Modern insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of pseudoachalasia.

BACKGROUND: Secondary achalasia or pseudoachalasia is a clinical presentation undistinguishable from achalasia in terms of symptoms, manometric, and radiographic findings, but associated with different and identifiable underlying causes. METHODS: A literature review was conducted on the PubMed database restricting results to the English language. Key terms used were "achalasia-like" with 63 results, "secondary achalasia" with 69 results, and "pseudoachalasia" with 141 results. References of the retrieved papers were also manually reviewed. RESULTS: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudoachalasia is a rare disease. Most available evidence regarding this condition is based on case reports or small retrospective series. There are different causes but all culminating in outflow obstruction. Clinical presentation and image and functional tests overlap with primary achalasia or are inaccurate, thus the identification of secondary achalasia can be delayed. Inadequate diagnosis leads to futile therapies and could worsen prognosis, especially in neoplastic disease. Routine screening is not justifiable; good clinical judgment still remains the best tool. Therapy should be aimed at etiology. Even though Heller's myotomy brings the best results in non-malignant cases, good clinical judgment still remains the best tool as well.

Clinicopathologic evaluation of congenital idiopathic megaesophagus in a Gordon Setter puppy: a case report and development and application of peripherin immunohistochemistry for detection of ganglion cells.

We examined a case of congenital idiopathic megaesophagus (CIM) in a 5-wk-old female Gordon Setter puppy by means of contrast radiography, autopsy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Clinical and radiologic findings included weight stagnation and marked generalized esophageal dilation with ventral displacement of the heart and lungs. These findings were confirmed at autopsy, and segments of the thoracic esophagus were sampled for histopathology. On histopathology, diffuse esophageal muscular atrophy, mucosal erosions, mononuclear inflammation, and a marked reduction in the number of myenteric plexus structures and number of ganglion cells were present (aganglionosis). The latter was determined immunohistochemically using an anti-peripherin antibody as the primary reagent, which provides a strong tool for the histologic confirmation of CIM. The histologic findings share some similarities to lesions associated with megaesophagus in Friesian foals, as well as esophageal achalasia and Hirschsprung disease in humans.

Prediction, prevention and management of gastroesophageal reflux after per-oral endoscopic myotomy: An update.

Achalasia cardia, the most prevalent primary esophageal motility disorder, is predominantly characterized by symptoms of dysphagia and regurgitation. The principal therapeutic approaches for achalasia encompass pneumatic dilatation (PD), Heller's myotomy, and the more recent per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). POEM has been substantiated as a safe and efficacious modality for the management of achalasia. Although POEM demonstrates superior efficacy compared to PD and an efficacy parallel to Heller's myotomy, the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) following POEM is notably higher than with the aforementioned techniques. While symptomatic reflux post-POEM is relatively infrequent, the significant occurrence of erosive esophagitis and heightened esophageal acid exposure necessitates vigilant monitoring to preclude long-term GERD-related complications. Contemporary advancements in the field have enhanced our comprehension of the risk factors, diagnostic methodologies, preventative strategies, and therapeutic management of GERD subsequent to POEM. This review focuses on the limitations inherent in the 24-h pH study for evaluating post-POEM reflux, potential modifications in the POEM technique to mitigate GERD risk, and the strategies for managing reflux following POEM.

Early-onset esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with achalasia: A case report.

RATIONALE: Individuals afflicted with achalasia of the cardia (AC) are more susceptible to the development of esophageal cancer (EC). However, the presence of esophageal retention obscured observation, making it difficult to detect EC early, which leads to misdiagnosis and poor prognosis in AC patients with EC. Besides, the persistence of high-risk factors may have contributed to the rapid progression of EC shortly after per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Therefore, it is imperative to alert clinicians to this extremely rare and instructive early-onset cancer. PATIENT CONCERNS: The patient was a 67-year-old male who developed dysphagia 3 years ago without obvious causes, with intermittent onset and aggravating trend, accompanied by weight loss. He usually eats high-temperature foods and pickled foods, and has a family history of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS: The patient was initially diagnosed with AC 2 years ago and subsequently underwent POEM surgery. One year after surgery, he was found to have mid-upper EC during follow-up and underwent partial esophagectomy in time. OUTCOMES: The patient's symptoms have significantly improved with weight gain, and he is still adhering to regular follow-up and endoscopic examination. LESSONS: In rare cases, EC develops early in patients with achalasia after POEM surgery. To avoid missed diagnosis, a comprehensive examination to improve the accuracy to diagnose achalasia and identify possible early-onset cancer is very important in clinical practice. Especially for patients with AC who have a family history of EC or other high-risk factors may develop EC early after POEM surgery. Therefore, regular endoscopic follow-up after POEM surgery is essential.

