[The self-actualization of disabled child in family environment].

The problem of self-actualization of disabled children is actual because of barriers in modern society that prevent maximal possible disclosure of their potential and abilities at different stages of growing up. Despite high interest of modern researchers to problematic of self-actualization, this scientific category practically was not investigated in relation to individuals with disabilities, including children, that does not allow to ensure with high degree of efficiency inclusive life-style for this category of citizens. The purpose of the study is to identify specifics of self-actualization of disabled children in various periods of their sociogenesis in family conditions as first social environment of occurring inclusive processes. At that, self-actualization is considered as one of social factors determining formation of inclusive lifestyle of child with persistent health disorders. The theoretical analysis permitted to establish relationship between such categories as self-actualization, lifestyle and social inclusion of disabled children. At the empirical level, the analysis of results of semi-formalized interviews of parents (n=292) and disabled children (n=292) in the Murmansk Oblast, revealed characteristics of self-actualization of disabled children in the family. The social barriers preventing this self-actualization in family environment and inhibiting inclusive processes were identified. The results of the study can be laid in the foundation of designing and implementing variable inclusive social practices of disabled children with disabilities at different stages of sociogenesis, and expanding possibilities for their self-realization, considering needs of socializing personality.

Sociogenesis in unbounded space: modelling self-organised cohesive collective motion.

Maintaining cohesion between randomly moving agents in unbounded space is an essential functionality for many real-world applications requiring distributed multi-agent systems. We develop a bio-inspired collective movement model in 1D unbounded space to ensure such functionality. Using an internal agent belief to estimate the mesoscopic state of the system, agent motion is coupled to a dynamically self-generated social ranking variable. This coupling between social information and individual movement is exploited to induce spatial self-sorting and produces an adaptive, group-relative coordinate system that stabilises random motion in unbounded space. We investigate the state-space of the model in terms of its key control parameters and find two separate regimes for the system to attain dynamical cohesive states, including a Partial Sensing regime in which the system self-selects nearest-neighbour distances so as to ensure a near-constant mean number of sensed neighbours. Overall, our approach constitutes a novel theoretical development in models of collective movement, as it considers agents who make decisions based on internal representations of their social environment that explicitly take into account spatial variation in a dynamic internal variable.

The cues of colony size: how honey bees sense that their colony is large enough to begin to invest in reproduction.

As organisms develop, they first invest resources in survival and growth, but after reaching a certain condition they start to also invest in reproduction. Likewise, superorganisms, such as honey bee colonies, first invest in survival and growth, and later commit resources to reproduction once the number of workers in the colony surpasses a reproductive threshold. The first form of reproductive investment for a honey bee colony is the building of beeswax comb made of special large cells used for rearing males (drones). How do the workers sense that their colony is large enough to start building this 'drone comb'? To address this question, we experimentally increased three possible cues of colony size - worker density, volatile pheromone concentration and nest temperature - and looked for effects on the bees' comb construction. Only the colonies that experienced increased worker density were stimulated to build a higher proportion of drone comb. We then monitored and quantified potential cues in small and large colonies, to determine which cues change with colony size. We found that workers in large colonies, relative to small ones, have increased contact rates, spend more time active and experience less variable worker density. Whereas unicellular and multicellular organisms use mainly chemical cues to sense their sizes, our results suggest that at least one superorganism, a honey bee colony, uses physical cues to sense its size and thus its developmental state.

Dynamics of Freedom: Negotiating Constraints.

In this paper, I grapple with the question of why we, at times, experience ourselves as not free. In doing so I outline a crude theory of agency (and our experience of ourselves as free) as a dynamic process happening in irreversible time. In attempting to answer this question, I define agency as the ability to pursue our desires, and I claim that we experience ourselves as free as long as we can do this - with the caveat that the ability to reason is a necessary criterion. I show that agency is a sociocultural development that manifests as the ability to reason gradually develops through social interaction during infancy and into adulthood. Crucially, I point out that reason is a double-edged sword: It allows us to question our actions and desires and whether they are worth pursuing, which is what elevates us to agentic beings. However, it also allows us to alienate ourselves from our actions and desires, and thus rob ourselves of our experience of freedom. Lastly, I show how our subjective freedom is lost and gained in a constant process, generated by a reflexive-relating-to ourselves. As we act, we continually encounter constraints (physical and psychological) that bar us from acting upon our desires. This compels us to reflect on our actions and desires, and so, our feeling of freedom evaporates. However, through a retrospective forgetting, or reconstruction, of the constraints we encounter, we may regain our experience of being free.

