Diagnosis of nutritional status, dyslipidemia and associated risk factors in indigenous Yaqui schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a global problem that affects schoolchildren and can increase the risk of diseases in adulthood. Adult members of the Yaqui Indigenous group have been shown to have serious health problems, and Yaqui schoolchildren could therefore find themselves in a similar situation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status, lipid profile and associated factors in a sample of Yaqui schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 109 Yaqui schoolchildren who lived in their localities of origin were recruited. Anthropometric measurements were carried out, a venous blood sample was extracted in fasting conditions, and several questionnaires were applied. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 38.5%, with no cases of chronic malnutrition being recorded; 38.6% of the children had dyslipidemia. Fiber consumption was a protective factor against overweight/obesity, while fat intake was a risk factor. The physical activity score was found to be a protective factor against dyslipidemia, and the risk factors were BMI-for-age Z-scores, waist circumference, family history of dyslipidemia, educational level, and permanent employment. CONCLUSIONS: Yaqui schoolchildren equally suffer from a high proportion of overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia. The associated factors may be useful for the design of contextualized interventions for this population.

ANTECEDENTES: La malnutrición es un problema mundial que afecta a niños escolares, capaz de incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades en la edad adulta. Adultos yaquis han presentado graves problemas de salud, por lo que los escolares podrían encontrarse en una situación similar. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el estado nutricional, el perfil lipídico y los factores asociados en una muestra de escolares yaquis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 109 escolares habitantes de los pueblos originarios, en quienes se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, se extrajo una muestra de sangre venosa en condición de ayuno y se aplicaron cuestionarios. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad fue de 38.5 %, sin que se registraran casos de desnutrición crónica; 38.6 % de los escolares presentó dislipidemia. El consumo de fibra resultó ser un factor protector contra sobrepeso/obesidad y el consumo de grasa constituyó un factor de riesgo. La puntuación de actividad física resultó ser un factor protector contra dislipidemia y los factores de riesgo fueron puntuaciones Z del índice de masa corporal/edad, circunferencia de cintura, historia familiar de dislipidemias, nivel educativo y empleo permanente. CONCLUSIONES: Los escolares yaquis padecen por igual alta proporción de sobrepeso/obesidad y dislipidemia. Los factores asociados pueden resultar útiles para el diseño de intervenciones contextualizadas para esta población.

Burden of overweight and obesity in Mexico from 1990 to 2021.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity (OW/OB) represent a serious challenge in Mexico, with effects on health, society and economy. Demographic, epidemiological, nutritional, social and economic factors have exacerbated this problem. OBJECTIVE: To analyze mortality and years of healthy life lost in Mexico due to OW/OB in the 1990-2021 period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors 2021 study was used to analyze data on elevated body mass index (BMI) as a risk factor and its evolution in Mexico. RESULTS: In 2021, 118 thousand deaths attributable to high BMI were recorded, which accounted for 10.6% of total deaths and more than 4.2 million disability-adjusted life years lost. CONCLUSIONS: The obesogenic environment, influenced by social determinants of health, has had a significant impact on mortality, burden of disease, and economic costs. Addressing OW/OB requires multisector interventions to strengthen the Mexican health system.

ANTECEDENTES: El sobrepeso y la obesidad constituyen un grave desafío en México, con efectos en la salud, sociedad y economía. Factores demográficos, epidemiológicos, nutricionales, sociales y económicos han agravado esta problemática. OBJETIVO: Analizar la mortalidad y los años de vida saludable perdidos en México por sobrepeso y obesidad en el período de 1990 a 2021. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó el Global Burden of Disease 2021 para analizar los datos sobre índice de masa corporal elevado como factor de riesgo y su evolución en México. RESULTADOS: En 2021 se registraron 118 mil muertes atribuibles a índice de masa corporal elevado, que representaron 10.6 % del total de muertes y más de 4.2 millones de años de vida perdidos ajustados por discapacidad. CONCLUSIONES: El ambiente obesogénico, influido por determinantes sociales, ha tenido un impacto significativo en la mortalidad, la carga de enfermedad y los costos económicos. Abordar el sobrepeso y la obesidad requiere intervenciones multisectoriales para fortalecer el sistema de salud mexicano.