Visualization of deglutition and gastroesophageal reflux using real-time MRI: a standardized approach to image acquisition and assessment.

This study aims to develop a standardized algorithm for gastroesophageal image acquisition and diagnostic assessment using real-time MRI. Patients with GERD symptoms undergoing real-time MRI of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction between 2015 and 2018 were included. A 10 ml bolus of pineapple juice served as an oral contrast agent. Patients performed Valsalva maneuver to provoke reflux and hiatal hernia. Systematic MRI assessment included visual presence of achalasia, fundoplication failure in patients with previous surgical fundoplication, gastroesophageal reflux, and hiatal hernia. A total of 184 patients (n = 92 female [50%], mean age 52.7 ± 15.8 years) completed MRI studies without adverse events at a mean examination time of 15 min. Gastroesophageal reflux was evident in n = 117 (63.6%), hiatal hernia in n = 95 (52.5%), and achalasia in 4 patients (2.2%). Hiatal hernia was observed more frequently in patients with reflux at rest (n = 67 vs. n = 6, p < 0.01) and during Valsalva maneuver (n = 87 vs. n = 8, p < 0.01). Real-time MRI visualized a morphologic correlate for recurring GERD symptoms in 20/22 patients (90%) after fundoplication procedure. In a large-scale single-center cohort of patients with GERD symptoms undergoing real-time MRI, visual correlates for clinical symptoms were evident in most cases. The proposed assessment algorithm could aid in wider-spread utilization of real-time MRI and provides a comprehensive approach to this novel imaging modality.

Juntos a la par: La acalasia en Síndrome de Down / Together at the same time: Achalasia in Down Syndrome

El síndrome de Down es la anomalía cromosómica más común, encontrándose asociado hasta en un 77 % de los casos con anomalías gastrointestinales que pueden ser de naturaleza estructural o funcional2. La Acalasia es un trastorno motor primario del esófago, de etiología desconocida e incurable1.La probabilidad de encontrar un paciente con síndrome de Down y acalasia es extremadamente rara. La prevalencia de Acalasia en el síndrome de Down es mayor, lo que implica una asociación única entre estas dos condiciones poco comunes(1). Los 3 tratamientos endoscópicos establecidos son: la aplicación de toxina botulínica y las dilataciones neumáticas, además de otro llamado POEM (per-oral endoscopic myotomy).Se presenta el caso clínico de paciente masculino de 45 años con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down y Acalasia evaluado por el nuestro servicio. El principal objetivo es determinar la relación entre estas dos patologías, también revisamos las diversas opciones terapéuticas disponibles como así también como llegar al diagnóstico debido a que son pacientes poco colaboradores para la realización de estudios contrastados y manométricos. Se realizó una sesión de dilatación neumática como puente al tratamiento definitivo con posterior realización de Miotomía endoscópica perioral (POEM) presentando mejoría sintomatológica

Surgical treatment of relapsed megaesophagus / Tratamento cirúrgico do megaesôfago recidivado

