIPOR2 gene (rs11061971) protects Mexican children against obesity, as well as a greater number of copies of the AMY gene was found in children with normal weight. The evidence of the number of copies is very important, since the current diet of the Mexican population is rich in carbohydrates and fats, origin of a nutritional transition that includes sedentary activities and a high consumption of sugary drinks. The consumption of certain foods causes important changes in the gut microbiota that contribute to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. It has been found that Mexican children with obesity have a higher abundance of phylum Firmicutes and B. eggerhii bacteria. Therefore, as obesity is so diverse, it is essential to diversify the treatment in which government authorities, parents and health authorities should get involved, as well as reinforcing nutrition and healthy eating issues in primary education in the country in order to reverse the prevalence and prevent the development of other pathologies in Mexican children.

Introducción: México ha reportado en el año 2016 una prevalencia combinada de obesidad y sobrepeso del 33,2% en niños. El objetivo de este trabajo fue hacer una revisión bibliográfica de los factores asociados a la obesidad en niños mexicanos, como factores genéticos, patrones de alimentación, sedentarismo y microbiota intestinal. Se encontró que en niños mexicanos existe la presencia de SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) en genes como MC4R, FTO y ADRB1, asociados a la obesidad, y que el polimorfismo PON1-192 incrementa el riesgo de padecer resistencia a la insulina. Por otro lado, la variante del gen ADIPOR2 (rs11061971) protege a los niños mexicanos contra la obesidad, al tiempo que un mayor número de copias del gen AMY fue encontrada en niños con peso normal. La evidencia del número de copias es de gran importancia, ya que la dieta actual del mexicano es rica en carbohidratos y grasas, origen de una transición nutricional que incluye actividades sedentarias y un alto consumo de bebidas azucaradas. El consumo de determinados alimentos provoca cambios importantes en la microbiota intestinal que contribuyen al desarrollo de la obesidad y la resistencia a la insulina. Se ha encontrado que niños mexicanos con obesidad presentan mayor abundancia de bacterias del phylum Firmicutes y de la especie B. eggerhii. Al ser tan diverso el tema de obesidad, es indispensable diversificar el tratamiento en el que se involucren autoridades gubernamentales, padres de familia e instancias sanitarias, así como reforzar temas de nutrición y alimentación saludable en la educación primaria del país para revertir las cifras y prevenir el desarrollo de otras patologías en los niños mexicanos.

Sedentary lifestyle a disease from xxi century. / Sedentarismo, la enfermedad del siglo xxi.

Sedentarism and physical inactivity is highly prevalent globally, and are associated with a wide range of chronic diseases and premature deaths. The interest in sedentary behaviour is justified by a growing body of evidence that points to a relationship between this lifestyle and the increase in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It has been known throughout history that being inactive is unhealthy, but nowadays almost one-third of the world's population is inactive, thus representing a major public health problem.

Práctica de actividad física por medio de videojuegos activos en el abordaje de la obesidad en edades pediátricas

El incremento de la obesidad en el mundo demanda de un plan estratégico dirigido a su prevención en el inmediato, mediano y a largo plazo, dado que los niños que desde edades tempranas presentan condiciones de obesidad, tienden a mantener este estado en periodos siguientes de su vida, lo que conlleva a adquirir otras enfermedades denominadas no transmisibles. Estudios adelantados han identificado estrategias fundamentadas en el desarrollo de propuestas tecnológicas que aportan a la promoción de la actividad física mediante juegos activos para los niños. Estas propuestas constituyen alternativas postmodernas que motivan a un cambio de conductas sedentarias para la consolidación de hábitos de vida saludables. Es necesario la implementación de programas orientados a la prevención de la obesidad en edades pediátricas, mediados por videojuegos activos como alternativas didácticas que promuevan la disminución de los periodos de sedentarismo y el control de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

The increase in obesity in the world demands a strategic plan aimed at its prevention in the immediate, medium and long term, given that children who present with obesity from an early age tend to maintain this state in subsequent periods of their lives, which leads to acquiring other so-called non-communicable diseases. Advanced studies have identified strategies based on the development of technological proposals that contribute to the promotion of physical activity through active games for children. These proposals constitute postmodern alternatives that motivate a change in sedentary behaviors to consolidate healthy lifestyle habits. It is necessary to implement programs aimed at preventing obesity in pediatric ages, mediated by active video games as educational alternatives that promote the reduction of periods of sedentary lifestyle and the control of chronic non-communicable diseases.

