The effects of nurse-led spiritual care on psychological well-being in the healthcare services of patients with cardiovascular diseases in Iran: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) significantly impacts patients' lives, affecting not only their physical health but also their spiritual well-being. While holistic care acknowledges the importance of addressing spiritual needs, the integration of nurse-led spiritual care within CVD management remains understudied. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of spiritual and psychological interventions in enhancing quality of life and reducing anxiety among CVD patients. METHODS: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, SID, Magiran, and Web of Science) for relevant articles published in English and Persian between 2013 and 2023. The risk of bias in included experimental and quasi-experimental studies was assessed using ROB 2 and ROBINS-I scales. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 1416 articles. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, along with qualitative evaluation, 15 studies with a total of 1035 participants were selected for review. These studies explored the impact of spiritual interventions (e.g., healthy heart model, emotion-oriented approach, communication with a higher power, acceptance, and relationship improvement) on anxiety, stress, life expectancy, depression, blood parameters, spiritual experiences, pain, and negative emotions in CVD patients. All reviewed studies reported positive outcomes with spiritual interventions, demonstrating their effectiveness in reducing anxiety, depression, pain, stress, and negative emotions, while also improving quality of life and possibly life expectancy. CONCLUSION: Integrating spiritual care into routine care for CVD patients presents a promising approach to improve their overall well-being. This review highlights the effectiveness of spiritual interventions in reducing various negative emotions and enhancing quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42023448687).

"Not me!" a qualitative, vignette-based study of nurses' and physicians' reactions to spiritual distress on neuro-oncological units.

PURPOSE: People with primary malignant brain tumors experience serious health-related suffering caused by limited prognosis and high symptom burden. Consequently, neuro-oncological healthcare workers can be affected emotionally in a negative way. The aim of this study was to analyze the attitudes and behavior of nurses and physicians when confronted with spiritual distress in these patients. METHODS: Neurospirit-DE is a qualitative vignette-based, multicenter, cross-sectional online survey that was conducted in Bavaria, Germany. Reflexive thematic analysis was used for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 143 nurses and physicians working in neurological and neurosurgical wards in 46 hospitals participated in the survey. The participants questioned if the ability to provide spiritual care can be learned or is a natural skill. Spiritual care as a responsibility of the whole team was highlighted, and the staff reflected on the appropriate way of involving spiritual care experts. The main limitations to spiritual care were a lack of time and not viewing spiritual engagement as part of the professional role. Some were able to personally benefit from spiritual conversations with patients, but many participants criticized the perceived emotional burden while expressing the imminent need for specific training and team reflection. CONCLUSIONS: Most neuro-oncological nurses and physicians perceive spiritual care as part of their duty and know how to alleviate the patient's spiritual distress. Nonetheless, validation of spiritual assessment tools for neuro-oncology and standardized documentation of patients' distress, shared interprofessional training, and reflection on the professional and personal challenges faced when confronted with spiritual care in neuro-oncology require further improvement and training.

Multidisciplinary oncology clinicians' experiences delivering spiritual care to patients with cancer and their care partners.

PURPOSE: To understand multidisciplinary healthcare clinicians' meaningful and challenging experiences providing spiritual care to patients with cancer and their care partners. METHODS: Multidisciplinary clinicians who participated in a communication training program supported by the National Cancer Institute or a palliative care training for nurses (N = 257) responded to two, open-ended questions about meaningful and challenging experiences of providing spiritual care. A thematic analysis of responses using an iterative, inductive approach was conducted until saturation was reached. RESULTS: Participants from nursing (68%), social work (22%), and chaplaincy (10%) responded to open-ended survey questions. Three themes related to meaningful experiences of providing spiritual care emerged: building authentic interpersonal connection with patients and care partners; creating intentional space for patients and care partners to inform spiritual care; and actively supporting patients and care partners in their processes with spirituality. Three themes related to challenging experiences of providing spiritual care emerged: contextual factors and clinical circumstances complicate provision of spiritual care; facing barriers to providing high-quality, patient-centered care; and navigating ethical and logistical issues that affect spiritual and other care. CONCLUSION: Clinicians derive meaning from a range of experiences throughout their provision of spiritual care to patients with cancer. However, they also face many challenges in delivering person-centered spiritual care in cancer settings, with some challenges reflecting significant gaps in spiritual care knowledge and training. Findings can guide future training and educational endeavors for multidisciplinary clinicians in the domain of spiritual care.