Os movimentos sociais e a gênese de propostas para a saúde da população LGBT na Bahia, Brasil (1979-2014): disputas iniciais e alternativas possíveis / Social movements and the genesis of LGBT health policy in Bahia, Brazil (1979-2014): initial disputes and possible alternatives

Resumo Com o objetivo de descrever a gênese de propostas para a saúde da população de LGBT na Bahia, foi realizado um estudo sócio histórico entre 1979 e 2014. Adotou-se as proposições de Patrice Pinell para a análise sociológica de políticas públicas. A análise do espaço social compreendeu a identificação das trajetórias dos agentes envolvidos com as propostas no estado da Bahia e as relações entre esses agentes e o espaço social nacional, assim como, o campo do poder do Estado. Na Bahia, destacaram-se agentes com trajetórias vinculadas ao campo científico, dos direitos humanos, dos direitos sexuais, do feminismo e do espaço AIDS, com alto capital burocrático e militante, que propiciou aproximação às questões relacionadas a saúde LGBT local. As condições de possibilidade que permitiram a formulação de propostas políticas baseadas na integralidade e na universalidade da atenção à saúde foram a formalização do Comitê Técnico Estadual de Saúde Integral LGBT da Bahia, em 2014, onde buscou-se ampliar a Atenção Integral à Saúde voltada às populações de maior vulnerabilidade; e o Plano Bahia sem homofobia, que permitiu ampliar o diálogo com a sociedade civil e os movimentos sociais e abarcar as principais críticas para a formulação de propostas políticas.

Abstract We conducted a socio-historical study covering the period 1979-2014 to explore the genesis of LGBT health policy in Bahia, Brazil, drawing on Pinell's theoretical framework for the sociological analysis of public policy. To analyze the social space, we investigated the trajectories of the agents involved in policy formulation and the relations between these agents and the national social space and field of State power. The agents were predominantly from the scientific, human rights, sexual rights, feminism and AIDS fields, and had a high level of bureaucratic and militant capital, meaning they were well-versed in LGBT health issues. The historical conditions of possibility underlying the formulation of LGBT health policy included the formalization of the State Technical Committee on LGBT Health in 2014, in an effort to improve access to comprehensive health care for vulnerable groups; and the Bahia without Homophobia plan, which helped expand dialogue around with civil society and social movements and address the main criticisms of policy making.

A propósito dos dilemas da comunicação / About the communication dilemmas / À propos des dilemmes de la communication

Les règles que nous appliquons et les normes auxquelles nous obéissons dans les activités communicatives sont tellement intériorisées qu'elles sont pratiquement imperceptibles. Adriano Duarte Rodrigues, au cours des trois dernières décades, a cherché les conditions du déchainement de l'activité communicative en tant que processus interactionnel situé. Dans cette critique, je souligne la question centrale présentée dans A natureza da atividade comunicativa (La nature de l'activité communicative), son dernier livre: l'observation du comportement des personnes dans les interactions auxquelles elles participent comme point de départ pour comprendre la communication. Cette attitude émique, fondée sur l'approche ethnométhodologique, cherche à découvrir les méthodes de sens commun utilisées par les individus dans leurs productions et in-terprétations au cours de leurs interactions. Le grand dilemme des études de communication découle, selon l'auteur, de la naturalisation de dispositifs qui ont été internalisés au cours du processus de socialisation et qui échappent à notre perception lorsque nous nous impliquons dans des interactions reglées sur eux.

As regras que aplicamos e as normas a que obedecemos nas atividades comunicativas estão de tal modo in-teriorizadas que são praticamente imperceptíveis. Adriano Duarte Rodrigues tem dedicado as últimas três décadas a tentar equacionar as condições que desencadeiam a atividade comunicativa enquanto processo interacional situado. Nesta resenha, destaco a questão central apresentada em A natureza da atividade comunicativa, seu mais recente livro: a observação dos comportamentos das pessoas nas interações das quais participam como ponto de partida para a compreensão da comunicação. Esta atitude êmica, funda-mentada na abordagem etnometodológica, procura descobrir os métodos do senso comum, usados pelos indivíduos nas produções e interpretações no decurso das suas interações. O grande dilema dos estudos da comunicação decorre, segundo o autor, da naturalização de dispositivos interiorizados ao longo do processo de socialização e que escapam à nossa percepção quando estamos envolvidos nas interações reguladas por eles

