RESUMO
As local governments plan to expand airport infrastructure and build air service, monetized estimates of damages from air pollution are important for balancing environmental impacts. While it is well-known that aircraft emissions near airports directly affect nearby populations, it is less clear how the airport-specific aircraft operations and impacts result in monetized damages to human health and the environment. We model aircraft and ground support equipment emissions at major U.S. airports and estimate the monetized human health and environmental damages of near airport (within 60 miles) emissions. County-specific unit damage costs for PM, SOx, NOx, and VOCs and damage valuations for CO and CO2 are used along with aircraft emissions estimations at airports to determine impacts. We find that near-airport emissions at major U.S. airports caused a total of $1.9 billion in damages in 2013, with airports contributing between $720 thousand and $190 million each. These damages vary by airport from $1 to $9 per seat per one-way flight and costs per passenger are often greater than airport charges levied on airlines for infrastructure use. As the U.S. aviation system grows, it is possible to minimize human and environmental costs by shifting aircraft technologies and expanding service into airports where fewer impacts are likely to occur.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar/análise , Poluição do Ar/economia , Aeroportos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/economia , Aeronaves , Aeroportos/economia , Aviação/economia , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Dióxido de Carbono/economia , Monóxido de Carbono/análise , Monóxido de Carbono/economia , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Óxidos de Nitrogênio/análise , Óxidos de Nitrogênio/economia , Saúde Pública , Estados Unidos , Emissões de Veículos/análise , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/economiaRESUMO
We present a risk analysis undertaken to mitigate problems in relation to the unintended deployment of slides under normal operations within a commercial airline. This type of incident entails relevant costs for the airline industry. After assessing the likelihood and severity of its consequences, we conclude that such risks need to be managed. We then evaluate the effectiveness of various countermeasures, describing and justifying the chosen ones. We also discuss several issues faced when implementing and communicating the proposed measures, thus fully illustrating the risk analysis process.
Assuntos
Acidentes Aeronáuticos , Aviação , Acidentes Aeronáuticos/economia , Acidentes Aeronáuticos/prevenção & controle , Acidentes Aeronáuticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Aeronaves/economia , Aviação/economia , Aviação/estatística & dados numéricos , Teorema de Bayes , Custos e Análise de Custo , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , Modelos Econômicos , Medição de Risco/métodos , Medição de Risco/estatística & dados numéricos , Gestão da SegurançaRESUMO
In the airline industry, membership and cabin class are noticeable servicescape features of customers' privilege status. Customers may learn that higher privilege customers are more desired and endured by the airline. From the customers' point of view, those with higher privilege may expect their demands to be complied with when they complain. The present study employed hypothetical scenarios to investigate how the privilege status of passengers and reasonability of their demands influenced their expectations toward the compliance of airline personnel. Analysis showed that higher privilege customers were more likely to expect airline personnel to comply with their demands. Moreover, participants with medium or high levels of privilege status had greater expectations of compliance even when demands were unreasonable. In sum, customer expectations toward complaint handling reflected predictions based on social learning.
Assuntos
Aviação/organização & administração , Comércio/organização & administração , Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento do Consumidor , Dissidências e Disputas , Resolução de Problemas , Classe Social , Adulto , Aviação/economia , Comportamento Cooperativo , Competição Econômica/economia , Competição Econômica/organização & administração , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The purpose of this paper is to develop an applied fuzzy model of information technology to obtain quantitative estimates of environmental start-up projects in air transport. The developed model will become a useful tool for venture funds, business angels, or crowdfunding platforms for the development of innovative air transport businesses. Obtaining a quantitative estimate of the environmental start-up projects will increase the sustainability of the decision making on the security of financing of such projects by investors. This article develops a fuzzy evaluation model of project start-ups in air transport as an application of our neuro-fuzzy model in a specific air transport environment. The applied model provides output ranking of start-up project teams in air transport based on a four-layer neuro-fuzzy network. The presented model declares the possibilities of the application to solve these economic problems and offers the space for subsequent research focused on its usability in several areas of start-up development, in sectors and processes differentiated. The benefits are also visible for several types of policies, with an emphasis on decision-making processes in regulatory mechanisms to support the state funding in Slovakia, the EU etc.
