RESUMO
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread within the human population. Although SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, most humans had been previously exposed to other antigenically distinct common seasonal human coronaviruses (hCoVs) before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we quantified levels of SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies and hCoV-reactive antibodies in serum samples collected from 431 humans before the COVID-19 pandemic. We then quantified pre-pandemic antibody levels in serum from a separate cohort of 251 individuals who became PCR-confirmed infected with SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we longitudinally measured hCoV and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the serum of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Our studies indicate that most individuals possessed hCoV-reactive antibodies before the COVID-19 pandemic. We determined that â¼20% of these individuals possessed non-neutralizing antibodies that cross-reacted with SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins. These antibodies were not associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections or hospitalizations, but they were boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Assuntos
Alphacoronavirus/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Teste Sorológico para COVID-19 , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Chlorocebus aethiops , Proteção Cruzada , Reações Cruzadas , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Células VeroRESUMO
SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite recent advances in the structural elucidation of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, the detailed architecture of the intact virus remains to be unveiled. Here we report the molecular assembly of the authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus using cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET) and subtomogram averaging (STA). Native structures of the S proteins in pre- and postfusion conformations were determined to average resolutions of 8.7-11 Å. Compositions of the N-linked glycans from the native spikes were analyzed by mass spectrometry, which revealed overall processing states of the native glycans highly similar to that of the recombinant glycoprotein glycans. The native conformation of the ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and their higher-order assemblies were revealed. Overall, these characterizations revealed the architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in exceptional detail and shed light on how the virus packs its â¼30-kb-long single-segmented RNA in the â¼80-nm-diameter lumen.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , Betacoronavirus/ultraestrutura , Montagem de Vírus , Animais , Chlorocebus aethiops , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Proteica , SARS-CoV-2 , Células Vero , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/ultraestrutura , Cultura de VírusRESUMO
SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the SARS-CoV-2 genome was reported recently, its transcriptomic architecture is unknown. Utilizing two complementary sequencing techniques, we present a high-resolution map of the SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome and epitranscriptome. DNA nanoball sequencing shows that the transcriptome is highly complex owing to numerous discontinuous transcription events. In addition to the canonical genomic and 9 subgenomic RNAs, SARS-CoV-2 produces transcripts encoding unknown ORFs with fusion, deletion, and/or frameshift. Using nanopore direct RNA sequencing, we further find at least 41 RNA modification sites on viral transcripts, with the most frequent motif, AAGAA. Modified RNAs have shorter poly(A) tails than unmodified RNAs, suggesting a link between the modification and the 3' tail. Functional investigation of the unknown transcripts and RNA modifications discovered in this study will open new directions to our understanding of the life cycle and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/genética , RNA Viral/genética , Transcriptoma , Animais , Chlorocebus aethiops , Epigênese Genética , Processamento Pós-Transcricional do RNA , SARS-CoV-2 , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Células VeroRESUMO
We have previously provided the first genetic evidence that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the critical receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and ACE2 protects the lung from injury, providing a molecular explanation for the severe lung failure and death due to SARS-CoV infections. ACE2 has now also been identified as a key receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infections, and it has been proposed that inhibiting this interaction might be used in treating patients with COVID-19. However, it is not known whether human recombinant soluble ACE2 (hrsACE2) blocks growth of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we show that clinical grade hrsACE2 reduced SARS-CoV-2 recovery from Vero cells by a factor of 1,000-5,000. An equivalent mouse rsACE2 had no effect. We also show that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect engineered human blood vessel organoids and human kidney organoids, which can be inhibited by hrsACE2. These data demonstrate that hrsACE2 can significantly block early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/farmacologia , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Betacoronavirus/ultraestrutura , Vasos Sanguíneos/virologia , COVID-19 , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humanos , Rim/citologia , Rim/virologia , Camundongos , Organoides/virologia , Pandemias , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Células VeroRESUMO
Understanding which arms of the immune response are responsible for protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection is key to predicting long-term immunity and to inform vaccine design. Two studies in this issue of Cell collectively suggest that, although SARS-CoV-2 infection may blunt long-lived antibody responses, immune memory might still be achieved through virus-specific memory T cells.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Linfócitos T , Linfócitos B , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