[Reversion of overweight and obesity in Vilafranca del Penedès child population: ACTIVA'T Program (2012)]. / Reversión de sobrepeso y obesidad en población infantil de Vilafranca del Penedès: Programa ACTIVA'T (2012).

OBJECTIVE: To assess a 6-month nutritional and physical activity intervention program on the nutritional status of overweight or obese and not very active 8-14 years old children by means of a controlled pre-post design (ACTIVA'T program). METHOD: Pre-post study in 8-14 years old overweight or obese and low active children from Vilafranca del Penedès (Barcelona, Spain) randomized in control group (n = 51, 47.1% girls, nutritional intervention and ≤3h/wk physical activity) and ACTIVA'T group (n = 45, 37.8% girls, nutritional and physical activity ≥5h/wk intervention). Body mass index, waist/height index, and diet quality by means of KIDMED test at the beginning and at the end of the program were assessed. During the intervention, each participant was accompanied by a relative (father or mother) who performed the same activities as the children. RESULTS: Dietary recommendations have positively changed the habits of both ACTIVA'T and control group. The reversion in the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 93.8% and 58.6%, respectively, in the ACTIVA'T group, compared to 25.0% and 35.8% in the control group. Abdominal obesity was decreased from 42.2% to 17.8% in the ACTIVA'T group and from 47.1% to 27.5% in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The program ACTIVA'T (nutritional education and physical activity promotion) improves the quality of diet and reverses the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the underactive child population.

Padrão de Atividade Física "Guerreiros de Fim de Semana": Risco ou Benefício para a Saúde? / "Weekend Warriors" Physical Activity Pattern: Health Risk or Benefit?

A vida frenética, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, dificulta, para algumas pessoas, a realização de atividade física de forma regular (3-5 vezes por semana). Todavia, a possibilidade de realizar essas atividades em um ou dois dias da semana pode ser uma alternativa bastante interessante, uma vez que este padrão de atividade física tem sido associado a menor mortalidade por todas as causas, cardiovasculares e câncer. Nesta breve revisão narrativa, abordaremos os principais estudos científicos sobre os "Guerreiros de Fim de Semana" e sua relação com os benefícios e riscos à saúde. Certamente, a incorporação desse padrão de atividade física nas recomendações e orientações futuras promoverá melhora das condições de saúde e auxiliará o poder público a adequar as estratégias de combate ao sedentarismo.

Differences in Muscle Strength Performance According to the Genotypes of the rs4646994 Polymorphism of the ACE Gene in a Sedentary Population / Diferencias en el Rendimiento de la Fuerza Muscular Según los Genotipos del Polimorfismo rs4646994 del Gen ACE en una Población Sedentaria

SUMMARY: The angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE) has been associated with endurance and strength performance through its I/D polymorphism. Nevertheless, contradictory results exist between different populations. In this context, the purpose of this research was to determine the influence of the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene on muscle strength in a sedentary Chilean sample. In this study 102 healthy male students (21.3 ± 2.2 years) completed the assessment. I/D genotyping, cardiovascular, anthropometric, grip strength and knee extensor peak strength were evaluated. The ACE polymorphism frequency was: II, 33.3 %; ID, 46.1 %; DD, 20.6 %. The results showed significant differences and large effect size in maximum (p = 0.004; d = 0.85) and relative handgrip strength (p = 0.004; d = 0.9) between genotype II vs DD. No difference was found for maximal or relative knee extensor strength between groups (p = 0.74), showing a low effect size (d = 0.20). In conclusion, this study provides insights into the role of the ACE gene in muscle strength and highlights the importance of investigating genetic variants in sedentary populations to better understand strength performance.