[Obesity as a risk factor in COVID-19: Possible mechanisms and implications]. / La obesidad como factor de riesgo en personas con COVID-19: posibles mecanismos e implicaciones.

Recent reports suggest that obesity is a risk factor for more severe coronavirus disease. This article summarizes the available scientific evidence on the role of obesity in COVID-19. We focus on implications for younger patients and the proposed biological mechanisms that could explain both the higher risk observed and the possible higher contagiousness of people with obesity. We consider implications of the pandemic for people with obesity in relation to: difficulties in managing hospitalized patients, implications of confinement for the control and treatment of obesity, and the stigma people with obesity suffer, that could increase should the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 be confirmed. Understanding the role of obesity in COVID-19 should be a public health priority, given the high prevalence of this condition in our country.

[Non-randomized trial to evaluate a continuous physiotherapy program versus interval in overweight patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome]. / Ensayo no aleatorizado de un programa de fisioterapia continuo frente a interválico para pacientes con sobrepeso y síndrome coronario agudo.

We present a non-randomised trial to evaluate a continuous physiotherapy program versus a periodic one in overweight patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome. AIM: To detect differences between a continuous (CONT) physiotherapy program (PF) and a periodic (INT) physiotherapy program in overweight patients with acute coronary syndrome on anthropometric parameters, analytical parameters, heart rate, adherence, drop-outs, safety and tolerance. DESIGN: A multicentre, non-randomised two-armed quasi-experimental study with pre-post design. LOCATION: Community cardiac prevention centres (Manises, Valencia-LaFe, Játiva-Onteniente Health Department). PARTICIPANTS: The study included a total of 339 overweight participants with acute coronary syndrome; living in the community; aged more than 18; no contraindication for physical exercise; no previous participation in a PF. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were assigned to a CONT training or an INT training (2 months). Each session was divided in warm-up, endurance, and cool-down. Endurance was performed at 12-13 Borg intensity and with heat rate calculated, with maximum heat rate obtained in the baseline ergometry. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Body mass index, waist circumference, lipid profile, blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, resting heat rate, adherence, drop-outs, safety, and tolerance were assessed. RESULTS: The CONT group showed significantly better differences in body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and resting heat rate. No differences were observed in adherence, drop-outs, safety, and tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: The CONT group obtained better results in all variables except for HDL cholesterol. Both programs offered a high adherence, safety, and tolerance.

[Family functioning, parental rearing and its relationship to nutritional status in preschoolers]. / Funcionalidad familiar, crianza parental y su relación con el estado nutricional en preescolares.

AIM: To analyze association among family functioning, parental rearing and nutritional status in preschoolers. DESIGN: Quantitative, descriptive and correlational cross-sectional study. LOCATION: Preschool public institutions in Nuevo León, Mexico. Primary Care. PARTICIPANTS: Sample of 228 dyads (mother or father and preschooler); sole inclusion criterion was to be main responsible for the upbringing of the preschooler. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic data questionnaire was used, nutritional status was determined based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale and Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire were used. Descriptive and Spearman's correlation coefficient were obtained. RESULTS: Mean age of parents was 32.09 years, 60.5% of mothers were housewives and 100% of fathers had a job; mean years of schooling were 12.16, 68.9% of participants were married; 29.4% of preschoolers were overweight or obese. Regarding family functioning it was identified that 44.3% is semi-related in cohesion dimension. The parental rearing style that prevailed was the permissive with 62.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Most parents presented an imbalance in family functioning. No statistical significance was found among family functioning and parental rearing with nutritional status in preschoolers (P<.05).

