RESUMO
Calling males of Anastrepha obliqua release volatile compounds to attract conspecific males to form leks and females to mate. Male volatiles from Mexican and Brazilian populations of A. obliqua have been previously identified. However, there are differences in the number and identity of volatile compounds between the populations. These differences in volatile profiles may be due to male origin (e.g. wild or mass-reared flies) or methodological issues (e.g. sampling techniques). In this study, we evaluated the attractiveness of wild, laboratory non-irradiated, and laboratory-irradiated flies under semi-field conditions. Male volatiles were collected using dynamic headspace sampling (DHS) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques, and identified using gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry. The results showed no difference in the attractiveness of wild, laboratory non-irradiated, and irradiated males to females. However, the number of captured females differed according to the origin; wild and non-irradiated females were captured more frequently than the irradiated flies. A total of 21 compounds were found using SPME, whereas only 12 were collected using DHS, although the relative amounts of these compounds were higher than those obtained using the former sampling technique. In addition, only laboratory non-irradiated males released α-pinene and menthol, which have not been previously reported in this fruit fly species. Additionally, we identified novel compounds in A. obliqua; however, certain compounds previously reported were not detected. This study suggests that despite the qualitative and quantitative variations in the volatile profiles of A. obliqua males, their attractiveness was unaffected.
Assuntos
Tephritidae , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Animais , Masculino , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Tephritidae/efeitos da radiação , Tephritidae/fisiologia , Feminino , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Microextração em Fase Sólida , MéxicoRESUMO
El cogollero del tomate, Tuta absoluta, es considerado plaga principal del cultivo de tomate. Su control se realiza con químicos, aunque existen otros tipos de control como el biológico y etológico. En Colombia no existe ningún precedente que involucre la acción combinada de estrategias de control etológico incluyendo feromona sexual y biológico con Apanteles gelechiidivoris para el control de la plaga en cultivos de tomate. En este trabajo, se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos bajo condiciones de invernadero que incluyen control biológico con A. gelechiidivoris, etológico con trampas de feromona sexual, acción combinada de ambos controles y convencional (químico), con el objetivo de desarrollar una estrategia de control de T. absoluta a través de la acción combinada de control etológico con feromona sexual y biológico. Se realizó un muestreo sistemático, tomando una planta cada 2 m. En cada planta se tomó una hoja por estrato, semanalmente se registró el número de larvas totales, de tercer instar y parasitadas, y número de adultos capturados por trampa. El máximo parasitismo en la población de larvas susceptibles fue del 86,38 % y de la población de larvas totales 68,75 %. Se encontró que la acción combinada presenta una mayor efectividad y permanencia a través del tiempo para el control de larvas de T. absoluta.
The tomato budworm, Tuta absoluta, is considered main pest of tomato crops. Control of this pest is performed with hemicals, although, there are other strategies such as biological and ethological control. In Colombia there is not precedent that combines both strategies: ethological control with sexual pheromone and biological control with Apanteles gelechiidivoris, for the control of this pest in tomato crops. In this work four different treatments under greenhouse conditions were evaluated including biological control with A. gelechiidivoris, ethological control with sexual pheromone traps, combined action of both controls and traditional control (Chemicals). The experiments aimed to developing a control strategy to reduce populations of T. absoluta. This was done sampling a plant every to 2 meters. From each plant a sample composed by one leaf by stratum was taken and the variables number of total larvae of third instar and parasited and number of captured adults for trap. The maximum parasitism in the population of susceptible larvae was 86.38 % and for total population of larvae was 68.75 %. The combined action of pheromone traps and A. gelechiidivoris presented a greater efficiency and permanence on the control of larvae of T. absoluta.