El gen de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ACE) se ha asociado con el rendimiento de resistencia y fuerza a través de su polimorfismo I/D. Sin embargo, existen resultados contradictorios entre diferentes poblaciones. En este contexto, el propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la influencia del polimorfismo I/D del gen ACE sobre la fuerza muscular en una muestra chilena sedentaria. En este estudio, fueron evaluados 102 estudiantes varones sanos (21,3 ± 2,2 años). Se realizaron aplicaron las siguientes evaluaciones: genotipado del polimorfismo I/D, cardiovascular, antropométrica, fuerza de prensión y fuerza máxima de extensión de rodilla. La frecuencia del polimorfismo I/D de ACE fue: II, 33,3 %; DNI, 46,1 %; DD, 20,6 %. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas y un gran tamaño del efecto en la fuerza máxima (p = 0,004; d = 0,85) y relativa de prensión manual (p = 0,004; d = 0,9) entre el genotipo II y el DD. No se encontraron diferencias en la fuerza máxima o relativa de los extensores de rodilla entre los grupos (p = 0,74), lo que muestra un tamaño de efecto bajo (d = 0,20). En conclusión, este estudio proporciona información sobre el papel del gen ACE en la fuerza muscular y destaca la importancia de investigar variantes genéticas en poblaciones sedentarias para comprender mejor el rendimiento de la fuerza.

Características e diferenças nos sintomas dos períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual em mulheres sedentárias / Characteristics and differences in the symptoms of themenstrual and premenstrual periods in sedentary women

Objetivo: estabelecer as diferenças de sintomas físicos e mentais nos períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual em mulheres sedentárias. Métodos: estudo transversal, por questionário, respondido por 77 mulheres saudáveis, de 18 a 35 anos, sedentárias e que não fizessem uso de anticoncepcional continuamente. O questionário incluiu questões sobre dados antropométricos, sintomas físicos e mentais nos períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual. O teste Mann-Whitney comparou os momentos menstrual e pré-menstrual. Resultados: no período menstrual, em uma escala numérica de 0 a 10 pontos, observou-se maiores queixas de dor (7/10), mau humor (7/10), desânimo (8/10), irritabilidade (8/10), ansiedade (7/10), choro (7/10), raiva (9/10) e impacto nas atividades de vida diárias (AVDs) (7/10). Já no período pré-menstrual observou-se queixas de cefaleia (5/10), edema/retenção hídrica (6/10), mau humor (6/10), tristeza (6/10), irritabilidade (7/10), choro (7/10) e raiva (6/10). Quando comparados os períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual, o período menstrual apresentou piores sintomas de dismenorreia (P<0,05), lombalgia (P<0,05), dor nos membros inferiores (P<0,05), dificuldade de concentração (P<0,05), aumento do sono (P<0,05) e desânimo (P<0,05). As voluntárias apontaram 14 sintomas piores, com intensidade igual ou maior que 7 no período menstrual, e apresentaram 9 sintomas com intensidade igual ou maior que 7 no período pré-menstrual. Conclusão: os sintomas no período menstrual são mais intensos quando comparados ao período pré-menstrual e podem afetar AVDs. O presente estudo destaca a importância de análises e cuidados em relação ao período menstrual, já que tem grande impacto nos fatores físicos, mentais e emocionais das mulheres sedentárias.