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the surgical treatment of patients with recurrent megaesophagus followed at the esophageal-stomach-duodenal outpatient clinic of the Hospital de Clínicas - UNICAMP. Methods: a retrospective study, from 2011 to 2017, with 26 patients with Chagas or idiopathic megaesophagus, surgically treated, and who recurred with dysphagia. Clinical, endoscopic and radiographic aspects were assessed and correlated with the performed surgical procedures. Results: 50% had dysphagia for liquids, 69% regurgitation, 65.3% heartburn, 69.2% weight loss and 69.2% had Chagas disease. In addition, 38.4% had megaesophagus stage 1 and 2 and 61.5% stage 3 and 4. Regarding the reoperations, 53% of them underwent Heller-Pinotti surgery by laparoscopy, Serra-Dória in 30.7% and esophageal mucosectomy in 7.9%. In 72% of the reoperations there were no postoperative complications, and 80% of the patients had a good outcome, with reduction or elimination of dysphagia. Among the reoperated patients undergoing the laparoscopic Heller-Pinotti technique, three reported little improvement of dysphagia in the postoperative period and among those who underwent Serra-Dória surgery, 100% had no dysphagia. It was observed that, when the time between the first procedure and the reoperation was longer, the better the surgical result was, with statistical significant decreased dysphagia (p=0.0013, p<0.05). Conclusions: there was a preference to perform laparoscopic re-miotomy and, as a second option, Serra-Dória surgery, for patients with recurrent megaesophagus. Esophagectomy or esophageal mucosectomy were reserved for more severe patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o tratamento cirúrgico dos pacientes com megaesôfago recidivado acompanhados no ambulatório de cirurgia de esôfago-estômago-duodeno do Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP. Métodos: estudo restrospectivo no período de 2011 a 2017, com 26 pacientes portadores de megaesôfago chagásico ou idiopático, tratados cirurgicamente e que evoluíram com recidiva da disfagia. Foram avaliados aspectos clínicos, endoscópicos e radiográficos, sendo correlacionados com os procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados. Resultados: 50% apresentava disfagia para líquidos, 69% regurgitação, 65,3% pirose, 69,2% perda de peso e 69,2% era chagásico. Além disso, 38,4% apresentavam megaesôfago estágio 1 e 2 e 61,5% estágio 3 e 4. Quanto às reoperações, em 53% foi realizada a cirurgia de Heller-Pinotti videolaparoscópica, seguida de Serra-Dória em 30,7% e mucosectomia esofágica em 7,9%. Em 72% das reoperações não houve complicações pós-operatórias e 80% tiveram evolução satisfatória com redução ou ausência da disfagia. Dentre os pacientes reoperados pela técnica de Heller-Pinotti videolaparoscópica, três referiram pouca melhora da disfagia no pós-operatório. Dentre os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de Serra-Dória, 100% tiveram evolução satisfatória da disfagia. Foi observado nos pacientes com o tempo entre a primeira cirurgia e a reoperação mais longo, um melhor resultado cirúrgico com diminuição da disfagia, com relevância estatística (p=0,0013, p<0,05). Conclusão: houve preferência nas reoperações de megaesôfago pela realização de re-miotomia por videolaparoscopia e, como segunda opção, a cirurgia de Serra-Dória. A esofagectomia ou mucosectomia esofágica foram reservadas para os casos mais avançados.

Agreement between upper endoscopy and esophagography in the diagnosis of megaesophagus in Chagas disease

Abstract INTRODUCTION The diagnosis and classification of megaesophagus can be challenging in patients with Chagas disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the agreement between upper endoscopies and esophagographies for the diagnosis and classification of megaesophagus in Chagas disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 50 patients with Chagas disease with upper digestive symptoms was undertaken. Esophagography and upper endoscopy exams were performed to compare diagnoses. Statistical analysis included sensitivity and specificity used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of upper endoscopies, and measures of agreement: linearly weighted Kappa (κw) and Cohen`s classical Kappa (κ) coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (46%) were diagnosed with megaesophagus by esophagography. The upper endoscopy sensitivity and specificity for megaesophagus diagnosis were 100% and 33.3%, respectively. Regarding megaesophagus classifications, there was a substantial agreement between the two exams (κw = 0.622; 95% CI: 0.498 to 0.746). Within megaesophagus groups, agreement for group I was slight (κ = 0.096; 95% CI: 0.000 to 0.403); for group II, substantial (κ = 0.703; 95% CI: 0.456 to 0.950); and for groups III and IV, inconclusive (κ = 0.457; 95% CI: 0.000 to 0.967; κ = 0.540; 95% CI: 0.035 to 1.000, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Upper endoscopy has a high sensitivity, but a low specificity to diagnose megaesophagus. Agreement between the two exams varies depending on the megaesophagus grade. Thus, upper endoscopy can be used in the diagnostic workup of a possible Chagas disease megaesophagus, but all identified cases should undergo esophagography.

