The dinosaurian femoral head experienced a morphogenetic shift from torsion to growth along the avian stem.

Significant evolutionary shifts in locomotor behaviour often involve comparatively subtle anatomical transitions. For dinosaurian and avian evolution, medial overhang of the proximal femur has been central to discussions. However, there is an apparent conflict with regard to the evolutionary origin of the dinosaurian femoral head, with neontological and palaeontological data suggesting seemingly incongruent hypotheses. To reconcile this, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of morphogenesis of the proximal end of the femur from early archosaurs to crown birds. Embryological comparison of living archosaurs (crocodylians and birds) suggests the acquisition of the greater overhang of the femoral head in dinosaurs results from additional growth of the proximal end in the medial-ward direction. On the other hand, the fossil record suggests that this overhang was acquired by torsion of the proximal end, which projected in a more rostral direction ancestrally. We reconcile this apparent conflict by inferring that the medial overhang of the dinosaur femoral head was initially acquired by torsion, which was then superseded by mediad growth. Details of anatomical shifts in fossil forms support this hypothesis, and their biomechanical implications are congruent with the general consensus regarding broader morpho-functional evolution on the avian stem.

[The disorders of the musculoskeletal system in patients hospitalized in the geriatric ward].

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: In recent years the interest in the quality of life in old age has been rising, which no doubt is closely linked with the growing population of elderly people. The problems associated with declined functionality of the locomotor system, which naturally occur with age, contribute to increasing morbidity in elderly patients. It is known that lack of exercise can lead to increased aging and disability. Applying the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) allows to explore and assess the patient's mobility. The aim: To evaluate the functioning of the patients hospitalized in the geriatric ward and realize them using the method of the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study involved 60 elderly subjects, including 30 men and 30 women in four age groups: 75-79, 80-84, 85-89, 90-94. The research was carried out in the Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics at the University Hospital in Krakow. Within the group, the functional mobility of patients was assessed by Senior Fitness Test (SFT), that means that the upper-body and the lower-body strength, the upper-body and the lower-body flexibility, cardiovascular endurance and finally the patient's agility and balance were measured by individual tests. RESULTS: Results: In the study group in the assessment of functional capacity, patients usually have difficulties in getting up from a chair, lifting heavy objects, more bending, dressing, lifting hands, moving. The obtained results of all studies assessed activities are significantly deviateng from the correct results. None of the patients did not perform all tests in accordance with the standards laid down for the ages. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: We conclude that in the study population of hospitalized elderly functional ability presents a very unfavorable.

Modularity of the Human Musculoskeletal System: The Correlation between Functional Structures by Computer Tools Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: For many years, anatomical studies have been conducted with a shattered view of the body. Although the study of the different apparatuses provides a systemic view of the human body, the reconstruction of the complex network of anatomical structures is crucial for the understanding of structural and functional integration. AIM: We used network analysis to investigate the connection between the whole-body osteo-myofascial structures of the human musculoskeletal system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The musculoskeletal network was performed using the aNETomy® anatomical network with the implementation of the open-source software Cytoscape for data entry. RESULTS: The initial graph was applied with a network consisting of 2298 body parts (nodes) and 7294 links, representing the musculoskeletal system. Considering the same weighted and unweighted osteo-myofascial network, a different distribution was obtained, suggesting both a topological organization and functional behavior of the network structure. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we provide a deeply detailed anatomical network map of the whole-body musculoskeletal system that can be a useful tool for the comprehensive understanding of every single structure within the complex morphological organization, which could be of particular interest in the study of rehabilitation of movement dysfunctions.

The locomotor apparatus of one of the smallest beetles - The thoracic skeletomuscular system of Nephanes titan (Coleoptera, Ptiliidae).