Objective: to establish the differences in physical and mental symptoms in menstrual and premenstrual periods in sedentary women. Methods: cross-sectional study, through questionnaire, answered by 77 healthy women, aged 18 to 35 years, sedentary and who did not use contraceptives continuously. The questionnaire included questions about anthropometric data, physical and mental symptoms in menstrual and premenstrual periods. The Mann-Whitney test compared menstrual and premenstrual times. Results: in the menstrual period, on a numerical scale from 0 to 10 points, there were more complaints of pain (7/10), bad mood (7/10), discouragement (8/10), irritability (8/10), anxiety (7/10), crying (7/10), anger (9/10) and impact on ADLs (7/10). In the premenstrual period, there were complaints of headache (5/10), edema/water retention (6/10), bad mood (6/10), sadness (6/10), irritability (7/10), crying (7/10) and anger (6/10). When comparing the menstrual and premenstrual periods, the menstrual period had worse symptoms of dysmenorrhea (P<0.05), low back pain (P<0.05), pain in the lower limbs (P<0.05), difficulty concentrating (P<0.05), increased sleep (P<0.05) and discouragement (P<0.05). The volunteers reported 14 worse symptoms, with intensity equal to or greater than 7 in the menstrual period, and 9 symptoms with intensity equal to or greater than 7 in the premenstrual period. Conclusion: the symptoms in the menstrual period are more intense when compared to the pre-menstrual period and can affect the ADLs. This study highlights the importance of analysis and greater care in relation to the menstrual period, as it has a great impact on physical, mental and emotional factors in sedentary women.

El confinamiento por COVID-19 modifica los estilos de vida saludables en adultos: Una revisión sistemática / Confinement due to COVID-19 modifies healthy lifestyles in adults: A systematic review

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias científicas sobre los cambios ocurridos en los estilos de vida saludables asociados al confinamiento por COVID-19 en población adulta de 19 a 59 años. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo los criterios de la guía PRISMA durante el período de búsqueda de marzo de 2020 a febrero de 2022 en las bases de datos PubMed, Google académico y Cochrane usando las palabras clave "COVID-19, lifestyles, obesity, confinement, quarantine" previamente validadas en MeSH del NCBI y DeCs. Resultados: La búsqueda en las bases de datos de PUBMED, google académico y Cochrane arrojó un total de 702 artículos, tras eliminar los artículos duplicados, se recuperaron 94 artículos, después del primer y segundo cribado se excluyeron 45 artículos, trabajando finalmente con 49 artículos. La evidencia muestra que el confinamiento modificó negativamente los estilos de vida saludables favoreciendo conductas como sedentarismo, asociado a mayor tiempo en el uso de dispositivos electrónicos. Además, incrementó el consumo de alimentos hipercalóricos, la ingesta de alimentos poco saludables entre comidas, raciones más grandes e incrementó en el número de comidas al día, aunado a la disminución en la actividad física, el incremento del consumo de alcohol y cigarros factores que influyeron en el desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad. Conclusiones: Las evidencias muestran cambios negativos en los estilos de vida saludables que se asociaron con sobrepeso y obesidad durante el confinamiento por COVID-19, ante este panorama se requieren de estrategias de intervención integrales basados en programas de nutrición saludable y activación física con la finalidad de disminuir o revertir los efectos causados por el confinamiento.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence on the changes that have occurred in healthy lifestyles associated with confinement by COVID-19 in the adult population between 19 and 59 years of age. Materials and methods: A systematic review was carried out following the criteria of the PRISMA guide during the search period from March 2020 to February 2022 in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases using the keywords COVID-19, healthy lifestyles, obesity, overweight, confinement, quarantine, lockdown, previously validated in NCBI MeSH and DeCs. Results: The search in the PUBMED, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases yielded a total of 702 articles. After eliminating duplicate articles, 94 articles were recovered. After the first and second screening, 45 articles were excluded, finally working with 49 articles. Evidence shows that confinement negatively modified healthy lifestyles, favoring behaviors such as a sedentary lifestyle, associated with longer use of electronic devices. In addition, there was an increase in the consumption of hypercaloric foods, the intake of unhealthy foods between meals, larger portions, and an increase in the number of meals per day, together with a decrease in physical activity, an increase in the consumption of alcohol and cigarettes, factors that influenced the development of overweight and obesity. Conclusions: The evidence shows negative changes in healthy lifestyles that were associated with overweight and obesity during the confinement by COVID-19, in view of this panorama, comprehensive intervention strategies are required based on healthy nutrition programs and physical activation with the purpose of to reduce or reverse the effects caused by confinement.