Assuntos
Aviação/economia , Meio Ambiente , Lógica Fuzzy , Modelos Econômicos , Tomada de Decisões , Investimentos em SaúdeRESUMO
Green development has been of particular interest to a range of industries worldwide, one of which being the air transportation industry (ATI). The energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) projects of the ATI have a huge impact on the local economy. In this study, the input-output method was used to analyze the indirect economic impact of the implementation of the ECER projects of the ATI on the local economy of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. We examined the direct benefits, backward spread effects, forward spread effects, and consumption multiplier effects. The final results showed that the comprehensive economic income from 2011â»2013 in the BTH region reached RMB 4.74 billion. The results revealed that the ECER projects commissioned by the ATI were worth investing from both the economic and social benefits perspectives. To increase the green development effects and promote the sustainable development of the ATI, the special funds provided by the Civil Aviation Administration of China should be invested intensively in basic green technology research and setting green regulating and governance rules.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar/economia , Poluição do Ar/prevenção & controle , Aviação/economia , Conservação de Recursos Energéticos/economia , Indústrias/economia , Meios de Transporte/economia , Emissões de Veículos/prevenção & controle , Pequim , ChinaRESUMO
The market for hospital services, like global markets in general, is becoming more competitive. Increased price transparency and focused competition can squeeze out inefficiencies, restraining prices and making some consumers better off. But competition can have a dark side. U.S. hospitals can treat Medicare and Medicaid patients at less than cost, care for the uninsured, and provide other money-losing services because they can cross-subsidize. By 2025 the need for general hospitals to cross-subsidize will greatly in-crease, but their ability to do so will be diminished. U.S. hospitals could begin to resemble U.S. airlines: severely cutting costs, eliminating services, and suffering financial instability.
Assuntos
Aviação/economia , Economia Hospitalar , Comércio , Competição Econômica , Estados UnidosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Aircraft operations are a vital component of the transportation system in Alaska. Between 1990-2002, a total of 481 people died in Alaska in aviation accidents. The purpose of this study was to examine the practices and attitudes of Alaska commuter and air taxi operators and their pilots as they relate to company fatal accident rates. METHODS: A case-control analysis based on accident statistics was performed, grouping operators and their pilots into cases and controls, based on operator fatal accident rates, during January 1990 to June 2001. Responses from two aviation safety surveys-one of air carrier operators and one of active commercial pilots-were compared between cases and controls. RESULTS: The average case pilot had less career flight experience than control pilots and worked 13 h x d(-1) and 81 h x wk(-10; that is, 1 h x d(-1) and 10 h wk-1 more than controls. Case operators were less likely to consider pilot fatigue a problem when scheduling flights (p = 0.05) and more likely to depend financially on timely delivery of bypass mail (p = 0.04). Case pilots were three times as likely as controls to fly daily into unknown weather conditions. Nearly 90% of case pilots reported that they never flew when so fatigued that they wanted to decline the flight, compared with 64% of control pilots (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Pilots of high-risk operators differed from those working for the other operators, both in experience and working conditions. The combination of pilot inexperience and longer work hours and workweeks may contribute to Alaska's high aviation crash rate.
Assuntos
Atitude , Aviação , Segurança , Carga de Trabalho , Acidentes Aeronáuticos/prevenção & controle , Acidentes Aeronáuticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Alaska , Aviação/economia , Aviação/educação , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fadiga/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Admissão e Escalonamento de Pessoal , Autonomia Profissional , Competência Profissional , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
This paper attempts to quantify the effects of airline deregulation in the United States on intercity automobile travel and consequently on the number of highway fatalities. A demand model is constructed for auto travel, which includes variables representing the price and availability of air service. A reduced form model of the airline market is then estimated. Finding that deregulation has decreased airfares and increased flights, it is estimated that auto travel has been reduced by 2.2% per year on average. Given assumptions on the characteristics of drivers switching modes and the types of roads they drove on, the number of automobile fatalities averted since 1978 is estimated to be in the range 200-300 per year.
Assuntos
Acidentes de Trânsito/mortalidade , Aviação/normas , Fiscalização e Controle de Instalações/tendências , Modelos Lineares , Acidentes Aeronáuticos/mortalidade , Acidentes Aeronáuticos/tendências , Acidentes de Trânsito/tendências , Aviação/economia , Aviação/tendências , Custos e Análise de Custo , Economia , Humanos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População UrbanaRESUMO
The current economic crisis facing most major United States airlines has forced a close examination of airline-sponsored activities. The effectiveness of one airline's pilot preventive medicine program was estimated by comparing disability experience of its pilots against the experience of a larger population of airline pilots. The preventive medicine program at the studied airline was shown to reduce disability experience by one-third, while saving the airline better than $6 million annually. This program yielded the airline better than a 6-1 return on investment during the years studied.
