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Deprotonation of O(iPr2 SiOH)2 (iPr LH2 ) with LiOtBu followed by reaction with FeCl2 in THF led to the complex [iPr L2 Fe][Li(THF)2 ]2 , 2, which represents a structural and spectroscopic model of the α-Fe sites of Fe/ZSM-5. Reaction with O2 in THF solution proceeds rather fast and is complete within 200â ms; an intermediate O2 adduct could not be identified by stopped-flow methods. Cooling blue solutions of 2 to -80 °C led to the growth of blue crystals of 2â THF, the analysis of which by XRD revealed a FeO4 core that is somewhat distorted from planarity towards a tetrahedral structure. By contrast, cooling such solutions to -30 °C led to pink crystals of an allogon featuring a perfectly square planar FeO4 entity. Hence, 2 represents a unique case where two different structural isomers (allogons) can be crystallized from the same solvent selectively, controlled by the temperature. DFT calculations were performed to understand this finding.
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In order to utilize salmon skin for high value, and investigate the structural identification and combination mechanism of iron (II)-chelating peptides systemically, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) skin, a by-product of Atlantic salmon processing, was treated by two-step enzymatic hydrolysis to obtain salmon skin active peptides (SSAP). Then they reacted with iron (II) to obtain iron (II)-chelating salmon skin active peptides (SSAP-Fe) with a high iron (II) chelating ability of 98.84%. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid ammonium salt hydrate (ANS) combined fluorescence measurement, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and full wavelength ultraviolet (UV) scanning showed that the structural characteristics of SSAP changed before and after chelating iron (II). Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and mass spectrometry were used to identify and quantify the peptides in SSAP-Fe. Four peptide sequences (STEGGG, GIIKYGDDFMH, PGQPGIGYDGPAGPPGPPGPPGAP and QNQRESWTTCRSQSSLPDG) were identified. The content of PGQPGIGYDGPAGPPGPPGPPGAP was the highest, at 25.17 µg/mg. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these four peptides were also investigated, and the results indicated that they have satisfactory predicted ADMET properties. Molecular docking technology was used to analyze the binding sites between iron (II) and SSAP, and it was found that PGQPGIGYDGPAGPPGPPGPPGAP had the lowest predicted binding energy with iron (II) and the most stable predicted binding energy with iron (II). This results showed that the stability of SSAP-Fe were closely related to the number of covalent bonds and the types of amino acids. This study revealed the structure and combination mechanism of SSAP-Fe, and indicated that SSAP-Fe prepared by chelation may be used as a Fe supplement that can be applied in functional foods or ingredients.
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3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetate (DHPA) 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.15) from Acinetobacter baumannii (AbDHPAO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the 2,3-extradiol ring-cleavage of DHPA in the p-hydroxyphenylacetate (HPA) degradation pathway. While the biochemical reactions of various DHPAOs have been reported, only structures of DHPAO from Brevibacterium fuscum and their homologs are available. Here, we report the X-ray structure and biochemical characterization of an Fe2+-specific AbDHPAO that shares 12% sequence identity to the enzyme from B. fuscum. The 1.8 Å X-ray structure of apo-AbDHPAO was determined with four subunits per asymmetric unit, consistent with a homotetrameric structure. Interestingly, the αß-sandwiched fold of the AbDHPAO subunit is different from the dual ß-barrel-like motif of the well-characterized B. fuscum DHPAO structures; instead, it is similar to the structures of non-DHPA extradiol dioxygenases from Comamonas sp. and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Similarly, these extradiol dioxygenases share the same chemistry owing to a conserved 2-His-1-carboxylate catalytic motif. Structure analysis and molecular docking suggested that the Fe2+ cofactor and substrate binding sites consist of the conserved residues His12, His57, and Glu238 forming a 2-His-1-carboxylate motif ligating to Fe2+ and DHPA bound with Fe2+ in an octahedral coordination. In addition to DHPA, AbDHPAO can also use other 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate derivatives with different aliphatic carboxylic acid substituents as substrates, albeit with low reactivity. Altogether, this report provides a better understanding of the structure and biochemical properties of AbDHPAO and its homologs, which is advancing further modification of DHPAO in future applications.