Autopercepção alimentar, imagem corporal e nível de atividade física de universitários que migram para estudar em outra cidade / Food self-perception, body image and physical activity level of university students migrating to study in another city / Autopercepción alimentaria, imagen corporal y nivel de actividad física de estudiantes universitarios que emigran para estudiar en otra ciudad

Objetivo: Avaliar a autopercepção das alterações alimentares, imagem corporal e nível de atividade física de estudantes que migraram para estudar em outra cidade. Métodos: Perfrmou-se um estudo transversal com 28 universitários que responderam 25 questões de um formulário online sobre as alterações alimentares, imagem corporal e nível de atividade física decorrentes da mudança de residência. Resultados: Para o fator quantidade alimentar verificou-se relatos de mudar boa parte ou quase tudo, contudo a qualidade das alterações foram ambíguas como mudar para pior e para melhor, bem como aumetar e diminuir a quantidade de comida por refeição. Estudantes reduziram o número de refeições por dia para 3 a 4, e informaram consumir fast food de 2 a 4x/mês. Avaliados exibiram alto índice de insatifação corporal por sobrepeso, serem fisicamente ativos e elevado tempo sentado. Não observou-se diferença estatística entre os sexos nos parâmetros estudados, todavia, o percentual de homens que diminiuram o número de refeições, insatisfeitos por sobrepeso e ativos fisicamente foi maior. Conclusão: Residir em outra cidade para estudar pode alterar os padrões alimentares de universitários, como também estar assodiada à insatisfação corporal e a comportamentos sedentários apesar de serem fisicamente ativos. Baixo consumo de fast food foi justificado à predominância dos estudantes ter formação acadêmica na área de saúde.

Objective: To evaluate the self-perception of dietary changes, body image and physical activity level of students who migrated to study in another city. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 28 university students who answered 25 questions on an online form about dietary changes, body image and physical activity level resulting from the change of residence. Results: For the food quantity factor, there were reports of changing most or almost everything, however the quality of the changes were ambiguous, such as changing for worse and for better, as well as increasing and decreasing the amount of food per meal. Students reduced the number of meals per day to 3 to 4, and reported consuming fast food 2 to 4 times/month. Evaluators exhibited a high rate of body dissatisfaction due to being overweight, being physically active and sitting for a long time. There was no statistical difference between genders in the studied parameters, however, the percentage of men who reduced the number of meals, dissatisfied with being overweight and physically active was higher. Conclusion: Living in another city to study can change the eating patterns of university students, as well as being associated with body dissatisfaction and sedentary behavior despite being physically active. Low consumption of fast food was justified by the predominance of students with academic training in the health area.

Objetivo: Evaluar la autopercepción de cambios alimentarios, la imagen corporal y el nivel de actividad física de estudiantes que emigraron para estudiar en otra ciudad. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 28 estudiantes universitarios que respondieron 25 preguntas en un formulario online sobre cambios dietéticos, imagen corporal y nivel de actividad física derivados del cambio de residencia. Resultados: Para el factor cantidad de alimentos, hubo informes de cambiar casi todo o casi todo, sin embargo la calidad de los cambios fue ambigua, como cambiar para peor y para mejor, así como aumentar y disminuir la cantidad de alimentos por comida. Los estudiantes redujeron el número de comidas al día a 3 ó 4, e informaron de que consumían comida rápida entre 2 y 4 veces al mes. Los evaluadores mostraron un alto índice de insatisfacción corporal debido al sobrepeso, a la falta de actividad física y a permanecer mucho tiempo sentados. No hubo diferencias estadísticas entre géneros en los parámetros estudiados, sin embargo, fue mayor el porcentaje de hombres que redujeron el número de comidas, insatisfechos con el sobrepeso y físicamente activos. Conclusiones: Vivir en otra ciudad para estudiar puede cambiar los patrones alimentarios de los universitarios, además de estar asociado a la insatisfacción corporal y al sedentarismo a pesar de ser físicamente activos. El bajo consumo de comida rápida se justificó por el predominio de estudiantes con formación académica en el área de la salud.