Pterothoracic structures of the minute ptiliid Nephanes titan were examined and described in detail. Effects of miniaturization and the phylogenetic and functional background are discussed. Apomorphies shared with Hydraenidae are the large metascutal shield, the fringe of setae along the posterior edge of the wings, and the fusion of the mesoventrite with the mesanepisternum. Autapomorphies of Ptiliidae are the highly modified feather-like wings, the strongly elongated alacristae, the loss of the mesotrochantin, the enlarged metathoracic pleural wing joint, and the simplification of the direct flight musculature. Most phylogenetically relevant features are linked with miniaturization, especially the modifications of the wings and skeleton, for instance the reduced wing membrane or the simplified metanotum without distinct notal wing processes. Ptiliids show flight characteristics that distinctly differ from what is known in other insects, such as an unusually high amplitude of beats of the elytra, and a unique trajectory of wing return movements, as well as the presence of upper and lower claps. A comparison of cross-sections of ptiliid principal flight muscles with those of larger staphyliniform beetles suggests that muscles of the tiniest beetles are relatively smaller. This may reflect the higher aerodynamic efficiency of ptiliid feather wings compared to the common membranous wings found in other groups.

Análisis clínico-epidemiológico de pacientes con trauma del aparato locomotor en el Hospital Central de Ivirgarzama, provincia Carrasco, Cochabamba, Bolivia / Clinical-Epidemiological Analysis of Patients with Trauma of Locomotor Apparatus. Central Hospital Ivirgarzama province Carrasco, Cochabamba, Bolivia

Objetivos: analizar las características clínico - epidemiológicas de Pacientes con Trauma del Aparato Locomotor en el Hospital Central de Ivirgazama, provincia Carrasco, Cochabamba, Bolivia; durante el periodo comprendido entre julio de 2011 a junio de 2012. Métodos: se realiza un estudio de tipo transversal, descriptivo, cuantitativo y orientado a la explicación, contándose con universo de 640 pacientes atendidos en sus diferentes servicio por patologías del aparato locomotor; y la muestra fue conformada por un total de n=144 pacientes atendidos y tratados por patología traumatológica y/u Ortopédica sin ser referidos a otro centro de salud. Resultados: del total de pacientes el mayor porcentaje se encuentra comprendido entre los 31 a 40 años con un 27%. Se observó que la proporción de pacientes atendidos de manera ambulatoria (48,61%; n=70) tuvo la misma proporción que los atendidos en el centro quirúrgico(51,39%; n=74), entre los pacientes atendidos en el centro quirúrgico se observó que la reducción cerrada de Fracturas es la que se presenta en mayor proporción con 18,75% (n=27)de los pacientes, seguido de las osteosíntesis con n=19 (13,19%) pacientes y la limpieza quirúrgica de procedimientos mayores en tercer lugar con n=14 (9,72%) pacientes, al mismo tiempo, las fracturas de huesos propios de la nariz es la primera causa de atención ambulatoria con un total de n=20 (13,89%) pacientes; estos ultimos fueron atendidos por el servicio de traumatologia al no existir otro servicio que pueda resolver el problema en dicho centro. Conclusiones: las fracturas en la población económicamente activa; en sus diversas modalidades son las patologías más frecuentemente atendidas por el servicio de traumatología del Hospital Central de Ivirgarzama.

Objectives: to analyze Clinical features - epidemiological Trauma Patients with Locomotor Central Hospital in Ivirgazama province Carrasco, Cochabamba, Bolivia. During the period from July 2011 to June 2012. Methods: a cross, descriptive, quantitative and oriented explanation type, counting with the universe of 640 patients seen in different service conditions of the musculoskeletal system is made, And the sample was comprised of a total of n=144 patients seen and treated by orthopedic pathology and / or Orthopedic not be refe-rred to another health center. Results: of all patients the highest percentage is between 31 to 40 years with 27% . It was observed that the proportion of patients treated on an outpatient basis ( 48.61 %, n = 70 ) had the same rate as seen at the surgical center ( 51.39 %, n = 74 ) among patients treated at the center surgical noted that the closed fracture reduction is presented in greater proportion with 18.75% ( n = 27) patients , followed by fixation with n = 19 ( 13.19% ) patients and surgical scrub further proceedings in third with n = 14 (9.72 %) patients, while bone fractures own nose is the leading cause of outpatient care with a total of n = 20 ( 13.89% ) patients, these latter were attended by the traumatology service in the absence of other services that can resolve the problem at the center. Conclusions: fractures in the economically active population . Their various forms are the pathologies most frequently served by the Service Central Hospital of Traumatology Ivirgarzama.