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Schiff base 4-((E)-((E)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazono)methyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol (HSP) was synthesized by condensing vitamin B6 cofactor pyridoxal with salicylaldehyde hydrazone, and characterized by standard spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and ESI-MS). The solution of HSP in DMSO/HEPES (10 mM, pH = 7.4) mixed solvents with varying HEPES fractions (fw) from 0 to 95% showed aggregation-induced emission (AIE). The AIE active HSP in 95% HEPES gave intense fluorescent emission at 570 nm was employed for the detection of metal ions. The fluorescence of HSP was quenched upon adding Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions. The association constant (Ka) of the Schiff base HSP with Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions was estimated as 4.08 × 105 M-1 and 1.23 × 105 M-1, respectively by using the online analysis tool BindFit v0.5. The HSP showed the detection limit down to 1.75 µM and 1.89 µM for Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions, respectively. Further, the aggregates of HSP were applied to visualize latent fingerprints (LFPs) over a non-porous glass slide.
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Cobre , Piridoxal , Cobre/análise , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , HEPES , Íons , Imagem Óptica , Bases de Schiff/química , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Ferro/análiseRESUMO
The hydroxyl radicals (·OH) produced by the Fenton reaction of iron(II) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) can oxidize the colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue oxidized TMB (Ox-TMB), resulting in a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the reaction system and an increase in ultraviolet absorption. Ox-TMB had a visible absorption peak at 625 nm and a fluorescence peak around 420 nm. When gallic acid (GA) was added to the system, Ox-TMB was reduced to TMB, which made the color of the system disappear and the fluorescence recover. The linear ranges for determination of iron(II) were 0.5-10 µM (fluorometric) and 0.5-20 µM (colorimetric), and the detection limits were 0.25 µM (fluorometric) and 0.28 µM (colorimetric). The linear ranges for determination of GA were 0-80 µM (fluorometric) and 0-60 µM (colorimetric), and the detection limits were 0.31 µM (fluorometric) and 0.8 µM (colorimetric). The results of anti-interference experiments shew that this dual-mode assay had very good selectivity for the determination of iron(II) and GA.
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Ácido Gálico , Ferro , Colorimetria/métodos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Compostos Ferrosos , Limite de DetecçãoRESUMO
The geometry and electronic structures of iron(II) complexes with porphyrin (FeP) and tetrabenzoporphyrin (FeTBP) in ground and low-lying excited electronic states are determined by DFT (PBE0/def2-TZVP) calculations and the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method, followed by the multiconfigurational quasi-degenerate second-order perturbation theory (MCQDPT2) approach to determine the dynamic electron correlation. The minima on the potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the ground (3A2g) and low-lying, high-spin (5A1g) electronic states correspond to the planar structures of FeP and FeTBP with D4h symmetry. According to the results of the MCQDPT2 calculations, the wave functions of the 3A2g and 5A1g electronic states are single determinant. The electronic absorption (UV-Vis) spectra of FeP and FeTBP are simulated within the framework of the simplified time-dependent density functional theory (sTDDFT) approach with the use of the long-range corrected CAM-B3LYP function. The most intensive bands of the UV-Vis spectra of FeP and FeTBP occur in the Soret near-UV region of 370-390 nm.
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Porfirinas , Porfirinas/química , Ferro/química , Teoria da Densidade Funcional , Elétrons , Compostos FerrososRESUMO
New iron(II) complexes with 2,6-bis(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-4-methoxypyridine (L) of the composition [FeL2]AnâmH2O (A = SO42-, n = 1, m = 2 (I); A = ReO4-, n = 2, m = 1 (II); A = Br-, n = 2, m = 2 (III)) have been synthesized and investigated. To determine the coordination ability of the ligand, a single crystal of a copper(II) complex of the composition [CuLCl2] (IV) was obtained and studied by X-ray technique. Compounds I-III were studied using methods of X-ray phase analysis, electron (diffuse reflection spectra), infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopy, static magnetic susceptibility. The study of the µeff(T) dependence showed that the 1A1 â 5T2 spin crossover manifests itself in the compounds. The spin crossover is accompanied by thermochromism: there is a distinct color change orange â red-violet.