In this issue of Cell, Korber et al. found that a SARS-CoV-2 variant in the spike protein D614G rapidly became dominant around the world. Although clinical and in vitro data suggest that D614G changes the virus phenotype, the impact of the mutation on transmission, disease, and vaccine and therapeutic development are largely unknown.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , COVID-19 , Humanos , Mutação , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has driven a global research effort to identify medical countermeasures at an unprecedented pace. In this issue of Cell, Cao et al. identify thousands of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies from convalescent donors. The authors improve our understanding of immunity against the coronavirus spike glycoprotein and detail novel pathways to rapidly identify and characterize protective monoclonal antibodies.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2. Viral entry is mediated through viral spike protein and host ACE2 enzyme interaction. Most cases are mild; severe disease often involves cytokine storm and organ failure. Therapeutics including antivirals, immunomodulators, and vaccines are in development. To view this SnapShot, open or download the PDF.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Animais , Betacoronavirus/classificação , Betacoronavirus/genética , COVID-19 , Teste para COVID-19 , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico/métodos , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Infecções por Coronavirus/transmissão , Humanos , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Pneumonia Viral/transmissão , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein variant D614G supplanted the ancestral virus worldwide, reaching near fixation in a matter of months. Here we show that D614G was more infectious than the ancestral form on human lung cells, colon cells, and on cells rendered permissive by ectopic expression of human ACE2 or of ACE2 orthologs from various mammals, including Chinese rufous horseshoe bat and Malayan pangolin. D614G did not alter S protein synthesis, processing, or incorporation into SARS-CoV-2 particles, but D614G affinity for ACE2 was reduced due to a faster dissociation rate. Assessment of the S protein trimer by cryo-electron microscopy showed that D614G disrupts an interprotomer contact and that the conformation is shifted toward an ACE2 binding-competent state, which is modeled to be on pathway for virion membrane fusion with target cells. Consistent with this more open conformation, neutralization potency of antibodies targeting the S protein receptor-binding domain was not attenuated.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , Betacoronavirus/ultraestrutura , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/fisiologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/ultraestrutura , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , COVID-19 , Células Cultivadas , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Feminino , Variação Genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Moleculares , Pandemias , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Conformação Proteica , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Receptores de Coronavírus , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused extreme human suffering and economic harm. We generated and characterized a new mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus that captures multiple aspects of severe COVID-19 disease in standard laboratory mice. This SARS-CoV-2 model exhibits the spectrum of morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 disease as well as aspects of host genetics, age, cellular tropisms, elevated Th1 cytokines, and loss of surfactant expression and pulmonary function linked to pathological features of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This model can rapidly access existing mouse resources to elucidate the role of host genetics, underlying molecular mechanisms governing SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, and the protective or pathogenic immune responses related to disease severity. The model promises to provide a robust platform for studies of ALI and ARDS to evaluate vaccine and antiviral drug performance, including in the most vulnerable populations (i.e., the aged) using standard laboratory mice.
Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/patologia , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Animais , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , COVID-19 , Linhagem Celular , Quimiocinas/sangue , Infecções por Coronavirus/mortalidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Citocinas/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/fisiologia , Pulmão/virologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/mortalidade , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/patologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the 2019-2020 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 genome is replicated and transcribed by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase holoenzyme (subunits nsp7/nsp82/nsp12) along with a cast of accessory factors. One of these factors is the nsp13 helicase. Both the holo-RdRp and nsp13 are essential for viral replication and are targets for treating the disease COVID-19. Here we present cryoelectron microscopic structures of the SARS-CoV-2 holo-RdRp with an RNA template product in complex with two molecules of the nsp13 helicase. The Nidovirales order-specific N-terminal domains of each nsp13 interact with the N-terminal extension of each copy of nsp8. One nsp13 also contacts the nsp12 thumb. The structure places the nucleic acid-binding ATPase domains of the helicase directly in front of the replicating-transcribing holo-RdRp, constraining models for nsp13 function. We also observe ADP-Mg2+ bound in the nsp12 N-terminal nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyltransferase domain, detailing a new pocket for anti-viral therapy development.
