Impact on wine sales of removing the largest serving size by the glass: An A-B-A reversal trial in 21 pubs, bars, and restaurants in England.

BACKGROUND: Interventions that alter aspects of the physical environments in which unhealthy behaviours occur have the potential to change behaviour at scale, i.e., across populations, and thereby decrease the risk of several diseases. One set of such interventions involves reducing serving sizes, which could reduce alcohol consumption. The effect of modifying the available range of serving sizes of wine in a real-world setting is unknown. We aimed to assess the impact on the volume of wine sold of removing the largest serving size by the glass from the options available in licensed premises. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The study was conducted between September 2021 and May 2022 in 21 licensed premises in England that sold wine by the glass in serving sizes greater than 125 ml (i.e., 175 ml or 250 ml) and used an electronic point of sale till system. It used an A-B-A reversal design, set over 3 four-weekly periods. "A" represented the nonintervention periods during which standard serving sizes were served and "B" the intervention period when the largest serving size for a glass of wine was removed from the existing range in each establishment: 250 ml (18 premises) or 175 ml (3 premises). The primary outcome was the daily volume of wine sold, extracted from sales data. Twenty-one premises completed the study, 20 of which did so per protocol and were included in the primary analysis. After adjusting for prespecified covariates, the intervention resulted in -420·8 millilitres (ml) (95% confidence intervals (CIs) -681·4 to -160·2 p = 0·002) or -7·6% (95% CI -12·3%, -2·9%) less wine being sold per day. There was no evidence that sales of beer and cider or total daily revenues changed but the study was not powered to detect differences in these outcomes. The main study limitation is that we were unable to assess the sales of other alcoholic drinks apart from wine, beer, and cider, estimated to comprise approximately 30% of alcoholic drinks sold in participating premises. CONCLUSIONS: Removing the largest serving size of wine by the glass from those available reduced the volume of wine sold. This promising intervention for decreasing alcohol consumption across populations merits consideration as part of alcohol licensing regulations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN33169631; OSF https://osf.io/xkgdb.

Impact on beer sales of removing the pint serving size: An A-B-A reversal trial in pubs, bars, and restaurants in England.

BACKGROUND: Smaller serving sizes could contribute towards reducing alcohol consumption across populations and thereby decrease the risk of 7 cancers and other diseases. To our knowledge, the current study is the first to assess the impact on beer, lager, and cider sales (hereafter, for ease, referred to just as "beer sales") of removing the largest draught serving size (1 imperial pint) from the options available in licensed premises under real-word conditions. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The study was conducted between February and May 2023, in 13 licensed premises in England. It used an A-B-A reversal design, set over 3 consecutive 4-weekly periods with "A" representing the nonintervention periods during which standard serving sizes were served, and "B" representing the intervention period when the largest serving size of draught beer (1 imperial pint (568 ml)) was removed from existing ranges so that the largest size available was two-thirds of a pint. Where two-third pints were not served, the intervention included introducing this serving size in conjunction with removing the pint serving size. The primary outcome was the mean daily volume of all beer sold, including draught, bottles, and cans (in ml), extracted from electronic sales data. Secondary outcomes were mean daily volume of wine sold (ml) and daily revenue (£). Thirteen premises completed the study, 12 of which did so per protocol and were included in the primary analysis. After adjusting for prespecified covariates, the intervention resulted in a mean daily change of -2,769 ml (95% CI [-4,188, -1,578] p < 0.001) or -9.7% (95% CI [-13.5%, -6.1%] in beer sold. The daily volume of wine sold increased during the intervention period by 232 ml (95% CI [13, 487], p = 0.035) or 7.2% (95% CI [0.4%, 14.5%]). Daily revenues decreased by 5.0% (95% CI [9.6%, -0.3%], p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Removing the largest serving size (the imperial pint) for draught beer reduced the volume of beer sold. Given the potential of this intervention to reduce alcohol consumption, it merits consideration in alcohol control policies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN.com ISRCTN18365249.