The rules we apply and the norms we obey in communicative activities are so internalized that they are practically imperceptible. Adriano Duarte Rodrigues has dedicated the last three decades to trying to equate the conditions that trigger communicative activity as a situated interactional process. In this review, I highlight the central question presented in A natureza da atividade comunicativa (The nature of commu-nicative activity), his most recent book: the observation of people's behavior in the interactions in which they participate as a starting point for understanding communication. This emic attitude, based on the ethnomethodological approach, seeks to discover the commonsense methods employed by individuals in their productions and interpretations in the course of their interactions. The great dilemma of the commu-nication studies stems, according to the author, from the naturalization of devices internalized throughout the socialization process, devices that escape our perception when we are involved in interactions regulated by them

Frantz Fanon, descolonização e o saber em saúde mental: contribuições para a saúde coletiva brasileira / Frantz Fanon, decolonization and knowledge in mental health: contribution for Brazilian public health

Resumo O ensaio enfatiza a reflexão psicossocial do psiquiatra martinicano Frantz Fanon. Seu pensamento tem expressão na crítica da dominação colonial e do racismo, destacando-se as obras Pele negra, máscaras brancas e Os condenados da Terra. Uma transcendência literária forja seu discurso apaixonado e libertador, relevante nas teorizações pós-coloniais e decoloniais. Crescentemente reconhecido pela discussão política do mundo diaspórico contemporâneo, suas ideias e práticas médico-sociais, precursoras na atenção à saúde mental, são menos conhecidas. Referenciado por Paulo Freire e Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Fanon releva a cultura na discussão de uma sociogênese do sofrimento mental e na crítica à inadequação da psicanálise eurocêntrica para lidar com a opressão colonial e o racismo. Fanon, embora citado por Franco Baságlia, não figurou como referência para a Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, mas seu pensamento descolonial e antirracista se revela, em perspectiva, uma importante contribuição para a saúde coletiva.

Abstract The essay emphasizes the psychosocial reflection of the Martinican psychiatrist Frantz Fanon. Fanon's thought is marked by criticism of colonial domination and racism, as in "Black Skin, White Masks" and "The Damned of the Earth." A literary transcendence signalizes his passionate and liberating speech, relevant in postcolonial and decolonial theories. Fanon is increasingly acknowledged for his political discussion of the diasporic contemporary world, although his medical and social ideas and practices, as precursors in mental health assistance, are less well known. Mentioned by Paulo Freire and Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Fanon stresses culture in his sociogenesis and when he criticizes the inadequacy of Eurocentric psychoanalysis to deal with colonial oppression and racism. Although he was cited by Franco Basaglia, Fanon did not feature as a benchmark in Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, though his decolonial and antiracist thought, is, when viewed in perspective, is an important contribution to Public Health.

The Primacy of the Social and Sociogenesis.

It has become a truism to state that cultural characteristics (knowledge, identity, practices) are "socially constructed." However, critics point out that the social overwhelmingly is understood as a context-a trivial sense of the social-and that the real social nature of human practices tends not to be shown. The Russian social psychologist L. S. Vygotsky assumes in his late work a primacy of the social such that all higher psychological functions are social relations between people before they are functions. As a result, human development occurs in and as sociogenesis. Grounded in an ethnomethodological take on the social, the purpose of this article is to articulate and develop this unrecognized and unheeded, radical aspect of the late Vygotskian theory, thereby going beyond wrote and may have intended.

A representação social da família em transformação: cinquenta anos na revista família cristã / Representación social de la familia en tranformación: cincuenta años en la revista família cristã / Social representation of family in transformation: fifty years in the família cristã magazine

Resumo Este artigo aborda o processo de transformação da representação social da família veiculada na Revista Família Cristã entre 1962 e 2011. Foi realizada análise lexical de 323 artigos, selecionados em 100 exemplares. A discussão foi pautada em construtos como influência social, ideologia e representações sociais. A ideologia cristã católica fundamenta o discurso da revista, mas a representação é moldada em função das mudanças sócio-históricas e da influência de diversos saberes e instituições, gerando múltiplos sentidos: a família patriarcal como responsabilidade da mulher mãe abnegada; as famílias diversificadas e estruturadas em situação de violência e miséria; a família educadora que deve submeter-se à ciência; a família cristã que deve seguir normas e práticas da igreja e, finalmente, a família em crise por afastar-se dos valores religiosos. A revista vai modificando seu discurso sobre a família com vistas à manutenção de seu poder de influência e propagação de valores católicos.

