Translation and Validation of American Diabetes Association Diabetes Risk Test: The Malay Version.

Background: Early detection of high-risk people for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a simple, non-invasive and cost-effective assessment tool helps to identify and prevent members of the community from developing this disease. Therefore, this study aims to translate the American Diabetes Association (ADA) diabetes risk test for Malaysians and then evaluate its validity. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2019 and April 2019. The instrument underwent forward and backward translation according to Behling and Law's technique. Content validity was performed by two experts and face validity was conducted among 35 convenience samples from Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Both were analysed using content validity index and face validity index, respectively. Results: All respondents were Malay, and had attained tertiary education with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 20.63 (2.80) years old and BMI of 30.45 (5.99). Among the respondents, 57.1%, 94.3% and 80% were female, single and having a household income below RM1,500, respectively. The Malay translated instrument achieved high I-content validity index (CVI) [0.5-1.0] and S-CVI/Ave [0.93] as well as high I-face validity index (FVI) [0.86-0.97] and S-FVI/Ave [0.91] for understandability, and high I-FVI [0.77-0.91] and S-FVI/Ave [0.85] for clarity. Conclusion: The Malay version of the ADA diabetes risk test was found to be a valid survey instrument to be used for the Malaysian adult population.

Screening for diabetes risk using the diabetes risk test and point-of-care hemoglobin A1C values in adults seen in a dental clinic.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of screening for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and the prevalence of adult patients seen in a dental clinic at risk for T2DM based on American Diabetes Association (ADA) diabetes risk test (DRT) scores and point of care hemoglobin A1C (A1C) values. METHOD AND MATERIALS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from adults 18 to 89 years old seen in an academic dental clinic between November 2019 and April 2022 without prior history of diabetes. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from electronic health records and odontograms. Frequency distributions, chi-square, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Of the 13,519 patients whose data were included, 54.7% (n = 7,389) were women. Of those with race and ethnicity data, 53.6% (n = 2,871) were white, 40.2% (n = 2,153) were African American, and 29.5% (n = 1,559) were Hispanic/Latino. Mean ± SD age was 47.0 + 17.0 years; mean ± SD body mass index was 28.0 ± 6.1 kg/m2. Thirty-five percent (n = 4,774) had diabetes risk test scores reflecting T2DM risk. Those at risk were more likely to be older, male, and overweight/obese than those not at risk (P < .001). Of those at risk who consented to a point of care A1C (9.8%, n = 470), 40.2% (n = 189) had values consistent with dysglycemia (A1C ≥ 5.7%); 34.9% (n = 164) reflecting prediabetes (A1C = 5.7% to 6.4%) and 5.3% (n = 25) diabetes (A1C ≥ 6.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes screening in a dental clinic identified that over one-third of adults without T2DM were at risk based on diabetes risk test scores. Of those who had point of care A1Cs conducted; 40% had dysglycemia. Diabetes screening in an academic dental clinic can help identify patients at risk for T2DM.

ADA Diabetes Risk Test Adaptation in Indonesian Adult Populations: Can It Replace Random Blood Glucose Screening Test?

AIMS: The use of non-invasive and easily available assessment tools such as the ADA diabetes risk test is recommended for diabetes screening among general population. This study aims to assess the validity of the ADA diabetes risk test in screening for screening hyperglycemia in Indonesian population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study conducted at primary health care in Cibeber sub district at Cilegon city, Banten province, Indonesia. Subjects were aged ≥45 years old without a prior diagnosis of diabetes were recruited consecutively. The risk of hyperglycemia was measured using the ADA Diabetes Risk Test. Random capillary blood glucose (RcBG) with a cut-off value >140 mg/dL used as a comparison. RESULTS: From a total of 134 subjects, 23.13% of subjects (n = 31) had hyperglycemia. The ADA Diabetes Risk Test gave an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.60-0.81) with an optimal cut-off of value ≥5. The sensitivity of the ADA diabetes risk test in diagnosing hyperglycemia was 68% with a false-negative rate (FNR) of 32.26%. Meanwhile, at a cut-off value ≥4, the sensitivity of the ADA Diabetes Risk Test was 93% with an FNR of 9.7%. CONCLUSION: ADA diabetes risk test provides a valuable result as a diabetes screening tool in the Indonesian population, thus promotes intervention strategies for population known to be at risk.

Utilizing a Diabetes Risk Test and A1c Point-of-Care Instrument to Identify Increased Risk for Diabetes In an Educational Dental Hygiene Setting.

PURPOSE: The objective of this pilot study was to demonstrate the number of patients at increased risk for type 2 diabetes development using a validated survey; and to assess the rate of compliance for A1c screening in an educational dental hygiene setting. METHODS: This was a descriptive study using a purposive sample of patients in an academic dental hygiene clinic, who were 18 years or older, not diagnosed with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. Utilizing the American Diabetes Association adopted diabetes risk survey, patients determined to be at increased risk for type 2 diabetes were offered the opportunity for further assessment by having their A1c tested using a point of care instrument. Patients demonstrating an increased risk for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, with either the survey or the point of care instrument, were referred to their primary physician for further evaluation. RESULTS: A total 179 of the 422 solicited patients agreed to participate in the American Diabetes Association adopted diabetes risk survey. According to the survey guidelines, 77 participants were considered increased risk for type 2 diabetes for an at-risk prevalence of 48% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 40 to 56%). The at-risk participants were then asked to have an A1c test of which 45 agreed (compliance rate 58%, 95% CI: 47 to 70%). Using American Diabetes Association A1c parameters, 60.98% (n=25) indicated a prediabetes (5.7 to 6.4%) range, and 4.88% (n=2) indicated a diabetes (≥6.5%) range. CONCLUSION: Utilizing the American Diabetes Association adopted diabetes risk survey in any dental setting could provide patients with invaluable health information, and potentially improve overall health outcomes.