Preventing liver disease with policy measures to tackle alcohol consumption and obesity: The HEPAHEALTH II study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Chronic liver disease (CLD) causes 1.8% of all deaths in Europe, many of them from liver cancer. We estimated the impact of several policy interventions in France, the Netherlands, and Romania. METHODS: We used a validated microsimulation model to assess seven different policy scenarios in 2022-2030: a minimum unit price (MUP) of alcohol of €0.70 or €1, a volumetric alcohol tax, a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax, food marketing restrictions, plus two different combinations of these policies compared against current policies (the 'inaction' scenario). RESULTS: All policies reduced the burden of CLD and liver cancer. The largest impact was observed for a MUP of €1, which by 2030 would reduce the cumulative incidence of CLD by between 7.1% to 7.3% in France, the Netherlands, and Romania compared with inaction. For liver cancer, the corresponding reductions in cumulative incidence were between 4.8% to 5.8%. Implementing a package containing a MUP of €0.70, a volumetric alcohol tax, and an SSB tax would reduce the cumulative incidence of CLD by between 4.29% to 4.71% and of liver cancer by between 3.47% to 3.95% in France, the Netherlands, and Romania. The total predicted reduction in healthcare costs by 2030 was greatest with the €1 MUP scenario, with a reduction for liver cancer costs of €8.18M and €612.49M in the Netherlands and France, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Policy measures tackling primary risk factors for CLD and liver cancer, such as the implementation of a MUP of €1 and/or a MUP of €0.70 plus SSB tax could markedly reduce the number of Europeans with CLD or liver cancer. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Policymakers must be aware that alcohol and obesity are the two leading risk factors for chronic liver disease and liver cancer in Europe and both are expected to increase in the future if no policy interventions are made. This study assessed the potential of different public health policy measures to mitigate the impact of alcohol consumption and obesity on the general population in three European countries: France, the Netherlands, and Romania. The findings support introducing a €1 minimum unit price for alcohol to reduce the burden of chronic liver disease. In addition, the study shows the importance of targeting multiple drivers of alcohol consumption and obesogenic products simultaneously via a harmonized fiscal policy framework, to complement efforts being made within health systems. These findings should encourage policymakers to introduce such policy measures across Europe to reduce the burden of liver disease. The modeling methods used in this study can assist in structuring similar modeling in other regions to expand on this study's findings.

Evaluating the impact of alcohol minimum unit pricing on deaths and hospitalisations in Scotland: a controlled interrupted time series study.

BACKGROUND: Since May 1, 2018, every alcoholic drink sold in Scotland has had minimum unit pricing (MUP) of £0·50 per unit. Previous studies have indicated that the introduction of this policy reduced alcohol sales by 3%. We aimed to assess whether this has led to reductions in alcohol-attributable deaths and hospitalisations. METHODS: Study outcomes, wholly attributable to alcohol consumption, were defined using routinely collected data on deaths and hospitalisations. Controlled interrupted time series regression was used to assess the legislation's impact in Scotland, and any effect modification across demographic and socioeconomic deprivation groups. The pre-intervention time series ran from Jan 1, 2012, to April 30, 2018, and for 32 months after the policy was implemented (until Dec 31, 2020). Data from England, a part of the UK where the intervention was not implemented, were used to form a control group. FINDINGS: MUP in Scotland was associated with a significant 13·4% reduction (95% CI -18·4 to -8·3; p=0·0004) in deaths wholly attributable to alcohol consumption. Hospitalisations wholly attributable to alcohol consumption decreased by 4·1% (-8·3 to 0·3; p=0·064). Effects were driven by significant improvements in chronic outcomes, particularly alcoholic liver disease. Furthermore, MUP legislation was associated with a reduction in deaths and hospitalisations wholly attributable to alcohol consumption in the four most socioeconomically deprived deciles in Scotland. INTERPRETATION: The implementation of MUP legislation was associated with significant reductions in deaths, and reductions in hospitalisations, wholly attributable to alcohol consumption. The greatest improvements were in the four most socioeconomically deprived deciles, indicating that the policy is positively tackling deprivation-based inequalities in alcohol-attributable health harm. FUNDING: Scottish Government.

Evaluating the impact of minimum unit pricing for alcohol in Scotland: a theory-based synthesis of the evidence.