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in school-age children.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood obesity is a public health challenge. Between 1999 and 2012, the prevalence in Mexico of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren went from 25.5 to 32 %. OBJECTIVE: To report current prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren from the municipality of Durango, Mexico. METHOD: Cross-sectional survey conducted between January 2017 and December 2018. A total of 24,600 children aged between six and 11 years from 138 schools of the municipality of Durango were included. The body mass index reference values established by the World Health Organization were used to determine the presence of overweight and obesity. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 19.7 %, of obesity, 16 %, and of overweight and obesity combined, 35.7 %. In the six-year-old group, a prevalence of overweight-obesity of 25.4 % was found, and in the 11-year-old group, 41.1 %. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight-obesity in children aged from 6 to 11 years in the municipality of Durango is higher than those reported in the national survey by states in 2012 and in the 2016 national survey; a trend towards an increase with age was observed.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La obesidad infantil es un reto de salud pública. Entre 1999 y 2012, en México la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad (SO) en niños escolares pasó de 25.5 a 32 %. OBJETIVO: Reportar la prevalencia actual de SO en niños escolares del municipio de Durango, México. MÉTODO: Encuesta transversal realizada entre enero de 2017 y diciembre de 2018. Se incluyeron 24 600 niños de seis a 11 años, de 138 escuelas del municipio de Durango. Se utilizaron los valores de referencia del índice de masa corporal establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud para determinar la presencia de SO. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue de 19.7 %, la de obesidad de 16 % y la de SO de 35.7 %. En el grupo de seis años se encontró una prevalencia de SO de 25.4 % y en el de 11 años, de 41.1 %. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de SO en niños de seis a 11 años del municipio de Durango es más elevada que la reportada en la encuesta nacional por entidad federativa en 2012 y la nacional en 2016; se observó tendencia al incremento en la prevalencia conforme aumenta la edad.

Economic burden of underweight and overweight among adults in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the economic burden of underweight and overweight among adults in the Asia-Pacific region. METHOD: Systematic review of articles published until March 2015. RESULTS: Seventeen suitable articles were found, of which 13 assess the economic burden of overweight/obesity and estimate that it accounts for 1.5-9.9% of a country's total healthcare expenditure. Four articles on the economic burden of underweight estimate it at 2.5-3.8% of the country's total GDP. Using hospital data, and compared to normal weight individuals, four articles estimated extra healthcare costs for overweight individuals of 7-9.8% and more, and extra healthcare costs for obese individuals of 17-22.3% and higher. CONCLUSION: Despite methodological diversity across the studies, there is a consensus that both underweight and overweight impose a substantial financial burden on healthcare systems in the Asia-Pacific region.

Maternal obesity and Caesarean delivery in sub-Saharan Africa.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify maternal obesity as a risk factor for Caesarean delivery in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Multivariable logistic regression analysis using 31 nationally representative cross-sectional data sets from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). RESULTS: Maternal obesity was a risk factor for Caesarean delivery in sub-Saharan Africa; a clear dose-response relationship (where the magnitude of the association increased with increasing BMI) was observable. Compared to women of optimal weight, overweight women (BMI 25-29 kg/m(2) ) were significantly more likely to deliver by Caesarean (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.33, 1.78), as were obese women (30-34.9 kg/m(2) (OR: 2.39; 95%CI: 1.96-2.90); 35-39.9 kg/m(2) (OR: 2.47 95%CI: 1.78-3.43)) and morbidly obese women (BMI ≥40 kg/m(2) OR: 3.85; 95% CI: 2.46-6.00). CONCLUSIONS: BMI is projected to rise substantially in sub-Saharan Africa over the next few decades and demand for Caesarean sections already exceeds available capacity. Overweight women should be advised to lose weight prior to pregnancy. Furthermore, culturally appropriate prevention strategies to discourage further population-level rises in BMI need to be designed and implemented.

[Maternal perception of her child's weight and unrelated children less than 1 year old]. / Percepción materna del peso del hijo y de niños no emparentados menores de un año.