Resumen Este artículo analiza el proceso de transformación de la representación social de la familia difundida en la revista Familia Cristiana entre 1962 y 2011. Se realizó el análisis léxico de 323 artículos, seleccionados en 100 ediciones. El debate se basó en la influencia social, la ideología y las representaciones sociales. La ideología cristiana católica cimenta el discurso de la revista, pero la representación se forma a la luz de los cambios sociohistóricos y la influencia de los diversos saberes e instituciones: la familia patriarcal como responsabilidad de la madre abnegada; las familias diversificadas y estructuradas en situaciones de violencia y miseria; la familia educadora que debe someterse a la ciencia; la familia cristiana que debe seguir las reglas y prácticas de la Iglesia, y la familia en crisis por apartarse de los valores religiosos. La revista va modificando su discurso sobre la familia con la intención de mantener su poder de influencia y propagación de valores católicos.

Abstract This article discusses the transformation process of the social representation of family related to Família Cristã magazine between 1962 and 2011. A lexical analysis was performed on 323 articles, which were selected among 100 editions. This study is based on the constructs of social influence, ideology, and social representation. Catholic Christian ideology underlies this magazine's discourse, however, the family representation is shaped by socio-historical changes as well as influenced by different kinds of knowledge and institutions. Thereby, different meanings are produced: the patriarchal family as a selfless woman's responsibility; the families that are diverse and maintained through violence and misery; the educating family that must be subordinated to science; the Christian family that must follow the Church's rules and practices; and finally, the family in crisis due to their diverted path from religious values. Over time, the magazine has changed its discourse about family in order to maintain its power of influence and transmission of Catholic values.

Trauma, colonialidade e a sociogenia em Frantz Fanon: os estudos da subjetividade na encruzilhada / Trauma, coloniality, and Frantz Fanon's sociogenesis: studying subjectivities at the crossroads / Trauma, colonialidad y sociogenia en Frantz Fanon: los estudios de la subjetividad en la encrucijada

Partindo das discussões sobre trauma colonial e da ideia de sociogenia no pensamento de Frantz Fanon, a noção de sujeito e de subjetividade, produzidas no âmbito de matrizes eurocentradas, são interpeladas, tornando visível e dizível a insuficiência no entendimento dos processos subjetivos que atravessam as diferentes experiências de/em viver enquanto negras/os. A hegemonia branca aparece como o contraponto para compreensão do que podemos chamar de eventos traumáticos nas vidas negras. Faz-se urgente, nas experiências negras, descolonizar o eu e o mundo, conjurando a violência da colonialidade, possibilitando que negras/os se constituam enquanto sujeitos e não mais como a/o outra/o da branquitude.

Grounded on recent discussions about the colonial trauma and on Frantz Fanon's concept of sociogenesis, this paper problematizes the notions of subject and subjectivity as they have been produced by Eurocentric lenses. The aim is to bring these notions to the level of visibility and sayability with a view to highlighting their inability to understand the subjective processes of living while Black. White hegemony is paramount for us to understand what we may call traumatic events in/of Black experiences. I argue for the urgency of decolonizing the I and the world. This can only be done through a critique of colonial violence. Such a critique aims to open affordances for Black people to constitute themselves as subjects own their own rights rather than as the Other of whiteness.

A partir de las discusiones sobre el trauma colonial y de la idea de sociogenia en el pensamiento de Frantz Fanon, se cuestionan la noción de sujeto y subjetividad, producidas en el ámbito de las matrices eurocentradas, haciendo visible y decible la insuficiencia en el entendimiento de los procesos subjetivos que atraviesan las diferentes experiencias de/en vivir como persona negra. La hegemonía blanca aparece como el contrapunto para comprender lo que podemos llamar de eventos traumáticos en las vidas negras. Es urgente, en las experiencias negras, descolonizar el yo y el mundo, conjurando la violencia de la colonialidad, permitiendo que la persona negra se constituya como sujeto y no más como el otro de la blanquitud.