Assuntos
Aviação/economia , Avaliação da Deficiência , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/economia , Acidentes Aeronáuticos/prevenção & controle , Medicina Aeroespacial , Fatores Etários , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE To analyze lifestyle risk factors related to direct healthcare costs and the indirect costs due to sick leave among workers of an airline company in Brazil. METHODS In this longitudinal 12-month study of 2,201 employees of a Brazilian airline company, the costs of sick leave and healthcare were the primary outcomes of interest. Information on the independent variables, such as gender, age, educational level, type of work, stress, and lifestyle-related factors (body mass index, physical activity, and smoking), was collected using a questionnaire on enrolment in the study. Data on sick leave days were available from the company register, and data on healthcare costs were obtained from insurance records. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to investigate the association between direct and indirect healthcare costs with sociodemographic, work, and lifestyle-related factors. RESULTS Over the 12-month study period, the average direct healthcare expenditure per worker was US$505.00 and the average indirect cost because of sick leave was US$249.00 per worker. Direct costs were more than twice the indirect costs and both were higher in women. Body mass index was a determinant of direct costs and smoking was a determinant of indirect costs. CONCLUSIONS Obesity and smoking among workers in a Brazilian airline company were associated with increased health costs. Therefore, promoting a healthy diet, physical activity, and anti-tobacco campaigns are important targets for health promotion in this study population.
Assuntos
Aviação/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Estilo de Vida , Licença Médica/economia , Adulto , Aviação/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade , Saúde Ocupacional , Fatores Sexuais , Licença Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumar , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
The past oil crises have caused dramatic improvements in fuel efficiency in all industrial sectors. The aviation sector-aircraft manufacturers and airlines-has also made significant efforts to improve the fuel efficiency through more advanced jet engines, high-lift wing designs, and lighter airframe materials. However, the innovations in energy-saving aircraft technologies do not coincide with the oil crisis periods. The largest improvement in aircraft fuel efficiency took place in the 1960s while the high oil prices in the 1970s and on did not induce manufacturers or airlines to achieve a faster rate of innovation. In this paper, we employ a historical analysis to examine the socio-economic reasons behind the relatively slow technological innovation in aircraft fuel efficiency over the last 40 years. Based on the industry and passenger behaviors studied and prospects for alternative fuel options, this paper offers insights for the aviation sector to shift toward more sustainable technological options in the medium term. Second-generation biofuels could be the feasible option with a meaningful reduction in aviation's lifecycle environmental impact if they can achieve sufficient economies of scale.
Assuntos
Aviação/história , Conservação de Recursos Energéticos/história , Energia Renovável/história , Tecnologia/história , Aeronaves/história , Aviação/economia , Aviação/tendências , Conservação de Recursos Energéticos/tendências , Custos e Análise de Custo , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Opinião Pública , Energia Renovável/economia , Tecnologia/tendências , Viagem/economia , Viagem/tendênciasRESUMO
This study describes the methodology and results for calculating future global aviation emissions of carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen from air traffic under four of the IPCC/SRES (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change/Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) marker scenarios: A1B, A2, B1, and B2. In addition, a mitigation scenario has been calculated for the B1 scenario, requiring rapid and significant technology development and transition. A global model of aircraft movements and emissions (FAST) was used to calculate fuel use and emissions to 2050 with a further outlook to 2100. The aviation emission scenarios presented are designed to interpret the SRES and have been developed to aid in the quantification of the climate change impacts of aviation. Demand projections are made for each scenario, determined by SRES economic growth factors and the SRES storylines. Technology trends are examined in detail and developed for each scenario providing plausible projections for fuel efficiency and emissions control technology appropriate to the individual SRES storylines. The technology trends that are applied are calculated from bottom-up inventory calculations and industry technology trends and targets. Future emissions of carbon dioxide are projected to grow between 2000 and 2050 by a factor in the range of 2.0 and 3.6 depending on the scenario. Emissions of oxides of nitrogen associated with aviation over the same period are projected to grow by between a factor of 1.2 and 2.7.
Assuntos
Aviação/tendências , Emissões de Veículos/análise , Aviação/economia , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Gasolina/análise , Humanos , Fatores de Tempo , Emissões de Veículos/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Military parachuting has been shown to result in injuries. This investigation systematically reviewed studies examining the influence of the parachute ankle brace (PAB) on injuries during military parachuting and performed a cost-effectiveness analysis. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Parachute ankle brace studies were obtained from seven databases, personal contacts, and other sources. Investigations were reviewed if they contained original, quantitative information on PAB use and injuries during parachuting. Meta-analysis was performed using a general variance-based meta-analysis method that calculated summary risk ratios (SRR) and 95% CIs. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Five studies met the review criteria. Compared with PAB users, PAB non-users had a higher risk of ankle injuries (SRR=2.1, 95% CI=1.8-2.5); ankle sprains (SRR=2.1, 95% CI=1.4-3.1); ankle fractures (SRR=1.8, 95% CI=1.1-2.9); and all parachuting injuries combined (SRR=1.2, 95% CI=1.1-1.4). The PAB had little effect on lower body injuries exclusive of the ankle (SRR [no PAB/PAB]=0.9, 95% CI=0.7-1.2). Cost-effectiveness analysis estimated that, for every dollar expended on the PAB, a savings of about $7 to $9 could be achieved in medical and personnel costs. CONCLUSIONS: The PAB reduces ankle injuries by about half and is a cost effective device that should be worn during military airborne operations to reduce injury risk.