AIMS: To evaluate the maternal perception of their child's weight (MPCW) and perception of unrelated children's weight. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. LOCATION: Maternal and Child Nursing Health Department at 6 Units of Family Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: 486 dyads (mother and child under 1 year). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The following question was applied: "I think my child is", and images were provided according the child's gender. Children's weight and height were measured. RESULTS: A total of 20.5% of the mothers of overweight (OW) children accurately perceived this situation, while none of the mothers of obese (OB) children did (κ=0.14±0.03, Z=5.36, p=.001). By images, 63.3% of mothers of OW children and 33.3% of mothers of OB children perceived this situation (κ=0.01±0.02, Z=0.73, p=.46). Most mothers selected the image of OW child as the image of a healthy child (κ=-0.04±0.01, Z=-2.65, p=.008), the image of a child under 1 year (κ=-0.01±0.02, Z=-0.86, p=.38) and the image that they would like their child to look like (κ=0.0004±0.01, Z=0.02, p=.98). CONCLUSION: The mothers do not perceive the OW-OB of their children.

[Nutritional assessment in hospitalized children in a Paediatric service]. / Evaluación nutricional en niños hospitalizados en un Servicio de Pediatría.

INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition in hospitalized children is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To determine the nutritional status in children admitted to the Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica de Chile. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on hospital patients less than 17 years old within the period from November 2010 to April 2011. A record was made of the demographic data, admission diagnosis, biochemistry results (albumin, haemoglobin, haematocrit), hospital stay, and anthropometry data. Nutritional diagnosis was expressed as standard deviation (SD) for weight-for-height (WFH) by WHO in children younger than 5 y, and body mass index (BMI) by CDC-NCHS in older children. Height-for-age (HFA) ≤-2SD indicated stunted growth. RESULTS: A total of 365 children, including 201 boys (55.1%), were evaluated. The median age was 3.35 years (IQR: 1.2-8.2). The most frequent reason for admission was heart disease (30.4%). The median hospital stay was 2 days (IQR: 2.0-4.0). Undernutrition was observed in 3.3% of the children, 8% were nutritionally at risk, 15% were overweight, and 10.9% were obese. As regards HFA, short stature was reported in 12.9%. There was a significant relationship between lower age and heart disease, and higher age with gastrointestinal and neurological diseases. By ordinal logistic regression for each year of age, the weight/height ratio (ZP/T) increases by 6.9% (OR=1.07). The biochemistry results (albumin, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels) were not associated with nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of children at risk of undernutrition was found. The percentage overweight was similar to the general Chilean paediatric population. Early detection will allow an opportune intervention, and nutritional monitoring at discharge.

[Breastfeeding as a protective factor against overweight and obesity among pre-school children]. / Lactancia materna como factor protector de sobrepeso y obesidad en preescolares.

INTRODUCTION: The rates of overweight and obesity among children have significantly increased in Chile. OBJECTIVE: To assess the benefits of breastfeeding in preventing malnutrition by excessive intake of foods in Chilean pre-school children. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in 2011 on pediatric patients treated in a private Chilean healthcare center (San Joaquin Medical Center, Catholic University). Gender, age, weight, height, nutritional diagnosis, type of feeding during the first 6 months of life, socioeconomic status, parental education and obesity, television viewing, and kindergarten attendance were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 209 patients were included in the study, 53.1% of whom were male, and 60.3% were predominantly breastfed for the first 6 months of life. More than half (51.7%) were eutrophic, 29.7% were overweight, and 18.6% obese. The patients were between the ages of 2 and 3 years 11 months. The crude Odds Ratio of breast-feeding versus formula during the first 6 months of life in patients with normal weight versus overweight children was 0.442 (95% CI 0.204-0.961). CONCLUSIONS: It was found that predominantly breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life acted as a protective factor against malnutrition by excessive intake of foods in Chilean pre-school children treated in this private medical center.

