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1.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(24): e2321809121, 2024 Jun 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38781227

RESUMO

The modern canon of open science consists of five "schools of thought" that justify unfettered access to the fruits of scientific research: i) public engagement, ii) democratic right of access, iii) efficiency of knowledge gain, iv) shared technology, and v) better assessment of impact. Here, we introduce a sixth school: due process. Due process under the law includes a right to "discovery" by a defendant of potentially exculpatory evidence held by the prosecution. When such evidence is scientific, due process becomes a Constitutional mandate for open science. To illustrate the significance of this new school, we present a case study from forensics, which centers on a federally funded investigation that reports summary statistics indicating that identification decisions made by forensic firearms examiners are highly accurate. Because of growing concern about validity of forensic methods, the larger scientific community called for public release of the complete analyzable dataset for independent audit and verification. Those in possession of the data opposed release for three years while summary statistics were used by prosecutors to gain admissibility of evidence in criminal trials. Those statistics paint an incomplete picture and hint at flaws in experimental design and analysis. Under the circumstances, withholding the underlying data in a criminal proceeding violates due process. Following the successful open-science model of drug validity testing through "clinical trials," which place strict requirements on experimental design and timing of data release, we argue for registered and open "forensic trials" to ensure transparency and accountability.


Assuntos
Ciências Forenses , Humanos , Ciências Forenses/métodos , Armas de Fogo/legislação & jurisprudência
2.
J Emerg Med ; 62(5): 675-684, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35400510

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Corporate control in emergency departments (EDs) has increased during the past 20 years through hospital consolidation and the growth of ED contract management groups. OBJECTIVES: To describe the growing corporate influence in the practice of emergency medicine and associated dangers to the public's safety and well-being. DISCUSSION: Hospital systems through mergers and acquisitions have created regional monopolies providing them the power to charge high fees, which can lead to economic hardship for patients. Hospitals have also increasingly employed physicians and can exert influence over their practice to further increase profits. ED contract management groups (CMGs) obtain the exclusive contract for emergency services and gain control over the livelihood of emergency physicians, decreasing their autonomy and inserting the business interest into the physician-patient relationship, and this may result in harm to patients. Safety issues identified by emergency physicians may not be articulated for fear of being fired, and protocols may direct physicians to order unneeded testing and encourage unnecessary hospital admissions to make higher profits. Of additional concern, some CMGs are involved in graduate emergency medicine education, exposing physicians in training to corporate influence during their formative years. CONCLUSIONS: Given the potential harm to patients due to corporate influence, there must be serious consideration for legislative or regulatory solutions regarding the increasing corporate control of emergency medicine in the United States.


Assuntos
Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Medicina de Emergência , Médicos , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina , Medicina de Emergência/educação , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Humanos , Estados Unidos
3.
Ecol Soc ; 22(2): 1-3, 2017 Jun 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29780429

RESUMO

Adaptive governance must work "on the ground," that is, it must operate through structures and procedures that the people it governs perceive to be legitimate and fair, as well as incorporating processes and substantive goals that are effective in allowing social-ecological systems (SESs) to adapt to climate change and other impacts. To address the continuing and accelerating alterations that climate change is bringing to SESs, adaptive governance generally will require more flexibility than prior governance institutions have often allowed. However, to function as good governance, adaptive governance must pay real attention to the problem of how to balance this increased need for flexibility with continuing governance stability so that it can foster adaptation to change without being perceived or experienced as perpetually destabilizing, disruptive, and unfair. Flexibility and stability serve different purposes in governance, and a variety of tools exist to strike different balances between them while still preserving the governance institution's legitimacy among the people governed. After reviewing those purposes and the implications of climate change for environmental governance, we examine psychological insights into the structuring of adaptive governance and the variety of legal tools available to incorporate those insights into adaptive governance regimes. Because the substantive goals of governance systems will differ among specific systems, we do not purport to comment on what the normative or substantive goals of law should be. Instead, we conclude that attention to process and procedure (including participation), as well as increased use of substantive standards (instead of rules), may allow an increased level of substantive flexibility to operate with legitimacy and fairness, providing the requisite levels of psychological, social, and economic stability needed for communities to adapt successfully to the Anthropocene.