Early and late assessment of esophagocardioplasty in the surgical treatment of advanced recurrent megaesophagus / Avaliação precoce e tardia da esofagocardioplastia no tratamento cirúrgico do megaesôfago avançado e recidivado

ABSTRACT Background Since Chagas disease has esophageal manifestations with different degrees of involvement, the best surgical option is controversial, especially for patients with advanced chagasic megaesophagus and recurrent symptoms after previous treatment. Objective To assess the early and late outcomes of esophagocardioplasty in a series of patients with advanced recurrent chagasic megaesophagus. Methods This descriptive study included 19 older patients with recurrent megaesophagus grade III/IV and positive immunofluorescence for Chagas disease. They had undergone cardiomyotomy with anterior fundoplication a mean of 16.5 years ago. Serra-Doria esophagocardioplasty was selected to treat the recurrence. The patients were followed to assess postoperative and late complications and the incidence of symptom recurrence. Results In early assessment, five (26.3%) patients presented clinical complications. One (5.2%) patient had a gastrointestinal fistula secondary to esophagogastric anastomotic leak, which responded well to conservative treatment. In the one-year follow-up, 18 (94.7%) patients could swallow normally and had no vomiting. Three years after surgery, 10 (62.5%) of 16 patients could swallow normally, and 3 (19.3%) patients complained of vomiting. Five years after surgery, only 5 (38.4%) of 13 patients could swallow normally and 7 (53.8%) had vomiting. Conclusion Serra-Doria esophagocardioplasty for the treatment of advanced recurrent megaesophagus had mild postoperative complications and good success rate in the short-term follow-up. In the long-term follow-up, it proved to be a poor surgery choice because of the high incidence of symptom recurrence, compromising quality of life. This procedure should be indicated only for patients with advanced recurrent megaesophagus without clinical conditions to undergo esophageal resection.

RESUMO Contexto A doença de Chagas, por apresentar manifestações esofágicas com diferentes graus de acometimento, faz com que haja controvérsias quanto a melhor opção cirúrgica; principalmente para pacientes com megaesôfago chagásico avançado e com recidiva de sintomas após tratamento prévio. Objetivo Avaliar o resultado precoce e tardio da esofagocardioplastia em uma série de pacientes com megaesôfago chagásico avançado e recidivado. Métodos Estudo descritivo, com 19 pacientes idosos com megaesôfago Grau III/IV recidivado e com imunoflorescência positiva para doença de Chagas. A cirurgia prévia foi a cardiomiotomia com fundoplicatura anterior, com tempo médio de realização de 16,5 anos. A cirurgia de eleição para o tratamento da recidiva foi a esofagocardioplastia de Serra-Dória. Realizou-se avaliação precoce para estudar as complicações pós-operatórias e tardias, para avaliar a incidência de recidiva de sintomas. Resultados Na avaliação precoce, 5 (26,3%) pacientes apresentaram complicações clínicas. Um (5,2%) paciente apresentou fístula digestiva consequente a deiscência da anastomose esofagogástrica, mas com boa evolução com o tratamento conservador. Na avaliação de 1 ano de pós-operatório, 18 (94,7%) pacientes apresentavam deglutição normal e sem regurgitação. Com 3 anos de pós-operatório, de 16 pacientes analisados; 10 (62,5%) pacientes apresentavam deglutição normal e 3 (19,3%) se queixavam de regurgitação. Com 5 anos de pós-operatório, de 13 pacientes analisados; somente 5 (38,4%) apresentavam deglutição normal e 7 (53.8%) com regurgitação. Conclusão A esofagocardioplastia de Serra-Dória, no tratamento cirúrgico do megaesôfago avançado recidivado, apresentou complicações pós-operatórias de baixa morbidade e com boa resolutividade, na avaliação precoce. Na avaliação de longo prazo, demonstrou não ser um procedimento cirúrgico adequado, pela alta incidência de recidiva de sintomas, com comprometimento da qualidade de vida. Deve ser indicada somente em pacientes com doença avançada recidivada, sem condições clínicas de serem submetidas à ressecção esofágica.