"Letting themselves go during care" - exploring patient autonomy during co-designed intrapartum care in a Beninese maternity ward.

BACKGROUND: Patient autonomy is central to the provision of respectful maternity care. Enabling women to make decisions free of discrimination and coercion, and respecting their privacy and confidentiality can contribute to positive childbirth experiences. This study aimed to deepen the understanding of how patient autonomy is reflected through social practices during intrapartum care in Benin. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews with women and midwives, a focus-group discussion with women's birth companions, and non-participant observations in the delivery room were conducted within the frame of the ALERT research project. This study analysed data through a reflexive thematic analysis approach, in line with Braun and Clarke. RESULTS: We identified two themes and five sub-themes. Patient autonomy was systemically suppressed over the course of birth as a result of the conditions of care provision, various forms of coercion and women's surrendering of their autonomy. Women used other care practices, such as alternative medicine and spiritual care, to counteract experiences of limited autonomy during intrapartum care. CONCLUSIONS: The results pointed to women's experiences of limited patient autonomy and their use of alternative and spiritual care practices to reclaim their patient autonomy. This study identified spiritual autonomy as an emergent dimension of patient autonomy. Increasing women's autonomy during childbirth may improve their experiences of childbirth, and the provision of quality and respectful maternity care.

A survey regarding the role of UK dietitians in spiritual care.

BACKGROUND: Users of dietetic services have unmet spiritual needs, although no study has yet explored dietitians' opinion, perceptions or experience of assessing spiritual needs and delivering spiritual care in clinical practice. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey assessed the role of UK dietitians in spiritual care. RESULTS: Thirty-seven practicing dietitians, with experience ranging from newly qualified to over 21 years of practice, took part in the survey containing open and closed questions. Almost half (49%) of dietitians said they always conducted spiritual assessments and most (57%) said they sometimes made a referral for spiritual concerns. When spiritual issues arose, dietitians were highly likely to listen well (score 4.6 out of 5) and encourage service users in their own (the service user) spiritual or religious practices (score 4 out of 5). However, the likelihood of taking the initiative and enquiring about religious and spiritual issues was lower (score <3 out of 5) in all areas of practice including end of life care. This may have been because confidence around spiritual care was also low (score 4.7 out of 10), uncertainty was high (score >3.5 out of 5) and there was a strong desire to receive training (>4 out of 5). Qualitative responses expanded further on these results suggesting that there was positive "intention" to provide spiritual care, but lack of training was a significant barrier (qualitative theme: "inadequacies"). The recognition of necessity but uncertainty of how to meet spiritual needs was also shown through qualitative findings to be a source of "emotional labour", particularly where there were conflicting beliefs between a dietitian and service user. CONCLUSIONS: Although limited by a small sample size, these results provide new knowledge that spiritual care is considered an important part of the dietitians' role and that this is the case regardless of the dietitians own spiritual identity or religion. Dietitians would value training in spiritual care so that they can support service user needs more readily and confidently.

The impact of a nursing spiritual care module on nursing competence: an experimental design.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the impact of the Nursing Spiritual Care Module on the competence of nurses in providing spiritual care in the context of Malaysia. METHOD: This study employed an experimental design and involved a total of 122 nurses, with 59 in the experimental group and 63 in the control group. Participants were selected from palliative care wards associated with Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Nurses in the experimental group underwent a two-week educational module on nursing spiritual care, while nurses in the control group attended a single lecture on spiritual care provided by the hospital. RESULTS: The results indicated no significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics between the two groups. A significant difference in spiritual care competence within the intervention group and the control group over time (p-value = 0.001), between the two groups (p-value = 0.038), and in the interaction between time and group (p-value = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Nursing Spiritual Care Module is crucial in aiding nurses and healthcare professionals in cultivating the appropriate and wholesome attitudes and practices necessary to address the spiritual needs of patients.