4.
Soc Sci Res ; 53: 391-402, 2015 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26188462

RESUMO

This paper applies theoretical frameworks from organizational sociology and sociolegal studies to examine factors associated with educators' conceptions of students' rights to due process in disciplinary actions. We analyze a unique representative data set of 402 teachers and 200 administrators in U.S. high schools to investigate how educators understand the rights to due process articulated in the Supreme Court case of Goss v. Lopez (1975). We then examine whether individual characteristics and participation in organizational processes are associated with educators' understandings of students' due process rights. Findings suggest that educators' understandings of students' entitlements to due process vary with educators' level of education, experience of school-related legal threats, and participation in district or diocese in-service training programs on students' rights. Results point to organizational climate as a key factor in shaping educators' rights conceptions and the role of law in American schools.


Assuntos
Direitos Civis/legislação & jurisprudência , Compreensão , Capacitação em Serviço , Cultura Organizacional , Punição , Professores Escolares , Instituições Acadêmicas , Direitos Civis/educação , Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas/legislação & jurisprudência , Estados Unidos , Local de Trabalho
5.
Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol ; 67(8): 783-802, 2023 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34963353

RESUMO

The fallible nature of the criminal justice system continues to see judicial errors-that is, wrongful convictions and erroneous acquittals-undermine its integrity, efficacy, and legitimacy. Public perceptions of judicial errors are important contributors to criminal justice policy and reforms. The current study utilizes the 2016 Australian Survey of Social Attitudes (AuSSA) dataset to examine public attitudes toward judicial errors. It applies Herbert Packer's crime control and due process models to understand how concerns around procedural safeguards and public safety are associated with public perceptions toward judicial errors. Packer's model has been challenged by studies, which theorize that the models are not mutually exclusive. Yet, they have not been empirically tested in this context, which is a gap this study seeks to fill. Findings show that due process and crime control concerns shape public attitudes toward wrongful convictions and challenge the notion that Packer's models be applied on a continuum.


Assuntos
Crime , Opinião Pública , Humanos , Austrália , Direito Penal , Função Jurisdicional
6.
J Law Biosci ; 9(1): lsac003, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35311221

RESUMO

The graphic and bodily facts of a legal question of rights are relevant to the courts, particularly in questions that directly implicate physical bodies and pain, such as right to die cases, or what level of search may be allowable and when. However, in the case of abortion, or more specifically the bodily ramifications of pregnancy and childbirth, this detail is conspicuously absent. This article, relying on a content analysis of over 220 legal opinions on abortion rights, documents this absence of rhetoric. Particularly in the context of other discussions of pain and physical health risks in these very same cases, the complete absence of an acknowledgement of the bodily ramifications of pregnancy and childbirth appears purposeful, if perhaps not conscious. Reviewing prior literature on abortion rights and abortion rhetoric, it is likely that this lack of language both reflects and reinforces an assumption of women's roles as mothers, a general reluctance to acknowledge the totality of the sacrifices women make in giving birth, and the refusal to acknowledge women's individual interests as whole persons.

7.
AI Soc ; : 1-15, 2022 Oct 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36212228

RESUMO

Public entities around the world are increasingly deploying artificial intelligence (AI) and algorithmic decision-making systems to provide public services or to use their enforcement powers. The rationale for the public sector to use these systems is similar to private sector: increase efficiency and speed of transactions and lower the costs. However, public entities are first and foremost established to meet the needs of the members of society and protect the safety, fundamental rights, and wellbeing of those they serve. Currently AI systems are deployed by the public sector at various administrative levels without robust due diligence, monitoring, or transparency. This paper critically maps out the challenges in procurement of AI systems by public entities and the long-term implications necessitating AI-specific procurement guidelines and processes. This dual-prong exploration includes the new complexities and risks introduced by AI systems, and the institutional capabilities impacting the decision-making process. AI-specific public procurement guidelines are urgently needed to protect fundamental rights and due process.

9.
J Am Acad Psychiatry Law ; 49(3): 415-421, 2021 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34001672

RESUMO

The U.S. Ninth Circuit is the largest of the federal appeals courts, encompassing the states of Alaska, Washington, and Oregon to the north, Hawaii, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands to the west, California and Arizona to the west and southwest, along with the three intermountain states of Idaho, Montana, and Nevada. The landmass within the Ninth Circuit represents great diversity of geography, climate, population density, and cultural and political traditions. This article considers two landmark Ninth Circuit decisions, one from Oregon and the other from Washington, two states that share geography, culture, and political orientation. Informed by these decisions, we consider how the Ninth Circuit might view the jail-based competency evaluation and restoration programs in the state of Arizona. We explore: the due process rights of jail detainees who are awaiting an evaluation of trial competency; and the time necessary for admission to, and the adequacy of, Arizona's jail-based competency restoration programs after a finding of incompetency.