BACKGROUND: In May 2018, the Scottish Government set a minimum unit price (MUP) of £0·50 per unit of alcohol sold in Scotland to reduce alcohol-related health harms. We synthesised evidence to establish the effects of MUP on alcohol-related health and social harms, at population level and within specific societal groups. METHODS: We did a theory-based synthesis of academic and grey research evidence about impacts of MUP in Scotland, including compliance, price, consumption, health outcomes, social outcomes, public attitudes, and the alcoholic drinks industry. We searched the Public Health Scotland's MUP evaluation portfolio and relevant grey and academic literature for studies published between Jan 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2023. We conducted systematic searches and screening of bibliographic databases (Scopus, Public Health Database, EconLit, MEDLINE, ProQuest Public Health, Social Policy and Practice, NHS Scotland Knowledge Network Library Search, medRxiv, bioRxiv, SSRN, Idox Knowledge Exchange, Social Policy & Practice, and Google Search). Search terms were tailored to specific databases but included variants of the terms "minimum unit pricing", "alcohol", and "policy". Eligibility literature included English-language research into impacts of MUP on either the population of Scotland or a specific subpopulation. We excluded conference abstracts, literature reviews, articles that did not report research, and research based solely on data from before the introduction of MUP. FINDINGS: We included 40 reports in our analysis. On the balance of evidence, MUP improved population-level health outcomes, demonstrated most starkly by a 13·4% reduction in alcohol-attributable deaths in Scotland compared with England. There was no evidence of substantial negative effects on the alcoholic drinks industry or social harms at the population level. While population-level outcomes were predominantly positive, some qualitative evidence suggests that MUP might have exacerbated health and social harms for some individuals or groups, especially those with alcohol dependence who were financially vulnerable. INTERPRETATION: MUP in Scotland has been effective in reducing alcohol-related health harms, with little evidence of any effect on social harms. If MUP continues, policymakers should consider raising the £0·50 per unit threshold and supplementing the intervention with policies or services to address any unintended negative effects experienced by specific groups. The synthesis is persuasive due to the prospective, theory-based design of the evaluation portfolio and the quality and comprehensiveness of the evidence. FUNDING: Scottish Government.

Treatment Referrals Post-prohibition of Alcohol Exclusion Laws: Evidence from Colorado and Illinois.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with alcohol-related disorders often encounter barriers to accessing treatment. One potential barrier is the state alcohol exclusion laws (AELs) that allow insurers to deny coverage for injuries or illnesses caused by alcohol intoxication. Several states have repealed AELs by prohibiting them completely, including banning exclusions in health and accident insurance policies, limiting their scope, or creating exemptions. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether prohibiting alcohol exclusions in health and accident insurance policies is associated with alcohol-related treatment admissions. DESIGN: We used the 2002 to 2017 Treatment Episode Data Set and obtained data from several sources to control for state-level factors. We employed a heterogeneous difference-in-differences method and an event study to compare the treatment admissions in Colorado and Illinois, two states that uniquely repealed AELs, with control states that allowed or had no AELs. MAIN MEASURES: We used aggregated alcohol treatment admission for adults by healthcare referral: (i) with alcohol as the primary substance and (ii) with alcohol as the primary, secondary, or tertiary substance. KEY RESULTS: We found a significant relationship between AEL repeal and increased referrals. AEL repeal in Colorado and Illinois was associated with higher treatment admissions from 2008 to 2011 (average treatment effect on the treated: 2008 = 653, 2009 = 1161, 2010 = 1388, and 2011 = 2020). We also found that a longer duration of exposure to AEL repeal was associated with higher treatment admissions, but this effect faded after the fourth year post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals a potential positive association between the repeal and prohibition of AELs and increased alcohol-related treatment admissions. These findings suggest that states could enhance treatment opportunities for alcohol-related disorders by reconsidering their stance on AELs. While our study highlights the possible public health benefits of repealing AELs, it also paves the way for additional studies in this domain.

Systems approaches to scaling up: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of evidence for physical activity and other behavioural non-communicable disease risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide. Systems approaches have potential for creating sustainable outcomes at scale but have rarely been used to support scale up in physical activity/nutrition promotion or NCD prevention more generally. This review aimed to: (i) synthesise evidence on the use of systems approaches in scaling up interventions targeting four behavioural risk factors for NCDs; and (ii) to explore how systems approaches have been conceptualised and used in intervention implementation and scale up. METHOD: Seven electronic databases were searched for studies published 2016-2021. Eligible studies targeted at least one of four NCD behavioural risk factors (physical inactivity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, diet), or described evaluation of an intervention planned for or scaled up. Studies were categorised as having a (i) high, (ii) moderate, or (iii) no use of a systems approach. A narrative synthesis of how systems approaches had been operationalised in scale up, following PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: Twenty-one intervention studies were included. Only 19% (n = 4) of interventions explicitly used systems thinking to inform intervention design, implementation and scale up (targeting all four risk factors n = 2, diet n = 1, tobacco use n = 1). Five studies ('high use') planned and implemented scale up with an explicit focus on relations between system elements and used system changes to drive impact at scale. Seven studies ('moderate use') considered systems elements impacting scale-up processes or outcomes but did not require achieving system-level changes from the outset. Nine studies ('no use') were designed to work at multiple levels among multiple agencies in an intervention setting, but the complexity of the system and relations between system elements was not articulated. We synthesised reported barriers and facilitators to scaling up, and how studies within each group conceptualised and used systems approaches, and methods, frameworks and principles for scaling up. CONCLUSION: In physical activity research, and NCD prevention more broadly, the use of systems approaches in scale up remains in its infancy. For researchers, practitioners and policymakers wishing to adopt systems approaches to intervention implementation at scale, guidance is needed on how to communicate and operationalise systems approaches in research and in practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42021287265).