Spiritual care needs and their attributes among Chinese inpatients with advanced breast cancer based on the Kano model: a descriptive cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Numerous previous research have established the need for spiritual care among patients with cancer globally. Nevertheless, there was limited research, primarily qualitative, on the spiritual care needs of Chinese inpatients with advanced breast cancer. Furthermore, the need for spiritual care was rarely explored using the Kano model. To better understand the spiritual care needs and attributes characteristics of inpatients with advanced breast cancer, this study examined the Kano model. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional design study was conducted in the oncology departments of three tertiary grade-A hospitals in China from October 2022 to May 2023. To guarantee high-quality reporting of the study, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Checklist was used. Data on the demographic characteristics questionnaire, the Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale (NSTS), and the Kano model-based Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Attributes Scale (K-NSTAs) were collected through convenience sampling. The Kano model, descriptive statistics, two independent samples t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The overall score for spiritual care needs was 31.16 ± 7.85. The two dimensions with the highest average scores, "create a good atmosphere" (3.16 ± 0.95), and the lowest average scores, "help religious practice" (1.72 ± 0.73). The 12 items were distributed as follows: three attractive attributes were located in Reserving Area IV; five one-dimensional attributes were distributed as follows: three one-dimensional attributes were located in Predominance Area I, and two were found in Improving Area II; two must-be attributes were located in Improving Area II; and two indifference attributes were located in Secondary Improving Area III. CONCLUSION: The Chinese inpatients with advanced breast cancer had a middle level of spiritual care needs, which need to be further improved. Spiritual care needs attributes were defined, sorted, categorized, and optimized accurately and perfectly by the Kano model. And "create a good atmosphere" and "share self-perception" were primarily one-dimensional and must-be attributes. In contrast, the items in the dimensions of "share self-perception" and "help thinking" were principally attractive attributes. Nursing administrators are advised to optimize attractive attributes and transform indifference attributes by consolidating must-be and one-dimensional attributes, which will enable them to take targeted spiritual care measures based on each patient's characteristics and unique personality traits.

Experiential training course on spirituality for multidisciplinary palliative care teams in a hospital setting: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: There is widespread agreement about the importance of spiritual training programs (STPs) for healthcare professionals caring for cancer patients, and that reflecting on one's spirituality is the first step. Health professionals (HPs) working in hospitals must develop this dimension to guarantee the quality of life as well as spiritual and emotional support. In this paper, we propose a possible training format for hospital professionals and assess its implementation. METHODS: This is a phase 0-I study that follows the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework. The program was implemented for hospital palliative care specialists. The program included one theory lesson, three spiritual interactions, four pieces of reflective writing, and two individual follow-up sessions for each participant. The evaluation was performed quantitatively according to the MRC framework and qualitatively according to Moore's framework with data triangulation from interviews, reflective writings, and indicators. RESULTS: The program was implemented for palliative care physicians, nurses, psychologists, and bioethicists according to the plan, and the program components were highly appreciated by the participants. The results suggest the feasibility of a training course with some corrections, regarding both the components of the training and organizational issues. The qualitative analysis confirmed a shift in the meaning of the themes we identified. The trainees went from intrapersonal spirituality to interpersonal spirituality (engagement with the other person's spirituality, acknowledging their unique spiritual and cultural worldviews, beliefs, and practices), with colleagues, patients, and people close to them. The training had an impact on Moore's Level 3b. CONCLUSIONS: Spiritual training for hospital professionals working in palliative care is feasible. Having time dedicated to spirituality and the ongoing mentorship of spiritual care professionals were suggested as key elements. The next step is increasing awareness of spirituality from our hospital reality and creating a stable competent group (with nurses, chaplains, nuns, counselors, etc.) with the support of the management.

Nursing and Chaplain Partnership for Pain Management: A Survey of Nurses.