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Ferro , Piridinas , Cobre/química , Compostos Ferrosos/químicaRESUMO
Supramolecular architectures, which are formed through the combination of inorganic metal cations and organic ligands by self-assembly, are one of the techniques in modern chemical science. This kind of multi-nuclear system in various dimensionalities can be implemented in various applications such as sensing, storage/cargo, display and molecular switching. Iron(II) mediated spin-crossover (SCO) supramolecular architectures with Schiff bases have attracted the attention of many investigators due to their structural novelty as well as their potential application possibilities. In this paper, we review a number of supramolecular SCO architectures of iron(II) with Schiff base ligands exhibiting varying geometrical possibilities. The structural and SCO behavior of these complexes are also discussed in detail.
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Self-assembly FeII complexes of phenazine (Phen), quinoxaline (Qxn), and 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridine (Tmp) with tetrahedral building blocks of [HgII (XCN)4 ]2- (X=S or Se) formed six new high-dimensional frameworks with the general formula of [Fe(L)m ][Hg(XCN)4 ]â solvents (L=Phen, m/X=2/S, 1; L=Qxn, m/X=2/S, 2; L=Qxn, m/X=1/S, 3; L=Qxn, m/X=1/Se, 3-Se; L=Tmp, m/X=1/S, 4; and L=Tmp, m/X=1/Se, 4-Se). 1, 3, and 3-Se show an intense sub-terahertz (sub-THz) absorbance of around 0.60â THz due to vibrations of the solvent molecules coordinated to the FeII ions and crystallization organic molecules. In addition, crystals of 1, 4, and 4-Se display low-frequency Raman scattering with exceptionally low values of 0.44, 0.51, and 0.53â THz, respectively. These results indicate that heavy metal FeII -HgII systems are promising platforms to construct sub-THz absorbers.
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Iron(II), (Fe(H2 O)6 2+ , (FeII ) participates in many reactions of natural and biological importance. It is critically important to understand the rates and the mechanism of FeII oxidation by dissolved molecular oxygen, O2 , under environmental conditions containing bicarbonate (HCO3 - ), which exists up to millimolar concentrations. In the absence and presence of HCO3 - , the formation of reactive oxygen species (O2 â - , H2 O2 , and HOâ ) in FeII oxidation by O2 has been suggested. In contrast, our study demonstrates for the first time the rapid generation of carbonate radical anions (CO3 â - ) in the oxidation of FeII by O2 in the presence of bicarbonate, HCO3 - . The rate of the formation of CO3 â - may be expressed as d[CO3 â - ]/dt=[FeII [[O2 ][HCO3 - ]2 . The formation of reactive species was investigated using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) and gas chromatographic techniques. The study presented herein provides new insights into the reaction mechanism of FeII oxidation by O2 in the presence of bicarbonate and highlights the importance of considering the formation of CO3 â - in the geochemical cycling of iron and carbon.