Acalasia esofágica / Esophageal achalasia

La acalasia es una patología de baja frecuencia que afecta la motilidad esofágica producto de la denervación mientérica del esófago y también, en gran proporción de casos, de estómago. Sus causas permanecen aún poco esclarecidas y su diagnóstico sigue siendo tardío, reportándose un desfase de al menos 5 años desde el inicio de la sintomatología, confundiéndose muchas veces con patologías como la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, entre otras. Es por ello, que requiere un alto índice de sospecha y un estudio acabado, siendo la manometría esofágica el estándar de oro. El tratamiento no es curativo en la actualidad, y está centrado en el alivio de los síntomas. Las alternativas quirúrgicas que se disponen son, la miotomía de Heller, dilatación endoscópica, y la más reciente miotomía endoscópica peroral (POEM). El tratamiento médico no ha demostrado buenos resultados y hoy en día presenta restringidas indicaciones.

Achalasia is a rare disease that affects esophageal motility as result of myenteric denervation of the esophagus and in a large proportion of cases, stomach. Its causes remain still poorly elucidated and its diagnosis remains late, reporting a delay of at least 5 years from the onset of symptoms, often confused with conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, among others. Therefore, it requires a high index of suspicion and a comprehensive study, being esophageal manometry the gold standard. There is no curative treatment today and is focused on the relief of symptoms. The surgical available options are, Heller myotomy, endoscopic dilation, and the most recent peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Medical treatment has not proved successful and today has restricted indications.

Avaliação da anastomose esofagogástrica cervical com sutura mecânica e manual em pacientes com megaesôfago avançado / Cervical esophagogastric anastomosis evaluation with a mechanical device versus manual suture in patients with advanced megaesophagus

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as complicações da anastomose esofagogástrica cervical com sutura mecânica e manual. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 30 pacientes com megaesôfago do grau III/IV submetidos a esofagectomia transmediastinal, com idade variável de 31 a 68 anos. A reconstrução do trânsito foi realizada pela transposição gástrica e com anastomose na região cervical, sendo os pacientes divididos em dois grupos: A) 15 pacientes - Sutura mecânica com o aparelho DHC 29 mm e B) 15 pacientes - Sutura manual em dois planos. RESULTADOS: Cinco pacientes (16,6 por cento) apresentaram complicações clínicas conseqüentes à pneumonia com boa evolução clínica, sendo três pacientes do Grupo B e dois do A, sem significância estatística. Seis pacientes (20 por cento) apresentavam deiscência da anastomose esofagogástrica cervical, sendo um (6,6 por cento) do Grupo A e cinco (33,3 por cento) do Grupo B, não sendo significante a diferença entre os grupos. Os cinco pacientes do Grupo B que apresentaram fístula da anastomose esofagogástrica cervical e três do Grupo A, um com fístula da anastomose e outros dois sem esta complicação, evoluíram com estenose da anastomose, sendo tratado com sucesso com dilatações endoscópicas. A avaliação estatística não evidenciou significância dessas complicações em relação aos grupos (A - 20 por cento; B - 33,3 por cento). Nenhum paciente evoluiu a óbito. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que a sutura mecânica é adequada por apresentar menor índice de deiscência da anastomose que a manual, mas sem significância, e com índice de estenose semelhante.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to evaluate cervical esophagogastric anastomosis complications between mechanical device versus manual suture. METHOD: Thirty patients with megaesophagus with grade III/IV submitted to the esophagectomy transmediastinal approach were reviewed with average age from 31 to 68 years. The reconstruction was performed by gastric transposition and with anastomosis in the cervical region. The patients were divided in two groups: A) 15 patients had mechanical suture with the DHC 29 mm device, and B) 15 patients had manual suture in two layers. RESULTS: Five patients (16.6 percent) presented pneumonia, and they were managed clinically. Three patients were in group B and two were in group A, and no statistical significance was found. Six patients (20 percent) presented leakage at the cervical esophagogastric anastomosis; one in group A (6.6 percent) and five in group B (33.3 percent), with no statistical significance. Anastomosis leakage with development of stricture occurred in five patients in group B, and in three in group A, as well in other two without leakage complications. All of them were managed successfully with endoscopic dilatation. Statistical evaluation was not significant for this complication between group B (33.3 percent) and group A (20 percent). There were no deaths in this study. CONCLUSION: This study showed that mechanical suture is as adequate as manual suture by presenting anastomosis leakage incidence smaller, however, with no statistical significance, and with similar stricture incidence.