PURPOSE: Pain is a universal experience for hospitalized patients, with physical, psychological, spiritual, and cognitive implications. As hospitals seek to identify nonpharmaceutical options for managing acute pain, the role of chaplains has been overlooked. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of nurses regarding chaplain involvement in pain management. METHODS: A survey was distributed to nurses to determine if they would request spiritual care services in various patient and family scenarios. Respondents were dichotomized into two groups based on self-report of whether they would contact a chaplain for patients with uncontrolled pain. Differences between groups were calculated using chi-square tests. RESULTS: Of 45 nurse respondents, 27 (60%) reported they would not contact a chaplain for patients with uncontrolled pain. Nurses who would consult the chaplain for pain management did not differ from nurses who would not consult the chaplain in terms of their own religious identification, knowledge of patient religious documentation in the medical record, or past experience with chaplain services. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggest that nurses' perceptions of chaplain involvement in pain management must be addressed prior to implementing a new hospital pain management protocol. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: When developing and implementing new pain protocols based on holistic care of patients, hospitals should ensure that nursing staff are educated on when and how to incorporate chaplains as part of a holistic approach to managing acute pain.

Vignettes as a novel research tool in spiritual care: A methods paper.

AIMS: To discuss the construction and use of vignettes as a novel approach in spiritual care research and education. DESIGN: Methods paper. METHODS: In this methods paper, the authors introduce the use of vignettes in spiritual care research and provide insight into the construction of vignettes. The vignette presented was part of a study of neurosurgical nurses' attitudes and responses to the spiritual needs of neuro-oncology patients. The development process, consisting of four steps, is explained in this paper. RESULTS: Using a vignette to explore nurses' attitudes towards spiritual care is an innovative way to understand what behaviours nurses consider appropriate in situations where the patient is seeking meaning and connection. Transparent description of the development process is crucial to ensure reproducibility. CONCLUSION: The use of theoretically constructed and validated vignettes in spiritual care research is new. Vignettes used in surveys have the potential to elicit nurses' responses to patients' search for meaning and connectedness. IMPLICATIONS: In order to investigate nurses' attitudes and behaviours towards patients' spiritual needs, carefully constructed and validated vignettes are valuable research tools. IMPACT: Vignettes have proven to be a valuable research tool in the social and health sciences. So far, their use as a survey instrument in spiritual care research has not been investigated. Therefore, this method paper introduces vignettes as a novel approach to spiritual care research. Our findings contribute to the further development of vignettes in nursing science, as there are similarities with case development and simulation training in nursing education. REPORTING METHOD: Reporting guideline is not applicable. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Implementing spiritual care education into the teaching of palliative medicine: an outcome evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The concept of "total pain" plays an important role in palliative care; it means that pain is not solely experienced on a physical level, but also within a psychological, social and spiritual dimension. Understanding what spirituality entails, however, is a challenge for health care professionals, as is screening for the spiritual needs of patients. OBJECTIVE: This is a novel, interprofessional approach in teaching undergraduate medical students about spiritual care in the format of a seminar. The aim of this study is to assess if an increase in knowledge about spiritual care in the clinical context is achievable with this format. METHODS: In a mandatory seminar within the palliative care curriculum at our university, both a physician and a hospital chaplain teach strategies in symptom control from different perspectives (somatic domain - spiritual domain). For evaluation purposes of the content taught on the spiritual domain, we conducted a questionnaire consisting of two parts: specific outcome evaluation making use of the comparative self-assessment (CSA) gain and overall perception of the seminar using Likert scale. RESULTS: In total, 52 students participated. Regarding specific outcome evaluation, the greatest gain was achieved in the ability to define total pain (84.8%) and in realizing its relevance in clinical settings (77.4%). The lowest, but still fairly high improvement was achieved in the ability to identify patients who might benefit from spiritual counselling (60.9%). The learning benefits were all significant as confirmed by confidence intervals. Overall, students were satisfied with the structure of the seminar. The content was delivered clearly and comprehensibly reaching a mean score of 4.3 on Likert scale (4 = agree). The content was perceived as overall relevant to the later work in medicine (mean 4.3). Most students do not opt for a seminar solely revolving around spiritual care (mean 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that implementing spiritual care education following an interprofessional approach into existing medical curricula, e.g. palliative medicine, is feasible and well perceived among medical students. Students do not wish for a seminar which solely revolves around spiritual care but prefer a close link to clinical practice and strategies.

Competence and perceptions of spiritual care among clinical nurses: A multicentre cross-sectional study.