Assuntos
Metiltransferases/química , RNA Helicases/química , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/química , Replicação Viral , Difosfato de Adenosina/química , Difosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/metabolismo , Betacoronavirus/ultraestrutura , Sítios de Ligação , RNA-Polimerase RNA-Dependente de Coronavírus , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Holoenzimas/química , Holoenzimas/metabolismo , Magnésio/metabolismo , Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , RNA Helicases/metabolismo , RNA Viral/química , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been undergoing mutations and is highly glycosylated. It is critically important to investigate the biological significance of these mutations. Here, we investigated 80 variants and 26 glycosylation site modifications for the infectivity and reactivity to a panel of neutralizing antibodies and sera from convalescent patients. D614G, along with several variants containing both D614G and another amino acid change, were significantly more infectious. Most variants with amino acid change at receptor binding domain were less infectious, but variants including A475V, L452R, V483A, and F490L became resistant to some neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, the majority of glycosylation deletions were less infectious, whereas deletion of both N331 and N343 glycosylation drastically reduced infectivity, revealing the importance of glycosylation for viral infectivity. Interestingly, N234Q was markedly resistant to neutralizing antibodies, whereas N165Q became more sensitive. These findings could be of value in the development of vaccine and therapeutic antibodies.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/genética , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Mutação , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Células A549 , Animais , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Sítios de Ligação , Bovinos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cricetinae , Cães , Glicosilação , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino , Camundongos , Células RAW 264.7 , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Suínos , Células Vero , Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 led to pandemic spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), manifesting with respiratory symptoms and multi-organ dysfunction. Detailed characterization of virus-neutralizing antibodies and target epitopes is needed to understand COVID-19 pathophysiology and guide immunization strategies. Among 598 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from 10 COVID-19 patients, we identified 40 strongly neutralizing mAbs. The most potent mAb, CV07-209, neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 value of 3.1 ng/mL. Crystal structures of two mAbs in complex with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain at 2.55 and 2.70 Å revealed a direct block of ACE2 attachment. Interestingly, some of the near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing mAbs reacted with mammalian self-antigens. Prophylactic and therapeutic application of CV07-209 protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection, weight loss, and lung pathology. Our results show that non-self-reactive virus-neutralizing mAbs elicited during SARS-CoV-2 infection are a promising therapeutic strategy.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/metabolismo , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Reações Antígeno-Anticorpo , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Sítios de Ligação , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Cricetinae , Cristalografia por Raios X , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Cinética , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Pandemias , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/química , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Ligação Proteica , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismoRESUMO
Limited knowledge is available on the relationship between antigen-specific immune responses and COVID-19 disease severity. We completed a combined examination of all three branches of adaptive immunity at the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and neutralizing antibody responses in acute and convalescent subjects. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were each associated with milder disease. Coordinated SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immune responses were associated with milder disease, suggesting roles for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in protective immunity in COVID-19. Notably, coordination of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific responses was disrupted in individuals ≥ 65 years old. Scarcity of naive T cells was also associated with aging and poor disease outcomes. A parsimonious explanation is that coordinated CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, and antibody responses are protective, but uncoordinated responses frequently fail to control disease, with a connection between aging and impaired adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Betacoronavirus/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Citocinas/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The mode of acquisition and causes for the variable clinical spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain unknown. We utilized a reverse genetics system to generate a GFP reporter virus to explore severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis and a luciferase reporter virus to demonstrate sera collected from SARS and COVID-19 patients exhibited limited cross-CoV neutralization. High-sensitivity RNA in situ mapping revealed the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the nose with decreasing expression throughout the lower respiratory tract, paralleled by a striking gradient of SARS-CoV-2 infection in proximal (high) versus distal (low) pulmonary epithelial cultures. COVID-19 autopsied lung studies identified focal disease and, congruent with culture data, SARS-CoV-2-infected ciliated and type 2 pneumocyte cells in airway and alveolar regions, respectively. These findings highlight the nasal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 with likely subsequent aspiration-mediated virus seeding to the lung in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. These reagents provide a foundation for investigations into virus-host interactions in protective immunity, host susceptibility, and virus pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/genética , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Sistema Respiratório/virologia , Genética Reversa/métodos , Idoso , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , COVID-19 , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Fibrose Cística/patologia , DNA Recombinante , Feminino , Furina/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunização Passiva , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Mucosa Nasal/patologia , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Pandemias , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Sistema Respiratório/patologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Células Vero , Virulência , Replicação Viral , Soroterapia para COVID-19RESUMO