O megaesôfago tratado cirurgicamente: perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes operados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas entre 1989 e 2005 / Surgically treated megaesophagus: epidemiological profile of patients operated in the Clinical Hospital of the State University of Campinas between 1989 and 2005

O megaesôfago é uma das manifestações da doença de Chagas, cujo tratamento cirúrgico ó o que apresenta melhores resultados. Neste estudo retrospectivo, avaliou-se o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes operados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade de Campinas entre 1989 e 2005, quanto a: naturalidade e procedência, provável local de contágio, idade, grau do megaesôfago, etiologia, duração da disfagia e sua evolução, outras doenças associadas e modalidade cirúrgica adotada. O método foi a análise de 390 prontuários desses doentes, junto ao Serviço de Arquivo Médico do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade de Campinas. Os resultados permitiram estabelecer: as regiões endêmicas dos pacientes chagásicos atendidos nesse Serviço, a naturalidade/procedência e a caracterização do grupo. Após análise detalhada, foram obtidas a média de idade = 47 anos, e a duração média da disfagia = 9,47 anos. Observa-se que: a) em 84,4 por cento dos pacientes a disfagia instalou-se progressivamente; b) 306 (78,5 por cento) pacientes apresentaram etiologia chagásica; c) em 48 por cento deles, houve prevalência do grau 2 (48 por cento); d) 89,8 por cento dos pacientes foram submetidos à cardiomiotomia; e) houve associações freqüentes a gastrites, esofagites, megacólon, hipertensão arterial e cardiopatias.

Megaesophagus is one of the manifestations of Chagas disease and surgical treatment is the approach that presents the best results. In this retrospective study, the epidemiological profile of patients operated in the Clinical Hospital of University of Campinas between 1989 and 2005 was evaluated with regard to: place of birth, place of residence, probable place of infection, age, degree of megaesophagus, etiology, duration and evolution of dysphagia, other diseases in association and the type of surgery chosen. The method used was to analyze the 390 medical files of these patients, at the hospital’s medical archive service. The results made it possible to establish the endemic regions, place of birth and place of residence of the patients with Chagas disease attended at our clinic, and to characterize the group. After detailed analysis, it was found that the mean age was 47 years and the mean duration of dysphagia was 9.47 years. It was observed that: a) in 84.4 percent of the patients, dysphagia took hold progressively; b) 306 (78.5 percent) patients presented Chagas disease etiology; c) grade 2 was prevalent in 48 percent; d) 89.8 percent of the patients underwent cardiomyotomy; and e) there were frequent associations with gastritis, esophagitis, megacolon, arterial hypertension and cardiopathy.

Conocimiento epidemiológico y situación actual de la enfermedad de Chagas en el estado de Jalisco, México / Epidemiologic knowledge and current situation of Chagas disease in the state of Jalisco, Mexico

La enfermedad de Chagas en el estado de Jalisco, México, apareció por primera vez en 1967, aunque su conocimiento ha seguido un proceso lento. Entre los años de 1967 y 2006 se describió la enfermedad en sus formas agudas y crónicas; se identificaron las especies de vectores y se aisló el parásito Trypanosoma cruzi, que luego se caracterizó en el plano genético. La magnitud de la infección en el hombre se determinó con estudios serológicos en diversas poblaciones, así como en donadores de sangre. En la actualización presente del conocimiento de la enfermedad en el estado de Jalisco se mostró la necesidad de incrementar las investigaciones sobre la epidemiología de la enfermedad de Chagas, así como los estudios clínicos para determinar la salud de los individuos y las poblaciones.