AIMS: To identify latent profiles of competence and perceptions of spiritual care among clinical nurses and explore the possible influencing factors. BACKGROUND: Understanding nurses' level of spiritual care competence and their perceptions and acceptance of such care is important, which could help devise nurse training programmes to address such competence in clinical nurses. However, research addressing interindividual variability in competence and perceptions among Chinese nurses is lacking. DESIGN: Multicentre cross-sectional study. METHODS: Nurses working in departments with critically ill patients from 12 community, 5 secondary and 10 tertiary hospitals in Shanghai completed a demographic information questionnaire and the Chinese versions of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale, Spiritual Care-Giving Scale and Spiritual Perspectives Scale. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS v26.0 and Mplus version 8.3. Latent profile analysis identified subgroups with different levels of spiritual care competence. RESULTS: In total, 1277 Chinese nurses were recruited. Four profiles of competence and perceptions of spiritual care were revealed: Low ability (23.8%), High ability (6.4%), High acceptance (34.9%) and Moderate (34.9%). The level of job position, spiritual care-related education, hospital grade and nurses' perceptions and perspectives of spiritual care predicted the probability of profile memberships in their competence. CONCLUSIONS: There was heterogeneity in the characteristics of spiritual care competence. Nursing managers can implement individualised interventions, including relevant training, according to the influencing factors of different competence profiles to improve the level of such competence among nurses. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The results provide a new and expanded view of improving nurses' spiritual care competence. Interprofessional collaboration with clinicians, administrators, educators and spiritual leaders can contribute to the development of related education and training. REPORTING METHOD: EQUATOR guidelines, STROBE checklist: cross-sectional studies. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: All participants were clinical nurses. Participants were informed they could withdraw from the study at any time.

Traces of spiritual care in nursing records: A qualitative study of cancer care.

BACKGROUND: Serious illnesses, such as cancer, bring the threat of loss of health and life closer. This may compromise spiritual well-being. Addressing patients' spirituality is essential in nursing care. Therefore, nursing records should reflect, clarify, and enable spiritual-care follow-up. AIM: The aim of this study is to explore how spiritual care is expressed in nursing records in cancer care. METHOD: This study adopted a hermeneutic approach, and a qualitative content analysis was used to explore the nursing records of 43 inpatients with cancer from Norway. Ethical approval was obtained, and the privacy of the patients and healthcare professionals was safeguarded in line with the applicable legislation. RESULTS: Spiritual care was rarely reported in the nursing records (i.e., the nursing care plans and the progress notes). However, traces of spiritual care appeared in the records of everyday nursing. Four themes emerged from the analysis: (1) relieving life pain and mitigating loss, (2) facilitating faith support, (3) welcoming family and friends, and (4) sustaining normality and sharing joy. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the nursing records of cancer care seldom expressed spiritual care concerning patients' life pain, loss, or faith support. Increasing nurses' competencies in mapping, documenting, and attending to spiritual care, as well as overcoming the limitations of documentation systems, could help address the spiritual needs of cancer patients.

Association between self-efficacy, spiritual well-being and the willingness to provide spiritual care among nursing staff in Taiwan: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Spiritual care plays a significant role in holistic patient care, addressing not only physical ailments but also attending to patients' emotional and spiritual well-being. While the importance of spiritual care in nursing is widely recognized, there is often a gap in understanding nurses' willingness to provide such care. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the association between self-efficacy, spiritual well-being, and willingness to provide spiritual care among nursing staff. METHODS: The study conducted a cross-sectional survey of full-time registered nurses at a hospital in Taiwan from January 2019 to December 2019. A sample comprising 168 nurses was selected for participation in the study through a random sampling method. In addition to collecting demographic variables, the assessment tools used in the study include the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) for measuring self-efficacy, the Spiritual Index of Well-Being Chinese Version (SIWB-C) for evaluating spiritual well-being, and the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory (SCNI) to gauge willingness to provide spiritual care. RESULTS: Most participants in the study were female, accounting for 98.2% (n = 165). The mean age of all 168 nurses was 37.1 ± 9.3 years. Additionally, most participants held a Bachelor's degree (79.2%, n = 133) and possessed clinical experience was 10.5 ± 9.3 years. Through logistic regression analysis, it was found that regardless of whether participants have received sufficient spiritual care training, both GSES and SIWB-C remain influential factors in determining the provision of spiritual care. CONCLUSIONS: Collaboration between healthcare management and nursing staff is essential for fostering a healthcare environment that not only appreciates the physical and spiritual dimensions of patient care but also prioritizes the enhancement of nurses ' self-efficacy and well-being.