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Studies are reported on the formation of low-spin six-coordinate [Fe(PPIX)L2] complexes from iron(II) protoporphyrin where L is one of a series of nitrogenous ligands (aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic). The bonding constants have been determined by titration of the metal complex with these ligands and are compared in relation to previous studies. The adduct formation was monitored utilising optical spectroscopy. In addition, MÓ§ssbauer spectroscopic experiments were conducted to monitor the electronic environment around the central iron atom in these complexes. The two complementary spectroscopic methods indicated that all nitrogen ligands formed low-spin octahedral complexes. The magnitude of the overall binding constants (ß2 values) are discussed and related to (a) the pKa values of the free ligands and (b) the Mössbauer parameter ΔEQ, which represents the quadrupole splitting of the haem iron. The ß2 and ΔEQ values are also discussed in terms of the structure of the ligand. Cooperative binding was observed for nearly all the ligands with Hill coefficients close to 2 for iron(II) protoporphyrin; one of these ligands displayed a much greater affinity than any we previously studied, and this was a direct consequence of the structure of the ligand. Overall conclusions on these and previous studies are drawn in terms of aliphatic ligands versus aromatic ring structures and the absence or presence of sterically hindered nitrogen atoms. The implications of the work for the greater understanding of haem proteins in general and in particular how the nitrogenous ligand binding results are relevant to and aid the understanding of the binding of inhibitor molecules to the cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases (for therapeutic purposes) are also discussed. Changes in the electronic absorption spectra of five-coordinate [Fe(II)(PPIX)(2-MeIm)] that occurred as the temperature was lowered from room temperature to 78° K.
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Ferro , Nitrogênio , Compostos Ferrosos/química , Heme , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Ferro/química , Ligantes , ProtoporfirinasRESUMO
Spin-crossover complexes with multistep transitions attract much attention due to their potential applications as multi-switches and for data storage. A four-step spin crossover is observed in the new iron(II)-based cyanometallic guest-free framework compound Fe(2-ethoxypyrazine)2 {Ag(CN)2 }2 during the transition from the low-spin to the high-spin state. A reverse process occurs in three steps. Crystallographic studies reveal an associated stepwise evolution of the crystal structures. Multiple transitions in the reported complex originate from distinct FeII sites which exist due to the packing of the ligand with a bulky substituent.
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The effect of para-substituent X on the electronic structure of sixteen tridentate 4-X-(2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl))-pyridine (bppX ) ligands and the corresponding solution spin crossover [FeII (bppX )2 ]2+ complexes is analysed further, to supply quantitative insights into the effect of X on the σ-donor and π-acceptor character of the Fe-NA (pyridine) bonds. EDA-NOCV on the sixteen LS complexes revealed that neither ΔEorb,σ+π (R2 =0.48) nor ΔEorb,π (R2 =0.31) correlated with the experimental solution T1/2 values (which are expected to reflect the ligand field imposed on the iron centre), but that ΔEorb,σ correlates well (R2 =0.82) and implies that as X changes from EDGâEWG (Electron Donating to Withdrawing Group), the ligand becomes a better σ-donor. This counter-intuitive result was further probed by Mulliken analysis of the NA atomic orbitals: NA (px ) involved in the Fe-N σ-bond vs. the perpendicular NA (pz ) employed in the ligand aromatic π-system. As X changes EDGâEWG, the electron population on NA (pz ) decreases, making it a better π-acceptor, whilst that in NA (px ) increases, making it a better σ-bond donor; both increase ligand field, and T1/2 as observed. In 2016, Halcrow, Deeth and co-workers proposed an intuitively reasonable explanation of the effect of the para-X substituents on the T1/2 values in this family of complexes, consistent with the calculated MO energy levels, that MâL π-backdonation dominates in these M-L bonds. Here the quantitative EDA-NOCV analysis of the M-L bond contributions provides a more complete, coherent and detailed picture of the relative impact of M-L σ-versus π-bonding in determining the observed T1/2 , refining the earlier interpretation and revealing the importance of the σ-bonding. Furthermore, our results are in perfect agreement with the ΔE(HS-LS) vs. σp + (X) correlation reported in their work.