Blood myeloid cells are known to be dysregulated in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2. It is unknown whether the innate myeloid response differs with disease severity and whether markers of innate immunity discriminate high-risk patients. Thus, we performed high-dimensional flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing of COVID-19 patient peripheral blood cells and detected disappearance of non-classical CD14LowCD16High monocytes, accumulation of HLA-DRLow classical monocytes (Human Leukocyte Antigen - DR isotype), and release of massive amounts of calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) in severe cases. Immature CD10LowCD101-CXCR4+/- neutrophils with an immunosuppressive profile accumulated in the blood and lungs, suggesting emergency myelopoiesis. Finally, we show that calprotectin plasma level and a routine flow cytometry assay detecting decreased frequencies of non-classical monocytes could discriminate patients who develop a severe form of COVID-19, suggesting a predictive value that deserves prospective evaluation.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Complexo Antígeno L1 Leucocitário , Monócitos , Células Mieloides , Estudos Prospectivos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States in January 2020, with subsequent COVID-19 outbreaks detected in all 50 states by early March. To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. Our phylogenetic analysis places the majority of these genomes with viruses sequenced from Washington state. By coupling our genomic data with domestic and international travel patterns, we show that early SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Connecticut was likely driven by domestic introductions. Moreover, the risk of domestic importation to Connecticut exceeded that of international importation by mid-March regardless of our estimated effects of federal travel restrictions. This study provides evidence of widespread sustained transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the United States and highlights the critical need for local surveillance.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/genética , Infecções por Coronavirus/transmissão , Pneumonia Viral/transmissão , Viagem , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , COVID-19 , Connecticut/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , Pandemias , Filogenia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Viagem/legislação & jurisprudência , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Washington/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The recent emergence of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in China has caused significant public health concerns. Recently, ACE2 was reported as an entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we present the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2-CTD) spike (S) protein in complex with human ACE2 (hACE2), which reveals a hACE2-binding mode similar overall to that observed for SARS-CoV. However, atomic details at the binding interface demonstrate that key residue substitutions in SARS-CoV-2-CTD slightly strengthen the interaction and lead to higher affinity for receptor binding than SARS-RBD. Additionally, a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) against SARS-CoV-S1/receptor-binding domain (RBD) were unable to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, indicating notable differences in antigenicity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. These findings shed light on the viral pathogenesis and provide important structural information regarding development of therapeutic countermeasures against the emerging virus.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/química , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Internalização do Vírus , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , Epitopos , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Filogenia , Domínios Proteicos , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/química , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/fisiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Alinhamento de Sequência , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismoRESUMO
Understanding adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is important for vaccine development, interpreting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis, and calibration of pandemic control measures. Using HLA class I and II predicted peptide "megapools," circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were identified in â¼70% and 100% of COVID-19 convalescent patients, respectively. CD4+ T cell responses to spike, the main target of most vaccine efforts, were robust and correlated with the magnitude of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA titers. The M, spike, and N proteins each accounted for 11%-27% of the total CD4+ response, with additional responses commonly targeting nsp3, nsp4, ORF3a, and ORF8, among others. For CD8+ T cells, spike and M were recognized, with at least eight SARS-CoV-2 ORFs targeted. Importantly, we detected SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells in â¼40%-60% of unexposed individuals, suggesting cross-reactive T cell recognition between circulating "common cold" coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito T , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/genética , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , COVID-19 , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Convalescença , Infecções por Coronavirus/sangue , Infecções por Coronavirus/metabolismo , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Reações Cruzadas , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/sangue , Pneumonia Viral/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Vacinas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Nucleotide analog inhibitors, including broad-spectrum remdesivir and favipiravir, have shown promise in in vitro assays and some clinical studies for COVID-19 treatment, this despite an incomplete mechanistic understanding of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nsp12 drug interactions. Here, we examine the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication by determining the cryo-EM structures of the stalled pre- and post- translocated polymerase complexes. Compared with the apo complex, the structures show notable structural rearrangements happening to nsp12 and its co-factors nsp7 and nsp8 to accommodate the nucleic acid, whereas there are highly conserved residues in nsp12, positioning the template and primer for an in-line attack on the incoming nucleotide. Furthermore, we investigate the inhibition mechanism of the triphosphate metabolite of remdesivir through structural and kinetic analyses. A transition model from the nsp7-nsp8 hexadecameric primase complex to the nsp12-nsp7-nsp8 polymerase complex is also proposed to provide clues for the understanding of the coronavirus transcription and replication machinery.