Tamizaje de niveles tensionales en individuos no hipertensos entre 18-65 años en la comunidad de pizarrete abajo, municipio nizao, provincia peravia, república dominicana, durante el período agosto-septiembre 2018 / Screening of blood pressure levels in non-hypertensive individuals between 18-65 years of age in the community of Pizarrete Abajo, Nizao municipality, Peravia province, Dominican Republic, during the period of august-september 2018

Introducción: la presión arterial elevada es el principal factor de riesgo de enfermedad global. En la República Dominicana el 31 % de la población padece de hipertensión arterial (HTA) y de este, un 60 % lleva tratamiento médico. Objetivo: determinar los niveles tensionales en individuos no hipertensos entre 18-65 años en la comunidad de Pizarrete Abajo, durante el período agosto-septiembre 2018. Metodología: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y de corte longitudinal, en el que se analizaron 85 individuos que residen en la comunidad de Pizarrete Abajo, de los cuales 44 resultaron con niveles tensionales alterados. Resultados: el 51.7 % de los encuestados presentó niveles de tensión arterial alterados, sin haber sido anteriormente diagnosticado con hipertensión arterial. Un 24 % de las personas mostró niveles alterados una semana después de la primera toma de presión arterial. Conclusiones: en una muestra de 85 personas se encontraron niveles tensionales alterados en 44 individuos. Se procedió a una segunda toma de presión arterial una semana después de la primera y se observó que un 56.8 % correspondió a valores tensionales elevados, un 20.4 % a valores de HTA estadio 1 y un 18.1 % a valores de HTA estadio 2.

Introduction: High blood pressure is the main risk factor for global disease. In the Dominican Republic, 31% of the population suffers from arterial hypertension (HTN) and of these, 60% have medical treatment. Objective: To determine blood pressure levels in non-hypertensive individuals between 18-65 years of age in the community of Pizarrete Abajo during the period of August - September 2018. Methodology: Prospective, descriptive, and longitudinal study in which 85 individuals residing in the community of Pizarrete Abajo were analyzed, of which 44 resulted in altered blood pressure levels. Results: 51.7% of the individuals presented altered blood pressure levels without previously being diagnosed with hypertension. 24% of people showed altered levels one week after the first blood pressure measurement. Conclusions: In a sample of 85 people, altered blood pressure levels were found in 44 individuals. A second blood pressure measurement was carried out one week after the first measurement and it was observed that 56.8% corresponded to high blood pressure values, 20.4% corresponded to stage 1 HTN levels, and 18.1% corresponded to stage 2 HTN levels.

Prevalência de problemas vocais entre professores da educação básica e sua relação com o nível de atividade física / Prevalence of vocal problems among teachers of primary education and its relationship with the level of physical activity

Resumo Introdução A atividade física é benéfica para a manutenção da saúde, qualidade de vida, bem-estar físico e psicológico. No entanto, ainda são poucos os estudos que abordam a prática de atividade física e os problemas vocais. Objetivo Verificar a prevalência de problemas vocais e sua associação com o nível de atividade física em professores de escolas públicas da educação básica. Método Estudo transversal analítico com amostra probabilística por conglomerado em estágio único composta de 634 professores. A variável dependente referiu-se à existência de problemas vocais (quatro ou mais sinais/sintomas). As variáveis independentes foram relacionadas aos aspectos sociodemográficos, ocupacionais, hábitos de vida e saúde, consideradas na modelagem como fatores de ajuste. O nível de atividade física foi mensurado pelo International Physical Activity Questionnaire - IPAQ (versão curta). Procedeu-se à análise descritiva, bivariada e múltipla (Regressão de Poisson). Resultados Houve alta prevalência de sinais/sintomas vocais (79,2%), bem como daqueles com quatro ou mais sinais/sintomas, denominados de problemas vocais (27,3%). No modelo final ajustado, a prevalência de problemas vocais foi maior entre professores do sexo feminino (RP=1,9), com maior tempo de docência (RP=1,3), com qualidade de vida insatisfatória no domínio físico (RP=1,9) e no domínio psicológico (1,4) e entre os professores sedentários/insuficientemente ativos (RP=1,3). Conclusão A prática de atividade física mostrou relação com a saúde vocal mesmo após controle por outras variáveis, o que enfatiza a necessidade de conscientização e estímulo aos professores quanto à prática de atividade física.