Chagas disease in the state of Jalisco, Mexico was described for the first time in 1967; however, knowledge on the disease remains in a slow process. Between 1967 and 2006, the disease was described in its acute and chronic forms. The vector species have been identified, and the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi has been isolated and genetically characterized. Also, the magnitude of the infection in humans has been determined through serological studies of different populations as well as of blood donors. The up-to-dateness of knowledge of the disease in the state of Jalisco, unveils a necessity of increased research on the epidemiology of Chagas disease as well as on clinical studies to assess the health of individuals and the populations.

Estudo radiológico do esôfago de chagásicos, em 25 anos do Projeto Mambaí / Radiographic study of the oesophagus of chagasic patients in 25 years of the Mambaí Project

Este trabalho relata os estudos do esôfago através da abreugrafia, de chagásicos do projeto Mambaí no período de 25 anos. Cada indivíduo realizou duas abreugrafias, em quatro períodos (1975-1976, 1980-1982, 1988-1991 e 1998-2000). A primeira abreugrafia foi realizada em posicão obliqua anterior direita imediatamente após a ingestão de 75ml de sulfato de bário e a segunda um minuto após. Em todos os períodos foi utilizada a mesma metodologia, as abreugrafias foram lidas pelo mesmo pesquisador e os megaesôfagos foram classificadas em quatro grupos, segundo os critérios de Rezende e colaboradores. A prevalência de megaesôfago foi 5,2 por cento; 5 por cento; 18,6 por cento e 13,9 por cento em 1975-1976, 1980-1982, 1988-1991 e 1998-2000, respectivamente. A incidência de megaesôfago no período de 1975 a 2000 foi 11,5 por cento (51/445). Durante 25 anos, 394 (84,2 por cento) chagásicos permaneceram com o esofagograma normal, 11 (2,3 por cento) diagnosticados com megaesôfago em 1975-1976, não progrediram, 61 (13 por cento) que eram normais, duvidosos ou já tinham megaesôfago em 1975-1976, progrediram e 2 (0,4 por cento) tiveram regressão do megaesôfago grupo I, diagnosticado em estudos anteriores.

Proximal and distal esophageal contractions in patients with vigorous or classic esophageal Chagas' disease

RACIONAL: Alguns pacientes com acalásia têm contrações com amplitudes compatíveis com a normalidade, o que recebe o nome de acalásia vigorosa, e outros têm amplitude diminuída, chamada de acalásia clássica. A hipótese deste estudo é de que esta diferença na parte distal do esôfago pode acontecer também na parte proximal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as contrações proximais e distais de pacientes com doença de Chagas. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram estudados 28 pacientes com doença de Chagas todos com disfagia e exame radiológico do esôfago com retenção do meio de contraste, sem dilatação, e 18 controles. Treze pacientes com doença de Chagas tinham a forma vigorosa (amplitude distal acima de 34 mm Hg), e 15 tinham a forma clássica (amplitude distal abaixo de 34 mm Hg). As contrações foram medidas pelo método manométrico com perfusão contínua a 2, 7, 12 e 17 cm abaixo do esfíncter superior do esôfago, após cinco deglutições de 5 mL de água. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças na amplitude em parte proximal do esôfago entre acalásia clássica ou vigorosa, e com os controles. Também não houve diferença na parte proximal na duração e área sob a curva entre acalásia vigorosa e clássica. Na parte distal a duração e área sob a curva foram menores na doença clássica do que na vigorosa. Contrações falhas e simultâneas foram mais freqüentes em pacientes do que em controles. Contrações simultâneas foram mais freqüentes na doença clássica, e contrações peristálticas foram mais freqüentes na doença vigorosa. CONCLUSÃO: Não foram observadas diferenças nas contrações proximais do esôfago de pacientes com doença de Chagas na forma clássica ou vigorosa, com exceção do maior número de contrações simultâneas nos pacientes com a doença clássica.