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Elétrons , Ferro , Compostos Ferrosos/química , Humanos , Ferro/química , LigantesRESUMO
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheH) is a pterin-dependent, mononuclear nonheme iron(II) oxygenase that uses the oxidative power of O2 to hydroxylate phenylalanine to form tyrosine. PheH is a member of a superfamily of O2-activating enzymes that utilizes a common metal binding motif: the 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad. Like most members of this superfamily, binding of substrates to PheH results in a reorganization of its active site to allow O2 activation. Exploring the energetics of each step before O2 activation can provide mechanistic insight into the initial steps that support the highly specific O2 activation pathway carried out by this metalloenzyme. Here the thermal stability of PheH and its substrate complexes were investigated under an anaerobic environment by using differential scanning calorimetry. In context with known binding constants for PheH, a thermodynamic cycle associated with iron(II), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and phenylalanine binding to the active site was generated, showing a distinctive cooperativity between the binding of BH4 and Phe. The addition of phenylalanine and BH4 to PheH·Fe increased the stability of this enzyme (ΔTm of 8.5 (±0.7) °C with an associated δΔH of 43.0 (±2.9) kcal/mol). The thermodynamic data presented here gives insight into the complicated interactions between metal center, cofactor, and substrate, and how this interplay sets the stage for highly specific, oxidative C-H activation in this enzyme.
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Metaloproteínas , Fenilalanina Hidroxilase , Biopterinas/análogos & derivados , Chromobacterium , Compostos Ferrosos , Ferro/metabolismo , Cinética , Metaloproteínas/metabolismo , Fenilalanina/metabolismo , Fenilalanina Hidroxilase/química , Fenilalanina Hidroxilase/metabolismo , Pterinas/química , Pterinas/metabolismo , Termodinâmica , TirosinaRESUMO
The complex of Fe(II) ions of general formula [FeL2 ](BF4 )2 with triphenylamine-hydrazone ligand L has been synthesized and characterized. Oxidative electropolymerization of the complex proceeded smoothly on the working electrode producing a homogenous thin film of metallopolymer. The film thickness and morphology of the layer was investigated by microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and the composition of the film was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. It was found that fifty successive oxidation/reduction cycles resulted in a 120â nm thick film on the electrode surface. The metallopolymer was also characterized using cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical methods. The film was found to change its color from yellow to green-blue, exhibit high change in transmittance of 60 % at 770â nm, and possess good electrochemical stability during 375 cycles of switching of the potential between -0.1â V and +1.5â V, owing to the presence of metal ions that link two ligand molecules resulting in formation of highly cross-linked film. The switching times (coloration and bleaching) were calculated to be 34.2â s and 7.3â s, respectively. Coloration efficiency of the formed film of polymeric complex was found to be 144â cm2 C-1 .
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The iron(II) oxidation kinetic process was studied at 25 stations in coastal seawater of the Macaronesia region (9 around Cape Verde, 11 around the Canary Islands, and 5 around Madeira). In a physicochemical context, experiments were carried out to study the pseudo-first-order oxidation rate constant (k', min-1) over a range of pH (7.8, 7.9, 8.0, and 8.1) and temperature (10, 15, 20, and 25 °C). Deviations from the calculated kcal' at the same T, pH, and S were observed for most of the stations. The measured t1/2 (ln 2/k', min) values at the 25 stations ranged from 1.82 to 3.47 min (mean 1.93 ± 0.76 min) and for all but two stations were lower than the calculated t1/2 of 3.21 ± 0.2 min. In a biogeochemical context, nutrients and variables associated with the organic matter spectral properties (CDOM and FDOM) were analyzed to explain the observed deviations. The application of a multilinear regression model indicated that k' can be described (R = 0.921 and SEE = 0.064 for pH = 8 and T = 25 °C) from a linear combination of three organic variables, k'OM = kcal' -0.11* TDN + 29.9*bDOM + 33.4*C1humic, where TDN is the total dissolved nitrogen, bDOM is the spectral peak obtained from colored dissolved organic matter (DOM) analysis when protein-like or tyrosine-like components are present, and C1humic is the component associated with humic-like compounds obtained from the parallel factor analysis of the fluorescent DOM. Results show that compounds with N in their structures mainly explain the observed k' increase for most of the samples, although other components could also play a relevant role. Experimentally, k' provides the net result between the compounds that accelerate the process and those that slow it down.