Less underestimaton of excess weight by the categorical than the visual method. Its determinants and feeding practices in Mexican mothers of children aged 2 to 12 years.

Introduction: Introduction: perceived body weight refers to the subjectively assessed weight, which may not correspond to the objectively measured weight. Statistics show that 14 % to 83 % of parents misperceive their children's weight status, with a propensity for underestimation. Objective: we compared the accuracy of the visual versus the categorical method. We also identified factors and feeding practices associated with excess weight underestimation. Material and methods: we carried out a cross-sectional study in five states of Mexico with 1,845 mother-child dyads of children aged 2-12 years. The mothers were interviewed about weight perception with two methods, visual and categorical. The Child Feeding Questionnaire identified maternal feeding practices. Actual weight and height were categorized according to WHO criteria. Analysis consisted of Cohen's kappa estimation, multivariate logistic regression, and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: more mothers correctly identified the weight of their children with the categorical than with the visual method (68 % vs 42 %, p < 0.0001). The excess weight underestimation was lower (49 % vs 82 %, p < 0.0001) and the degree of agreement was higher with the categorical method (kappa, 0.39 and 0.08). The better results remained regardless of age. Age 2-5 years increased the odds of overweight/obesity underestimation. Feeding practices differed by weight perception category, child's age, and method of assessment. Conclusions: the categorical method was more accurate. Recognition of correct weight perception is one of the first actions required for controlling childhood overweight/obesity.

Introducción: Introducción: la percepción del peso corporal se refiere al peso evaluado subjetivamente, que puede no corresponder al peso medido objetivamente. Las estadísticas muestran que entre el 14 % y el 83 % de los padres tienen una percepción inadecuada del estado del peso de sus hijos, predominando la subestimación. Objetivo: comparar la precisión del método categórico y la del visual e identificar los factores y prácticas de alimentación asociados a la subestimación del exceso de peso. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en cinco estados de México con 1,845 díadas madre-hijo de niños de 2-11 años. Las madres fueron entrevistadas sobre su percepción del peso con un método visual y uno categórico. El Cuestionario de Alimentación Infantil identificó las prácticas de alimentación. El peso y la altura se clasificaron con los criterios de la OMS. Se estimó la kappa de Cohen y se utilizaron la regresión logística multivariada y las pruebas de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: más madres identificaron correctamente el peso de sus hijos con el método categórico que con el visual (68 % vs. 42 %, p < 0,0001). La subestimación del exceso de peso fue menor (49 % vs 82 %, p <0,0001) y el grado de concordancia mayor con el método categórico (kappa: 0,39 y 0,08). Los resultados se mantuvieron independientemente de la edad. La edad de 2-5 años aumentó la probabilidad de subestimar el sobrepeso/obesidad. Las prácticas de alimentación difirieron por categoría de percepción del peso, edad del niño y método de evaluación. Conclusiones: el método categórico fue más preciso. El reconocimiento de la correcta percepción del peso constituye una de las primeras acciones para el control del sobrepeso/obesidad infantil.

[Psychometric validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) in Spanish in a Mexican population]. / Validación psicométrica de la escala Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) al idioma español en población mexicana.

Introduction: Introduction: Mexico is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide. The increase of addictive behaviors at an early age is a possible cause of its development. The Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) allows identifying children with food addictive behaviors. Objective: to validate the YFAS-C scale in Spanish in a population sample of Mexican children and adolescents. Material and methods: an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The study sample consisted of 448 children from seven to 14 years of age. The first stage involved translation into Spanish; a second stage involved the solution of questions with discrepancies; then, a reverse translation into the original language and a review by experts on the subject of eating disorders in pediatric population were performed; and in the last stage, a pilot test in order to culturally adapt the instrument and the evaluation of the psychometric properties was carried out. Results: using the principal component extraction method, four components were identified that explained 47.1 % of the sample variance. In the confirmatory factor analysis, it was found that the goodness-of-fit indices met the required values (CFI = 0.906: GFI = 0.932; AGFI = 0.915, SRMS = 0.007 and RMSEA = 0.043). Conclusions: a validated Spanish version of the YFAS-C scale was obtained for Mexican children and adolescents to assess food addiction.