Assuntos
Direitos Civis , Prisões Locais , Arizona , Oregon , Estados Unidos , Washington
10.
Drug Alcohol Rev ; 38(6): 630-638, 2019 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31397046

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Jurisdictions across Australia have implemented policies to tackle problems associated with alcohol consumption in and around licensed premises. Patron banning is one measure which has become increasingly popular. Discretionary police-imposed bans can exclude recipients from expansive public areas for extended periods of time. Concern has been expressed regarding the potential for bans to be imposed inappropriately or unfairly and their capacity to undermine due process. This article examines an aspect of police-imposed banning that has received little attention, the general absence of options for independent or judicial review of the imposition of a ban. DESIGN AND METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Magistrates in Victoria. Key themes are examined with reference to Victoria's published police banning data, parliamentary debates and other relevant literature. RESULTS: The findings draw attention to issues of procedural fairness, the risk of misuse and consequential effects for police legitimacy arising from the operation of discretionary police-imposed bans. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The Victorian Parliament dismissed the option of an independent post-hoc appeal process for police-imposed bans. The discretionary nature of police bans, the absence of meaningful oversight and the attendant potential for their misuse point to the need for the legislation covering police bans to be revised to introduce an independent process of review. This issue extends beyond Victoria, as six of the eight Australian jurisdictions do not permit any independent review of a police decision to impose a public area ban.


Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/legislação & jurisprudência , Polícia/legislação & jurisprudência , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Aplicação da Lei , Vitória
11.
Rev. crim ; 66(1): 129-144, 20240412. Ilus, Tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1554773

RESUMO

En el desarrollo de la indagación e investigación del proceso penal previsto en la Ley 906 de 2004 se crearon medios de prueba que afectan derechos fundamentales como la libertad, la vida, el buen nombre, la entidad, la propiedad privada, la libre locomoción, entre otros. La aplicación de tales medios puede ser ordenada por la Fiscalía General de la Nación sin control legal previo de un juez de control de garantías. Así, esta investigación parte del interrogante: ¿Debería ser necesario el control previo del juez de garantías en los actos de indagación e investigación previstos en la Ley 906 de 2004? El presente artículo dará una respuesta clara y contundente, utilizando un método jurídico-cualitativo de interpretación mediante el cual se estudiará y reconocerá la necesidad del control previo del juez en actos como los del libro II (técnicas de indagación e investigación de la prueba y sistema probatorio), título I (la indagación y la investigación). Además, se analizará y justificará la necesidad de la intervención del juez para medios como el allanamiento y registro, la retención de correspondencia, la interceptación de comunicaciones, la recuperación de información dejada al navegar por internet u otros medios tecnológicos similares, la vigilancia y seguimiento de personas, la vigilancia de cosas, los agentes encubiertos y la entrega vigilada e incautación de bienes con fines de comiso. Esto porque en la gran mayoría de esas actuaciones, en la práctica judicial de los procesos penales, se evidencian excesos e incluso ilegalidades de la Policía Judicial y la Fiscalía. Para ello se estudiarán el principio de reserva judicial y el nuevo concepto de juez en el proceso penal, tal y como es entendido por la ONU: una garantía procesal para ponderar los derechos confrontados. Se tendrá en cuenta, en ese sentido, que en el modelo de Estado constitucional colombiano la limitación o restricción de garantías fundamentales debe ser proporcional y razonable frente al fin de la investigación. De igual forma se propone, en el ámbito legislativo, la modificación y creación de un capítulo único de actuaciones que requieran autorización judicial para su realización por parte de la Fiscalía General de la Nación.