Abstract Background Physical activity is beneficial for maintaining health, quality of life, physical and psychological well-being. However, there are still few studies that have the practice of physical activity and vocal problems. Objective To identify the prevalence of vocal problems and their association with the level of physical activity in public elementary school teachers. Method A cross-sectional analytical study with a probabilistic sample of a single-stage conglomerate composed of 634 teachers was carried out. The dependent variable was the existence of vocal issues (four or more signs/symptoms). The independent variables were related to sociodemographic, occupational, and life and health aspects, and they were considered in the modeling as adjustment factors. The level of physical activity was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - IPAQ (short version). Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple analyzes were performed (Poisson Regression). Results There was a high prevalence of vocal signs/symptoms (79.2%), as well as those with four or more signs/symptoms, called vocal problems (27.3%). In the adjusted final model, the prevalence of vocal problems was higher among female teachers (PR = 1.9), with a longer teaching period (PR = 1.3), with poor quality of life in the physical domain (PR = 1.9) and in the psychological domain (1.4), and among sedentary/insufficiently active teachers (PR = 1.3). Conclusion The practice of physical activity showed a relationship with vocal health even after controlling the other variables, which emphasizes the need for teacher awareness and encouragement regarding the practice of physical activity.

Factores asociados al exceso de peso corporal en estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de Covid-19

Introducción: El exceso de peso corporal afecta la calidad de vida de millones de jóvenes alrededor del mundo. Objetivo : Determinar los factores asociados a la prevalencia del sobrepeso y obesidad en estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de covid-19, durante octubre a diciembre del 2020. Método : Investigación de tipo analítica, transversal. Se contó con una población de 325 estudiantes de la carrera profesional de tecnología médica y una muestra de 169 estudiantes de ambos sexos. Para calcular el sobrepeso y obesidad se empleó el índice de masa corporal y diámetro de la circunferencia de la cintura. Los factores asociados se determinaron mediante una encuesta validada por juicio de expertos. Resultados : El 49,1% de estudiantes tenían sobrepeso u obesidad, siendo las mujeres las más afectadas. El 59,0% de estudiantes con sobrepeso u obesidad presentaron riesgo elevado de obesidad abdominal. Según los hábitos alimenticios, el 97,6% de jóvenes ingería tres o más comidas diarias, 81,9% consumía alimentos ricos en carbohidratos y 54,2% comida chatarra de 1 -2 veces por semana. En relación al sedentarismo, el 71,0% de estudiantes permanecía sentado entre 5 y 8 horas al día, 67,4% dormía menos de 7 horas diarias y 57,8% no realizaba ninguna actividad física. Conclusiones: La ingesta de alimentos con alto contenido en carbohidratos, comida chatarra, horas destinadas al sueño y que permanecen sentados diariamente son los factores asociados a la alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad de los estudiantes en los tiempos de la Covid-19.

Introduction: excess body weight affects the quality of life of millions of young people around the world. Objective: to determine the factors associated with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in university students during COVID-19, from october to december 2020. Methods: analytical, cross-sectional research with non-experimental design. There was a population of 325 students of the professional career of medical technology and a sample of 169 students of both sexes. Body mass index and waist circumference diameter were used to calculate overweight and obesity. The associated factors were determined by means of a survey validated by expert judgment. Results: 49.1% of the students were overweight or obese, with females being the most affected. Of overweight or obese students, 59.0% were at high risk of abdominal obesity. According to eating habits, 97.6% of young people ate three or more meals per day, 81.9% consumed foods rich in carbohydrates and 54.2% consumed junk food 1 -2 times per week. In relation to sedentary lifestyle, 71.0% of students remained seated between 5 and 8 hours a day, 67.4% slept less than 7 hours a day and 57.8% did not perform any physical activity. Conclusions: the intake of food with high carbohydrate content, junk food, hours spent sleeping and sitting daily are the factors associated with the high prevalence of overweight and obesity among students during the COVID-19 period.