Introducción: Introducción: México es uno de los países con mayor prevalencia de obesidad infantil a nivel mundial. El aumento de comportamientos adictivos a temprana edad es una posible causa de su desarrollo. La escala de adicción a los alimentos para niños Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) permite identificar a los niños con conductas adictivas. Objetivo: validar la escala YFAS-C en español en una muestra de niñas/niños y adolescentes mexicanos. Material y métodos: se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, con una muestra de estudio conformada por 448 niños de siete a 14 años de edad. En la primera etapa se realizó la traducción al español; en la segunda etapa, la solución de preguntas con discrepancias; posteriormente, una traducción inversa al idioma original y una revisión por expertos en el tema de trastornos alimenticios en población pediátrica; y en la última etapa, una prueba piloto con el fin de adaptar culturalmente el instrumento y la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas. Resultados: utilizando el método de extracción de componentes principales, se identificaron cuatro componentes que explicaron el 47,1 % de la varianza muestral. En el análisis factorial confirmatorio se encontró que los índices de bondad de ajuste cumplieron con los valores requeridos (CFI = 0,906; GFI = 0,932; AGFI = 0,915; SRMS = 0,007; RMSEA = 0,043). Conclusiones: se obtuvo una versión validada al español de la escala YFAS-C para niñas/niños y adolescentes mexicanos que permitirá evaluar la adicción a la comida.

Influence of obesity on blood glucose control using continuous glucose monitoring data among patients with type 1 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: The global increase in the prevalence rates of overweight or obesity has also affected patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), where this disease had traditionally been associated with a lean phenotype. On the other hand, the effect of obesity on new glycemic control metrics obtained from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in T1D is poorly understood. We wanted to assess whether there is any relationship between BMI (body mass index) and the different CGM metrics or HbA1c. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-five patients with T1D (47.1% ♀, mean age 42.9±14.7 years) with a CGM for a minimum of 6 months were analysed by downloading their CGM and collecting clinical and anthropometric variables. RESULTS: 35.1% (79/225) of the T1D patients had overweight and 17.3% (39/225) lived with obesity, while the remaining 47.6% had a normal weight. A negative correlation was found between GMI (glucose management indicator) and BMI (-0.2; p=0.008) and HbA1c (-0.2; p=0.01). In contrast, a positive correlation was observed between the total dose of insulin and the BMI (0.3; p<0.0001). No significant correlations were found between BMI and other CGM metrics. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight or obesity do not imply worse glycemic control in patients with T1D or less use of CGM. Possibly, and in order to achieve a good glycemic control, more units of insulin are necessary in these patients which, in turn, makes weight control more difficult.

Lifestyle and cardiovascular risk in working young adults: insights from a nationwide Spanish cohort.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the cardiovascular risk profile of working young adults from Spain and its association with lifestyle. METHODS: Participants (18-30 years) were recruited from a nationwide cohort of economically active adults insured by a large occupational risk prevention company, with data obtained from routine medical assessments. The participants were categorized as having an "unhealthy" cardiovascular risk profile based on the presence of prediabetes/diabetes, prehypertension/hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia, or a "healthy" profile if these conditions were completely absent. The association with lifestyle factors (weight, physical activity, sleeping characteristics, alcohol consumption, smoking) was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 78 421 young adults (27±2 years, 36% female) were evaluated at baseline. The "unhealthy" cardiovascular risk profile was prevalent (18%) and inversely associated (OR, 0.64; 95%CI, 0.57-0.80) with an optimal lifestyle (normal weight, regular physical activity, no drinking/smoking, and good sleep). The latter condition was found in only 3.5% of the participants. On the other hand, prospective analyses in 44 776 participants (median follow-up=2 [range 2-5] years) showed that 2.0% transitioned from a "healthy" to an "unhealthy" profile. Being physically active (OR, 0.95; 95%CI, 0.81-0.99) and having a normal weight (OR, 0.61; 95%CI, 0.51-0.70) were associated with a lower likelihood of this transition. No consistent associations were found for other lifestyle factors. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is high in economically active young Spanish adults. An unhealthy cardiovascular risk profile is inversely associated with an optimal lifestyle, but the latter is highly infrequent in this population.