Exploring nurses' experiences of providing spiritual care to cancer patients: a qualitative study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to explore nurses' experiences of delivering spiritual care in an oncology setting. METHODS: An exploratory- descriptive qualitative design. Focus groups were conducted to gather data. The discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim to ensure accuracy, credibility, and reliability. Inductive thematic analysis was performed to analyze the narratives, and the study's reporting followed the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies. RESULTS: The study revealed four major themes: the spirituality from the perspective of oncology nurses, recognition of patients' spiritual needs, delivery of spiritual care to patients with cancer, and barriers in implementing spiritual care. The participants identified insufficient staff, lack of time, and insufficient knowledge and skills as obstacles to delivering spiritual care. CONCLUSION: This study offers a thorough understanding of how nurses provide spiritual care in an oncology setting. It is recommended that organizational interventions, such as increasing staff numbers, be implemented to enable nurses to provide more compassionate care. Furthermore, nursing curriculums should incorporate purposeful engagement and focused debriefing related to spiritual care to better equip nurses in identifying and meeting the spiritual needs of their patients.

Deconstructing spiritual care: Discursive underpinnings within palliative care research.

Religion and spirituality are integral to the philosophy of palliative care, shaping its approach to spiritual care. This article aims to examine the discourses within palliative care research to illuminate prevailing assumptions regarding spiritual care. Eighteen original articles were analyzed to examine how spiritual care is understood within palliative care. The analysis, informed by Foucault, aimed to identify recurring discourses. The finding reveals that, in palliative care research, spirituality is viewed as enigmatic yet inherently human and natural, assuming that every individual has a spiritual dimension. The analysis points to healthcare professionals being expected to hold certain qualities to put spiritual care into practice. The analysis also reveals that in the analyzed articles, the concept of spiritual care is rooted in a Christian context, with the belief that all individuals possess inherent spirituality or religiosity, a concept often associated with Christian theology. The included articles often utilize theological terms and emphasize a monotheistic viewpoint. Spirituality is articulated as a complex, distinct concept, challenging clear definitions and professional responsibilities. Further, a moral formation of healthcare professionals is described, interpelling and ascribing qualities that healthcare professionals need to provide spiritual care.

Nurses' models of spiritual care: A cross-sectional survey of American nurses.

OBJECTIVES: Despite there being many models for how spiritual care should be provided, the way nurses actually provide spiritual care often differs from these models. Based on the premise that the way a person enacts their work role is related to how they understand that role, this study aims to describe the qualitatively different ways that nurses understand their spiritual care role. METHODS: A convenience sample of 66 American nurses completed an anonymous, online questionnaire about what spiritual care means for them and what they generally do to provide spiritual care. Their responses were analyzed phenomenographically. RESULTS: Four qualitatively different ways of understanding emerged: active management of the patient's experience, responsive facilitation of patient's wishes, accompaniment on the patient's dying journey, and empowering co-action with the patient. Each understanding was found to demonstrate a specific combination of 5 attributes that described the spiritual care role: nurse directivity, the cues used for spiritual assessment, and the nurse's perception of intimacy, the patient, and the task. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The findings of this study may explain why nurses vary in their spiritual care role and can be used to assess and develop competence in spiritual care.