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Matéria Orgânica Dissolvida , Água do Mar , Compostos Ferrosos , Cinética , Oxirredução , Água do Mar/químicaRESUMO
Nucleic acid extraction and purification are crucial steps in sample preparation for multiple diagnostic procedures. Routine methodologies of DNA isolation require benchtop equipment (e.g., centrifuges) and labor-intensive steps. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as solid-phase sorbents could simplify this procedure. A wide range of surface coatings employs various molecular interactions between dsDNA and magnetic nano-sorbents. However, a reliable, comparative evaluation of their performance is complex. In this work, selected Fe3O4 modifications, i.e., polyethyleneimine, gold, silica, and graphene derivatives, were comprehensively evaluated for applications in dsDNA extraction. A family of single batch nanoparticles was compared in terms of morphology (STEM), composition (ICP-MS/MS and elemental analysis), surface coating (UV-Vis, TGA, FTIR), and MNP charge (ζ-potential). ICP-MS/MS was also used to unify MNPs concentration allowing a reliable assessment of individual coatings on DNA extraction. Moreover, studies on adsorption medium (monovalent vs. divalent ions) and extraction buffer composition were carried out. As a result, essential relationships between nanoparticle coatings and DNA adsorption efficiencies have been noticed. Fe3O4@PEI MNPs turned out to be the most efficient nano sorbents. The optimized composition of the extraction buffer (medium containing 0.1 mM EDTA) helped avoid problems with Fe3+ stripping, which improved the validity of the spectroscopic determination of DNA recovery.
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Nanopartículas de Magnetita , Ácidos Nucleicos , Adsorção , Fenômenos Magnéticos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
The synthesis and characterization of two tritopic ligands containing a 2,2':6',2â³-terpyridine (tpy) metal binding domain and either a 3,2':6',3â³- or a 4,2':6',4â³-tpy domain are detailed. The synthetic routes to these ligands involved the [Pd(dppf)Cl2]-catalyzed coupling of a boronic ester-functionalized 2,2':6',2â³-tpy with bromo-derivatives of 3,2':6',3â³-tpy or 4,2':6',4â³-tpy. The 2,2':6',2â³-tpy domains of the tritopic ligands preferentially bind Fe2+ in reactions with iron(II) salts leading to the formation of two homoleptic iron(II) complexes containing two peripheral 3,2':6',3â³-tpy or 4,2':6',4â³-tpy metal-binding sites, respectively. These iron(II) complexes are potentially tetratopic ligands and represent expanded versions of tetra(pyridin-4-yl)pyrazine.
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Compostos Ferrosos , Ferro , LigantesRESUMO
Novel iron(II) coordination compounds containing a ligand 2,6-bis(1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (L), having such a composition as [FeL2]SO4·0.5H2O, [FeL2]Br2·H2O, [FeL2](ReO4)2, [FeL2]B10H10âH2O, [FeL2]B12H12â1.5H2O had been synthesized and studied using UV-Vis (diffuse reflectance), infrared, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and Mössbauer spectroscopy methods, as well as X-ray diffraction and static magnetic susceptibility methods. The analysis of the µeff(T) dependence in the temperature range of 80-600 K have shown that all the obtained complexes exhibit a high-temperature spin crossover 1A1 â 5T2.
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The spin crossover salt [Fe(bpp)2 ](isonicNO)2 â 2.4 H2 O (1â 2.4 H2 O) (bpp=2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine; isonicNO=isonicotinate N-oxide anion) exhibits a very abrupt spin crossover at T1/2 =274.4â K. This triggers a supramolecular linkage (H-bond) isomerization that responds reversibly towards light irradiation or temperature change. Isotopic effects in the thermomagnetic behavior reveal the importance of hydrogen bonds in defining the magnetic state. Further, the title compound can be reversibly dehydrated to afford 1, a material that also exhibits spin crossover coupled to H-bond isomerization, leading to strong kinetic effects in the thermomagnetic properties.