Effectiveness of alcohol warning labels for at-risk groups and the general public: A policy-informing randomized experiment in Chile.

OBJECTIVE: The World Health Organization recommends using health-risk warnings on alcoholic beverages. This study examines the impact of separate or combined warning labels for at-risk groups and the general population on alcohol purchase decisions. METHODS: In 2022, 7758 adults who consumed alcohol or were pregnant/lactating women (54.0 % female, mean age = 40.6 years) were presented with an online store's beverage section and randomly assigned to one of six warning labels in a between-subjects experimental design: no-warning, pregnant/lactating, drinking-driving, general cancer risk, combined warnings, and assorted warnings across bottles. The main outcome, the intention to purchase an alcoholic vs. non-alcoholic beverage, was examined with adjusted risk differences using logistic regressions. RESULTS: Participants exposed to the general cancer risk warning decreased their alcoholic choices by 10.4 percentage points (pp.) (95 % CI [-0.139, -0.069], p < 0.001, OR = 0.561), while those in the pregnancy/lactation warning condition did it by 3.8 pp. (95 % CI [-0.071, -0.005], p = 0.025, OR = 0.806). The driving-drinking warning had no significant effect. Participants exposed to the combined warnings label, or the assorted warnings reduced alcohol purchase decisions by 6.1 pp. (95 % CI [-0.095, -0.028], p < 0.001, OR = 0.708) and 4.3 pp. (95 % CI [-0.076, -0.010], p = 0.011, OR = 0.782), respectively. Cancer warning outperformed other labels and was effective for subgroups such as pregnant/lactating women, young adults, and low-income individuals. CONCLUSIONS: General cancer risk warnings are more effective at reducing alcohol purchase decisions compared to warning labels for specific groups or labels using multiple warnings. In addition to warning labels, other policies should be considered for addressing well-known alcohol-related risks (e.g., drinking and driving).

The effectiveness of internet-based group behavioural interventions on lifestyle modifications: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effectiveness of internet-based group interventions incorporating social support elements in addressing behaviours related to smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and obesity. METHODS: A literature search was undertaken in six databases from inception to April 2024. Articles were eligible if they reported on group-based online interventions targeting smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and obesity, and included interactive features aimed at promoting social engagement and support. Two reviewers independently screened and assessed the quality of articles using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools. A narrative analysis was used to synthesize and interpret the data to understand the effects of online interventions on lifestyle modifications. RESULTS: A total of 4063 citations underwent screening, resulting in 32 articles being deemed eligible and included in this review. Most studies examined physical activity (n = 14), followed by obesity (n = 7) and smoking (n = 6), Most studies were conducted in the USA (n = 14) and Australia (n = 11). Websites were the most utilised mode of intervention delivery (n = 11), followed by Facebook (n = 7) and mobile apps (n = 5). Group-based internet interventions were effective in improving smoking cessation, increasing physical activity and addressing obesity. However, there is insufficient data to determine their effect on promoting healthy nutrition and reducing alcohol intake. CONCLUSION: Group-based interventions delivered on the internet are effective in changing various health behaviours. This approach can offer large scale and cost-effective means to deliver behavioural interventions. However, the long-term effects and strategies for maintaining the behaviour changes are lacking, underscoring the need for further research.

ReACH2Gether: Iterative Development of a Couples-Based Intervention to Reduce Alcohol use Among Sexual Minority Men Living with HIV and Their Partners.

Unhealthy alcohol use, which encompasses heavy episodic drinking to alcohol use disorder, has been identified as a modifiable barrier to optimal HIV care continuum outcomes. Despite the demonstrated efficacy of couples-based interventions for addressing unhealthy alcohol use, there are no existing couples-based alcohol interventions designed specifically for people living with HIV. This study presents the development and refinement of a three-session couples-based motivational intervention (ReACH2Gether) to address unhealthy alcohol use among a sample of 17 sexual minority men living with HIV and their partners living in the United States. To increase potential population reach, the intervention was delivered entirely remotely. Throughout an original and a modified version, results indicated that the ReACH2Gether intervention was acceptable and there were no reports of intimate partner violence or adverse events. Session engagement and retention were high. In pre-post-test analyses, the ReACH2Gether intervention showed trends in reducing Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test scores and increasing relationship-promoting dynamics, such as positive support behaviors and goal congruence around alcohol use. Results support the need for continued work to evaluate the ReACH2Gether intervention.