Prevalence of childhood obesity in Spain and its relation with socioeconomic status and health behaviors: Population-based cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess the current state of childhood overweight and obesity in Spain, and its relationship with socioeconomic status and health-related behaviors. METHODS: Population-based cross-sectional observational study, based on the 2017 National Health Survey in minors in Spain. This study included all children surveyed who were aged 1-14 years. Childhood obesity was estimated from the z-score of the body mass index. RESULTS: The study included 4882 children aged 1-14 years (mean 7.5). The prevalence of obesity was 18.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.5-18.7), while 13.5% (95% CI 13.4-13.6) were overweight. These figures represent over a million children in Spain who are obese and nearly 750,000 who are overweight. A north-south geographic gradient was apparent, with higher prevalence of unhealthy body weight in southern Spain. Factors associated with childhood obesity were low socioeconomic status, poor diet and sedentarism, among others. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood overweight in Spain is strongly associated with socioeconomic status and other factors such as diet and sedentarism. Multidisciplinary public health interventions are needed to reduce this serious health problem in children.

Does obesity really affect renal transplantation outcomes?

INTRODUCTION: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD). About 60% of CKD patients are overweight or obese at the time of kidney transplantation, and post-transplant obesity occurs in 50% of patients, with a weight gain of 10% in the first year and high risk of cardiovascular mortality. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of delayed graft function (DGF), acute rejection, surgical complications, graft loss and mortality. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical evolution of obese and overweight patients that have received a kidney transplant, based on short- and long-term complications associated with a higher BMI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted with 104 kidney or pancreas-kidney transplant patients between March 2017 and December 2020, with a follow-up until April 2021. For comparative analysis, patients were grouped according to BMI. RESULTS: Mean age was of 56.65 years, 60.6% male and 39.4 % female. Overweight patients experienced prolonged surgeries, more surgical wound dehiscence, delayed graft function, hernias, proteinuria and more indications for renal biopsies. Additionally, obese patients displayed more DGF, indications for renal biopsies, proteinuria, development of diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation and needed prolonged hospital stays. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a high prevalence of comorbidity in the overweight and/or obese population, we found no reduction in patient and/or graft survival. However, longer follow-up is needed.

Differences in the temporal trends of childhood overweight and obesity in Spain in the 2011-2019 period by sex, age and socioeconomic level: results of the ALADINO study.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood excess weight is a growing public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity in schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain between 2011 and 2019 based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. METHODOLOGY: The analysis included data from the 2011, 2015 and 2019 rounds of the cross-sectional observational and descriptive ALADINO study in schoolchildren of both sexes aged 6-9 years. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (defined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization and the International Obesity Task Force) and of central obesity, in addition to associated demographic and socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight (WHO criteria) decreased in boys aged 6, 7 and 8 years (by -5.4%, -5.7% and -5.3%, respectively) and boys whose parents had a higher educational attainment (by -5.3%). In relation to the socioeconomic level, overweight in boys declined at all income levels. However, between 2011 and 2019, both the prevalence of overweight in girls and the prevalence of obesity (applying the WHO and IOTF criteria) and the prevalence of central obesity in both sexes remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight and the prevalence of obesity in schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain remain high. Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight in children aged 6-8 years and in children whose parents had university degrees decreased, whereas obesity in boys, overweight and obesity in girls and central obesity in both sexes remained stable.

[How do the obese persons perceive their overall health?].