In the development of the enquiry and investigation of criminal proceedings under Law 906 of 2004, means of evidence were created that affect fundamental rights such as freedom, life, good name, entity, private property, and freedom of movement, among others. The application of such means can be ordered by the Attorney General's Office without prior legal control by a supervisory judge. Thus, this research is based on the question: Should prior control by the judge of guarantees be necessary in the acts of enquiry and investigation provided for in Law 906 of 2004? This article will give a clear and convincing answer, using a legal-qualitative method of interpretation through which the need for prior control by the judge in acts such as those in Book II (investigation techniques and investigation of evidence and the evidential system), Title I (the investigation and the investigation) will be studied and recognised. In addition, the need for the judge's intervention will be analysed and justified for means such as search and seizure, the retention of correspondence, the interception of communications, the recovery of information left behind when surfing the internet or other similar technological means, the surveillance and monitoring of persons, the surveillance of things, undercover agents and the controlled delivery and seizure of goods for confiscation purposes. This is because in the vast majority of these actions, in the judicial practice of criminal proceedings, there is evidence of excesses and even illegalities by the Judicial Police and the Prosecutor's Office. To this end, the principle of judicial reserve and the new concept of the judge in criminal proceedings, as understood by the UN, will be studied: a procedural guarantee for weighing up conflicting rights. In this sense, it will be taken into account that in the Colombian constitutional state model, the limitation or restriction of fundamental guarantees must be proportional and reasonable in relation to the purpose of the investigation. Similarly, it is proposed, in the legislative sphere, the modification and creation of a single chapter on actions that require judicial authorisation to be carried out by the Attorney General's Office.


No desenvolvimento do inquérito e da investigação dos processos penais previstos na Lei 906 de 2004, foram criados meios de prova que afetam direitos fundamentais como a liberdade, a vida, o bom nome, a entidade, a propriedade privada e a liberdade de locomoção, entre outros. A aplicação de tais meios pode ser ordenada pelo Ministério Público sem o prévio controle legal de um juiz supervisor. Assim, esta pesquisa se baseia na pergunta: Deve ser necessário o controle prévio do juiz de garantias nos atos de inquérito e investigação previstos na Lei 906 de 2004? Este artigo dará uma resposta clara e convincente, utilizando-se de um método jurídico-qualitativo de interpretação, por meio do qual será estudada e reconhecida a necessidade de controle prévio pelo juiz em atos como os do Livro II (técnicas de investigação e apuração de provas e sistema probatório), Título I (o inquérito e a investigação). Além disso, será analisada e justificada a necessidade da intervenção do juiz para meios como a busca e apreensão, a retenção de correspondência, a interceptação de comunicações, a recuperação de informações deixadas durante a navegação na Internet ou outros meios tecnológicos similares, a vigilância e o monitoramento de pessoas, a vigilância de coisas, os agentes infiltrados e a entrega controlada e a apreensão de bens para fins de confisco. Isso porque, na grande maioria dessas ações, na prática judicial do processo penal, há indícios de excessos e até ilegalidades por parte da Polícia Judiciária e do Ministério Público. Para tanto, estudaremos o princípio da reserva jurisdicional e o novo conceito de juiz no processo penal, conforme entendimento da ONU: uma garantia processual de ponderação dos direitos em conflito. Nesse sentido, será levado em conta que, no modelo de Estado constitucional colombiano, a limitação ou restrição das garantias fundamentais deve ser proporcional e razoável em relação à finalidade da investigação. Da mesma forma, propõe-se, no âmbito legislativo, a modificação e a criação de um capítulo único de ações que requerem autorização judicial para sua execução pelo Ministério Público.


Assuntos
Humanos , Julgamento , Colômbia
12.
Acad Pathol ; 5: 2374289518807460, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30456295

RESUMO

Throughout the medical education continuum, some students encounter difficulty in meeting academic or professional standards that leads to remediation or dismissal. Termination of a student without due process may lead to litigation by deprivation of a student's property or liberty interest. This article outlines the concept of procedural and substantive due process as applied to litigated student dismissal cases in undergraduate and graduate medical education. Determination of the amount of due process owed is based on whether the dismissal is academic or nonacademic. The decision to dismiss a student where the entire student record has been reviewed, due process provided, and the institution complied with its own policies is usually upheld by the courts in litigation.