Estudo da microflora do megaesofago chagásico / Microflora in chagasic megaesophagus

Chagasic patients with megaesophagus were submitted to an endoscopy of the upper digestive tract and the samples were collected with special instruments under sterilized conditions. One of the four samples collected was from the stase liquid and the other three samples were collected from fragments of the esophageal mucosa at one, three and five centimeters from the esophageal-stomach transition (Z line). The samples were analyzed by the Microbiology and Pathologic labs for the identification of microorganisms. After that, the results were correlated with the degree of mega esophagus according to Ferreira-Santos. We observed that the incidence of pathogenic microorganism is very high in megaesophagus, with no relation with the degree of dilatation making the surgery for the treatment of this affection potentially contaminated. There was no significant difference concerning the positivity of the culture relating to the degree of esophagus dilatation.

Acalasia de esôfago de causa desconhecida na infância / Esophageal achalasia of unknown etiology in children

OBJETIVO: Os autores descrevem o caso de uma criança do sexo feminino, de 9 anos de idade, com acalasia de esôfago de causa indeterminada, tratada cirurgicamente. Discutem também os métodos empregados para diagnóstico e tratamento, além de realizarem uma revisão da literatura. DESCRIÇÃO: A acalasia do esôfago é uma doença rara em crianças, geralmente de origem indeterminada. Tem como principais sintomas regurgitação, vômitos de características esofágicas, disfagia e perda de peso. O diagnóstico é feito por esofagograma, endoscopia e, mais precisamente, por manometria esofágica. O tratamento de escolha é a cardiomiotomia a Heller, associada ou não a válvula anti-refluxo. A dilatação endoscópica por balão e a toxina botulínica têm sido descritas como alternativas terapêuticas. COMENTARIOS: A acalasia de esôfago é uma doença rara em crianças, e sua origem geralmente é indeterminada. O quadro clínico pode ser confundido com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico, podendo retardar seu diagnóstico. A cardiomiotomia a Heller, associada à confecção de válvula anti-refluxo, consiste na modalidade terapêutica de escolha.

Chagasic megaesophagus and megacolon diagnosed in childhood and probably caused by vertical transmission

Reports on children presenting symptoms compatible with the chronic phase of Chagas disease are sporadic. We report a case of a 7-year-old boy who had megaesophagus and megacolon, both of them a consequence of the trypanosomiasis. The etiology was established by means of laboratory and histological features. Based on epidemiological data, the authors concluded that vertical transmission was the most probable route of acquisition. This diagnosis should be considered in children presenting similar complaints, even those living away from endemic areas

Aspectos técnicos da esofagocardiomiotomia com divulsäo para o tratamento cirúrgico do megaesôfago chagásico näo avançado / Technical aspects of esophagomyotomy with divulsion for early chagasic megaesophagus surgical treatment

Objetivo. Os autores descrevem uma variante da técnica proposta por Heller para o tratamento cirúrgico do megaesofago: esofagocardiomiotomia com divulsao associada a esofagofundogastropexia. Casuística e Método. No período de junho de 1988 a março de 1996, foram operados, na Disciplina de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo do Departamento de Cirurgia da Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, SP, 50 pacientes portadores de megaesôfago chagásico graus I, II e III. Resultados. Num seguimento de seis meses a 7,6 anos, os resultados sao classificados como ótimo, 86 por cento, e bom, 14 por cento. O estudo radiológico contrastado mostra melhora do clareamento esofágico e a endoscopia, ausência de restos alimentares e esofagite. Conclusao. Os autores concluem que esofagocardiomiotomia com divulsao associada a esofagofundogastropexia é eficaz no tratamento cirúrgico do megaesôfago chagásico graus I, II e III, e enfatizam a facilidade técnica e a segurança do procedimento.