Spiritual care interventions for palliative care patients: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and map spiritual care interventions to address spiritual needs and alleviate suffering of patients in the context of palliative care. METHODS: A scoping review using the PRISMA ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist was conducted according to the JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) guidelines. The search was conducted from October 2022 to January 2023 using 9 electronic databases and gray literature. Studies on spiritual care interventions in palliative care were included. Disagreements between the 2 reviewers were resolved by discussion or a third reviewer. RESULTS: A total of 47 studies were included in this review. All selected articles were published between 2003 and 2022. In total, 8 types of spiritual care interventions were identified to assess spiritual needs and/or alleviate suffering: conversations between the patient and a team member, religious practice interventions, therapeutic presence, guided music therapy, multidisciplinary interventions, guided meditation, art therapy, and combined interventions with multiple components such as music, art, integrative therapy, and reflection. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Our study identified few spiritual care interventions in palliative care worldwide. Although this review noted a gradual increase in studies, there is a need to improve the reporting quality of spiritual care interventions, so they can be replicated in other contexts. The different interventions identified in this review can be a contribution to palliative care teams as they provide a basis for what is currently being done internationally to alleviate suffering in palliative care and what can be improved. No patient or public contribution was required to design or undertake this methodological research.

Multi-professional perspectives to reduce moral distress: A qualitative investigation.

BACKGROUND: Encounters of moral distress have long-term consequences on healthcare workers' physical and mental health, leading to job dissatisfaction, reduced patient care, and high levels of burnout, exhaustion, and intentions to quit. Yet, research on approaches to ameliorate moral distress across the health workforce is limited. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to qualitatively explore multi-professional perspectives of healthcare social workers, chaplains, and patient liaisons on ways to reduce moral distress and heighten well-being at a southern U.S. academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS & RESEARCH CONTEXT: Purposive sampling and chain-referral methods assisted with recruitment through hospital listservs, staff meetings, and newsletters. Interested participants contacted the principal investigator and all interviews were conducted in-person. Consent was attained prior to interviews. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. RESEARCH DESIGN: Directed content analysis was used to deductively organize codes and to develop themes in conjunction with the National Academy of Medicine's National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being. Rigor was attained through peer-debriefing, data triangulation methods, and frequent research team meetings. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Ethics approval was obtained from the university and medical center institutional review boards. FINDINGS: Themes demonstrate that rather than offering interventions in the aftermath of moral distress, multilevel daily practices ought to be considered that pre-emptively identify and reduce morally distressing encounters through (1) the care team, (2) management and leadership, and (3) the health care industry. Strategies include interdisciplinary decision-making, trusting managerial relationships, and organizational policies and practices that explicitly invest in mental health promotion and diverse leadership opportunities. CONCLUSION: Moral distress interventions ought to target short-term stress reactions while also addressing the long-term impacts of moral residue. Health systems must financially commit to an ethical workplace culture that explicitly values mental health and well-being.

How emotional contagion shapes spiritual care competence: Insights from a cross-sectional study on intensive care nurses.

BACKGROUND: Intensive care units (ICUs) are environments where nurses are open to emotional interactions because of complex structures and dynamic relationships. Nurses' susceptibility to emotional contagion and their spiritual care competence may affect the quality of care by influencing their ability to manage and respond to the emotional dynamics present in these environments. AIM: This study aimed to determine the level of emotional contagion and spiritual care competence in intensive care nurses. STUDY DESIGN: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted with 199 nurses working in the ICUs of a training and research hospital in Turkey. The data were collected between December 2021 and June 2022 using the Emotional Contagion Scale (ECS) and the Spiritual Care Competence Scale (SCCS). RESULTS: The mean score of the nurses was 50.29 ± 15.36 on the ECS and 90.29 ± 29.53 on the SCCS. A statistically significant difference was found between the ECS and SCCS and gender, marital status, weekly working hours and some approaches about spiritual care (p < .05). It was determined that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the total scales and sub-dimensions of the ECS and SCCS (p < .05). In this study, it was found that intensive care nurses' susceptibility to emotional contagion was high, and that their spiritual care competence was at a moderate level. The results show that gender, marital status, weekly working hours, type of ICU and some approaches about spiritual care are crucial factors in nurses' emotional contagion and spiritual care competence. In addition, as the intensive care nurses' susceptibility to emotional contagion increased, their spiritual care competence also increased. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study will guide the planning of interventions to protect intensive care nurses from the negative effects of emotional contagion and increase their spiritual care competence. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is necessary to protect intensive care nurses from the negative effects of emotional contagion and to increase their competences in spiritual care.