13.
J Subst Abuse Treat ; 83: 68-72, 2017 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28919058

RESUMO

A system known as fair hearings is a due process opportunity for patients who are involuntarily discharged from methadone maintenance treatment to challenge the discharge recommendation. We know very little about the processes and outcomes of fair hearings. For this study, we used a mixed methods approach to retrospectively analyze 73 fair hearing reports that were documented from a California methadone maintenance treatment program between 2000 and 2014. The aims of the study were to identify the reasons for involuntary discharge recommendation from methadone maintenance, describe the factors involved when fair hearing outcomes decided in favor of the clinic, and describe the factors involved when fair hearing outcomes decided in favor of the patient. We found that patient attendance at the fair hearing meeting was significantly related to the outcome ruling in favor of the patient. We organized the reasons for discharge recommendations into five categories: 1) suspected diversion, 2) behavioral/interpersonal, 3) repeated, unexcused absences, 4) co-occurring substance use, and 5) multiple sources of opioids. For each category, we use excerpts from fair hearing reports to provide context to the circumstances involved in an outcome favoring the patient or the clinic.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Metadona/administração & dosagem , Tratamento de Substituição de Opiáceos/estatística & dados numéricos , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Alta do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , California , Humanos , Tratamento de Substituição de Opiáceos/normas , Alta do Paciente/normas , Estudos Retrospectivos , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/normas
14.
Rev. crim ; 64(2): 63-75, 2022.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1417900

RESUMO

El presente artículo expone los argumentos que edificó la Corte Constitucional a la hora de revisar la acción pública de inconstitucionalidad que se presentó en contra del parágrafo 1 del artículo 8 de la Ley 1843 de 2017. La importancia de identificar la estructura argumentativa de la Corte Constitucional, permite entender de qué manera los presupuestos rectores del derecho fundamental al debido proceso son vinculantes, al momento de impedir que la extensión de la solidaridad en el pago de una sanción pecuniaria derivada del uso de las cámaras de fotodetección, ponga en riesgo la aplicación del principio de responsabilidad individual, la imputación, la tipicidad y la debida defensa.


This article sets out the arguments built by the Constitutional Court when reviewing the public action of unconstitutionality filed against paragraph 1 of Article 8 of Law 1843 of 2017. The importance of identifying the argumentative structure of the Constitutional Court, allows understanding how the guiding assumptions of the fundamental right to due process are binding, when preventing the extension of solidarity in the payment of a pecuniary sanction derived from the use of photodetection cameras, jeopardizing the application of the principle of individual responsibility, imputation, typicality and due defense.


Este artigo apresenta os argumentos construídos pelo Tribunal Constitucional ao rever a ação pública de inconstitucionalidade apresentada contra o parágrafo 1 do artigo 8 da Lei 1843 de 2017. A importância de identificar a estrutura argumentativa do Tribunal Constitucional, nos permite compreender como são vinculativas as premissas norteadoras do direito fundamental ao devido processo, ao impedir a extensão da solidariedade no pagamento de uma penalidade financeira derivada do uso de câmeras fotodetetoras, colocando em risco a aplicação do princípio da responsabilidade individual, imputação, criminalidade e devida defesa.


Assuntos
Humanos , Direitos Humanos , Colômbia , Constituição e Estatutos , Sanção , Jurisprudência
15.
Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am ; 25(1): 19-26, 2016 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26593115

RESUMO

Mental health clinicians serving child and adolescent patients are frequently asked to evaluate youth who have been arrested for various offenses or who are otherwise involved with the juvenile justice system. To help orient clinicians and other stakeholders involved with such cases, this article describes the evolution of the juvenile justice system and summarizes the history and current status of the civil and constitutional rights of youth involved in the adjudicatory process. This article also points out key areas in which due process rights are still evolving, particularly in the case of status offenders.


Assuntos
Direitos Civis/legislação & jurisprudência , Jurisprudência , Delinquência Juvenil/legislação & jurisprudência , Adolescente , Criança , Humanos
16.
Int J Law Psychiatry ; 38: 100-13, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25748886

RESUMO

A large empirical literature on Kendra's Law has assessed the impact of court ordered outpatient treatment on outcomes such as treatment adherence, psychiatric hospitalization, quality of life, and treatment costs. Missing from the empirical literature, however, is a better understanding of procedural due process under Kendra's Law. Procedural due process concerns the safeguards that must be in place when governments deprive persons of their liberties, for example--notice, the right to a hearing and the right to appeal. This article reports the findings from a qualitative study of procedural due process and assisted outpatient treatment hearings under Kendra's Law. Attorneys reported significant barriers to effective advocacy on behalf of their clients. Further, despite the shift from a medical model of civil commitment to a judicial model in the 1970s, by and large judges continue to accord great deference to clinical testimony.