The protective function of the compact silk nest of social Stegodyphus spiders (Araneae, Eresidae).

This study investigates the suggested protective function of the compact silken nest of two species of social Stegodyphus spiders (S. dumicola and S. mimosarum), as a possible ultimate factor for their sociogenesis. Being inhabitants of African dry thornbush country, these spiders are endangered by overheating and desiccation. In the laboratory, both species were found to avoid temperatures >40° C. In the field, temperature in the nest between 7:00 and 21:00 h tends to be higher than air-temperature outside, and between 13:00 and 15:00 h even tends to exceed 40° C. The nest thus is of no value in temperature regulation. Nor is it effective in protecting the spiders from desiccation: Both species have a body water content of 65.2±3.8% and are extremely desiccation resistant; they survived 9 days at 37°C in an exciccator with P2O5, with a daily average % liveweight reduction of 4.94(±1.1). In the field, relative humidity inside the nest between 11:00 and 19:00 h tends to be lower than that of the air outside. Inspection of burnt areas showed that the nest does not protect the spiders from bushfire. The nest does protect from wind, hail, and direct sun-radiation; but available natural retreats, or a simple silken shield, or the funnel-shaped silk tube inhabited by solitary Stegodyphus, have the same effect.

La propuesta socio-cultural de Vygotsky como alternativa a la vía del desarrollo biológicomadurativo y a la corriente «espiritualista¼ / Vygotsky's socio-cultural approach as an alternative to the biological-maturationist and idealistic explanations of human development

La teoría de Vygotsky acerca del desarrollo en los primeros años de vida se proyecta sobre el fondo de la psicología de finales del siglo XIX y primer tercio del siglo XX. Su idea de la sociogénesis, o sea, la influencia determinante de lo social en la configuración del comportamiento, aparece en sus escritos como contrapunto, por un lado, a los enfoques biologizantes que conciben el desarrollo como un mero proceso de maduración mientras que, por el otro, expresa su rechazo a lo que él llama «la psicología del espíritu¼, en la que percibe pervivencias del idealismo hegeliano. El presente trabajo busca poner en evidencia que, como salida a la encrucijada Vygotsky, escoge una «tercera vía¼, la sociogénesis, para encauzar el desarrollo de los procesos psíquicos superiores. Se hace una incursión en la sociogénesis, tal como aparece expuesta en las obras de Vygotsky, y se apuntan algunos matices que no deben perderse de vista al valorar esta transcendental aportación.

The psychology of the end of the 19Th Century and first third of the Twentieth Century furnishes the background of Vygotsky's theory about the psychological development. His idea of the sociogenesis or, in other words, the determinant influence of the social world in the behavioral development, appears in his mind as a counterpoint, on one hand, to biologizing approaches that concei-ve the development as just a maturation process whereas, for the other, expresses its rejection to what he calls «the psychology of the spirit¼, in which he perceives the long lasting influence of the Hegelian idealism. This paper try to highlight the «third via¼ -sociogenesis- that Vygotsky proposes as a valid issue to the crossroads of biological and idealistic psychology. We delve into the vygotskian idea of sociogenesis and point to some nuances that should not be overlooked when considering this transcendental contribution.

Representaciones sociales del cuerpo: un estudio sociogenético en clases de educación física escolar / Social representations of the body: a socio-genetic study in kindergarten physical education classes

El objetivo del artículo es presentar una caracterización de procesos constructivos de representaciones sociales del cuerpo en el contexto de clases de educación física escolar. El estudio se sustenta en una perspectiva genética sociocultural. El diseño de investigación es exploratorio, siendo la observación semiparticipante y el registro descriptivo de situaciones de interacción (verbal y motriz) entre niños y docentes, la técnica de recolección de datos. Se ha trabajado con una muestra finalística de interacciones en clases de nivel inicial. El procedimiento de análisis es cualitativo y hermenéutico: se analizaron fragmentos discursivos y secuencias de acción infiriendo configuraciones normativas y valorativas del cuerpo, a fin de sistematizar una categorización teórica que explicite representaciones sociales. Las representaciones sociales del cuerpo distinguidas son: cuerpo placer, cuerpo trabajo, cuerpo disciplina y cuerpo cuidado. Como conclusión se sostiene la importancia de la práctica pedagógica en los procesos de significación social del cuerpo.