BACKGROUND: the purpose was to investigate how the obese person perceives their health in different areas of their life. METHODS: the SF-36 instrument, which measures various dimensions (social and physical functioning, mental and physical health, bodily pain, limitations due to physical and/or emotional problems, vitality and general health), was applied to 224 patients. It was analyzed whether there were differences between gender, which were channeled to the treatment (surgical and nonsurgical) and the degree of obesity (overweight, obesity and morbid obesity). A descriptive analysis, Student t test, Anova and Tukey t test were used. RESULTS: significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in some dimensions, like tendency to feel tired, exhausted and feeling that their health has been and will continue to deterioration. Women had a worse social and emotional functioning than men; patients with gastric bypass reported more fatigue than patients with gastric band; in regards to the degree of obesity, those who had morbid obesity showed less physical functioning, more pain and worse overall health than those who were just obese. CONCLUSIONS: the perception of the obese patients was that their health had deteriorated. Women were more affected in social and emotional functioning than men.

Objetivo: conocer cómo la persona con obesidad percibe su salud en diferentes áreas de su vida. Métodos: a 224 pacientes con obesidad, se les aplicó el cuestionario SF-36, el cual mide funcionamiento social y físico, salud mental y física, dolor corporal, limitaciones de roles debido a problemas físicos o emocionales, vitalidad y salud general. Se analizaron las diferencias entre los sexos, el tratamiento y el grado de obesidad. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y se aplicó t de Student, Anova y prueba de Tukey Resultados: Las mujeres tuvieron peor funcionamiento social y emocional que los hombres; en cuanto al tipo de tratamiento, los pacientes con derivación gástrica indicaron mayor cansancio que aquellos con banda gástrica y los que tuvieron obesidad mórbida mostraron menor funcionamiento físico, mayor dolor y peor salud general que quienes tenían obesidad. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes analizados tendió a sentirse cansada, exhausta y con la sensación de que su salud ha sido y seguirá deteriorándose.

[Food consumption in and around the school]. / Consumo alimentario dentro y fuera de la escuela.

BACKGROUND: elementary school students usually stay in school 4.5 hours a day in Mexico. The main food consumption is outside school. The objective was to explore behaviors on food consumption beyond the school environment. METHODS: descriptive trial that included 173 children, both sexes, from public elementary school in Mexico City. Eating habits were obtained through questionnaire and anthropometric characteristics from physical measurement. RESULTS: participants reported to consume soft drinks and canned juices at high frequency and quantity (80 %) and low consumption of animal foods. They also eat industrialized dairy products with high caloric content and low in protein. Moreover, 30 % of children eat 4 or 5 times a day, whereas 10 % eat one or two times a day. These results were associated with the somatometric characteristics of the children, 37.6 % of whom presented as overweight or obese while 12 % were underweight. CONCLUSIONS: it is necessary that health education involves teachers, parents and children in programs for obesity prevention with the objective of increasing healthy behaviors.

Introducción: en México, los niños de primaria permanecen aproximadamente 4.5 horas en la escuela, por lo que fuera de ese espacio es donde consumen la mayor parte de sus alimentos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue explorar las conductas alimentarias más allá del entorno escolar que pudieran favorecer la obesidad. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de niños de una escuela primaria oficial en el Distrito Federal. Los hábitos alimentarios se conocieron por un cuestionario y las características antropométricas, por medición física. Resultados: los participantes indicaron consumir refrescos y jugos enlatados con alta frecuencia y en cantidades importantes (80 %), así como productos lácteos industrializados con alto valor calórico y bajo contenido de proteínas; ingerían pocos alimentos de origen animal; 30 % comía cuatro o cinco veces al día y 10 %, una o dos veces. Los resultados se asociaron con las características omatométricas de los niños, 37.6 % de los cuales presentó sobrepeso u obesidad y 12 %, bajo peso. Conclusiones: para la prevención de la obesidad son necesarios programas de educación que involucren a profesores, padres de familia y escolares, para obtener conductas saludables y preservar la salud.