Assuntos
Assistência Ambulatorial/legislação & jurisprudência , Direitos Civis/legislação & jurisprudência , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/legislação & jurisprudência , Pessoas Mentalmente Doentes/legislação & jurisprudência , Assistência Ambulatorial/métodos , Internação Compulsória de Doente Mental/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Pessoas Mentalmente Doentes/psicologia , Estados Unidos
17.
Trauma Violence Abuse ; 15(3): 227-241, 2014 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24626456

RESUMO

This review brings together both the legal literature and original empirical research regarding the advisability of amending the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act or creating new Department of Education regulations to mandate that all higher education institutions survey their students approximately every 5 years about students' experiences with sexual violence. Legal research conducted regarding the three relevant federal legal regimes show inconsistent incentives for schools to encourage victim reporting and proactively address sexual violence on campus. Moreover, the original research carried out for this article shows that the experience of institutions that have voluntarily conducted such surveys suggests many benefits not only for students, prospective students, parents, and the general public but also for schools themselves. These experiences confirm the practical viability of a mandated survey by the Department of Education.

18.
J Law Biosci ; 4(1): 194-204, 2017 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28781882
20.
Entramado ; 12(1)jun. 2016.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1534355

RESUMO

La carga dinámica de la prueba es una regla de juicio en materia probatoria, vigente en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, que consiste en asignar el gravamen de probar a la parte que se encuentre en mejores condiciones para hacerlo. Su implementación trae importantes y novedosas consecuencias prácticas, que analizadas a la luz de razonamientos constitucionales, atentan contra la supremacía constitucional en materia de igualdad. Esta regla favorece a uno de los extremos procesales y se consagra como una medida de diferenciación instituida en virtud del mandato de trato diferencial equitativo incluido en la Constitución política. Por ello se debe acreditar, para su válida procedencia, el cumplimiento de los requisitos exigidos por la Corte, como: la existencia de una justificación objetiva y razonable, una relación de proporcionalidad y racionalidad entre la justificación, los hechos y el fin perseguido. Sin embargo, la regla no cumple con el requisito de ser cimentada sobre una justificación que sea objetiva y por ello, constituye una diferenciación que contrario a materializar la igualdad real, termina por ocasionar su vulneración. Por esa razón se propone la regulación de la norma, a fin de asegurar que su aplicación solo se dé cuando exista justificación objetiva y razonable, esto es, ante la verificación de un desequilibrio real, que posea la entidad suficiente para hacer imperiosa la distribución de las cargas, ante la inminencia de afectación del derecho de defensa.


The dynamic burden of proof is on probation judgment rule, in force in the Colombian legal system, which is to allocate the burden of proving to the party is in a better position to make it matter. Its implementation brings important new practical consequences, which analyzed in the light of constitutional reasoning, undermine the constitutional supremacy on equality. This rule favors one of the procedural ends and is enshrined as a measure of differentiation established under the mandate of fair differential treatment included in the Constitution, therefore should be credited for their valid origin, compliance with the requirements of the Constitutional Court, such as: the existence of an objective and reasonable justification, a relationship of proportionality between justification and rationality facts and the aim pursued. However the rule does not meet the requirement of being founded on a rationale that is objective and therefore constitutes a differentiation that contrary to materialize real equality, ends up causing their violation. For that reason the regulation of the standard to ensure that your application will only be given when there is objective and reasonable justification is proposed, that is, before the verification of a real imbalance, which has sufficient authority to make urgent distribution of loads, the imminence of involvement of the right of defense.


A carga dinâmica da prova cabe a regra de julgamento liberdade condicional, em vigor no ordenamento jurídico colombiano, que é alocar o ônus de provar que o partido está em uma posição melhor para fazer isso importa. A sua implementação traz novas importantes consequências práticas, que analisou À luz do raciocínio constitucional, minar a supremacia constitucional sobre a igualdade. Esta regra favorece uma das extremidades processuais e está consagrado como uma medida de diferenciação estabelecida sob o mandato de um tratamento diferenciado justo incluído na Constituição. Portanto, deve ser creditado para a sua origem válido, o cumprimento das exigências do Tribunal, tais como a existência de uma justificação objectiva e razoável, uma relação de proporcionalidade entre a justificação e racionalidade, fatos e o objectivo prosseguido. No entanto, a regra não cumprir a exigência de ser fundada em uma lógica que é objetiva e constitui, portanto, uma diferenciação que, ao contrário de materializar igualdade real, acaba causando sua violação. Por essa razão, a regulamentação da norma é proposto, para garantir que a sua candidatura só será dado quando há justificação objectiva e razoável, isto é, antes da verificação de um desequilíbrio real, que tem autoridade suficiente para tornar a distribuição urgente cargas, a iminência de envolvimento do direito de defesa.

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