RESUMEN: El consumo no saludable de alcohol, que abarca episodios intensos de consumo hasta llegar a causar trastornos de alcohol, se ha identificado como una barrera modificable para los resultados óptimos continuos de la atención del VIH. A pesar de la eficacia demostrada de las intervenciones basadas en parejas para abordar el consumo no saludable de alcohol, no existen intervenciones de alcohol basadas en parejas diseñadas específicamente para personas que viven con el VIH. Este estudio presenta el desarrollo y perfeccionamiento de una intervención motivacional basada en parejas de tres sesiones (ReACH2Gether) para abordar el consumo no saludable de alcohol entre una muestra de 17 hombres de minorías sexuales que viven con el VIH y sus parejas que viven en los Estados Unidos. Para aumentar el alcance de la población potencial, la intervención se realizó de forma totalmente remota. A lo largo de una versión original y modificada, los resultados indicaron que la intervención ReACH2Gether era aceptable y no hubo informes de violencia de pareja o eventos adversos. El compromiso y la retención de la sesión fueron altos. En los análisis previos y posteriores a la prueba, la intervención ReACH2Gether mostró tendencias en la reducción de las puntuaciones de la prueba de identificación del trastorno por consumo de alcohol y en el aumento de las dinámicas que promueven las relaciones, como comportamientos de apoya positivas y congruencia de objetivos en torno al consumo alcohol. Los resultados respaldan la necesidad de un trabajo continuo para evaluar la intervención ReACH2Gether.

Psychosocial and medication interventions to stop or reduce alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Despite the known harms, alcohol consumption is common in pregnancy. Rates vary between countries, and are estimated to be 10% globally, with up to 25% in Europe. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of psychosocial interventions and medications to reduce or stop alcohol consumption during pregnancy. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group Specialised Register (via CRSLive), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO, from inception to 8 January 2024. We also searched for ongoing and unpublished studies via ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). All searches included non-English language literature. We handsearched references of topic-related systematic reviews and included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials that compared medications or psychosocial interventions, or both, to placebo, no intervention, usual care, or other medications or psychosocial interventions used to reduce or stop alcohol use during pregnancy. Our primary outcomes of interest were abstinence from alcohol, reduction in alcohol consumption, retention in treatment, and women with any adverse event. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. MAIN RESULTS: We included eight studies (1369 participants) in which pregnant women received an intervention to stop or reduce alcohol use during pregnancy. In one study, almost half of participants had a current diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (AUD); in another study, 40% of participants had a lifetime diagnosis of AUD. Six studies took place in the USA, one in Spain, and one in the Netherlands. All included studies evaluated the efficacy of psychosocial interventions; we did not find any study that evaluated the efficacy of medications for the treatment of AUD during pregnancy. Psychosocial interventions were mainly brief interventions ranging from a single session of 10 to 60 minutes to five sessions of 10 minutes each. Pregnant women received the psychosocial intervention approximately at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy, and the outcome of alcohol use was reassessed 8 to 24 weeks after the psychosocial intervention. Women in the control group received treatment as usual (TAU) or similar treatments such as comprehensive assessment of alcohol use and advice to stop drinking during pregnancy. Globally, we found that, compared to TAU, psychosocial interventions may increase the rate of continuously abstinent participants (risk ratio (RR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14 to 1.57; I2 =0%; 3 studies; 378 women; low certainty evidence). Psychosocial interventions may have little to no effect on the number of drinks per day, but the evidence is very uncertain (mean difference -0.42, 95% CI -1.13 to 0.28; I2 = 86%; 2 studies; 157 women; very low certainty evidence). Psychosocial interventions probably have little to no effect on the number of women who completed treatment (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.02; I2 = 0%; 7 studies; 1283 women; moderate certainty evidence). None of the included studies assessed adverse events of treatments. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence due to risk of bias and imprecision of the estimates. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Brief psychosocial interventions may increase the rate of continuous abstinence among pregnant women who report alcohol use during pregnancy. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of psychosocial interventions and other treatments (e.g. medications) for women with AUD. These studies should provide detailed information on alcohol use before and during pregnancy using consistent measures such as the number of drinks per drinking day. When heterogeneous populations are recruited, more detailed information on alcohol use during pregnancy should be provided to allow future systematic reviews to be conducted. Other important information that would enhance the usefulness of these studies would be the presence of other comorbid conditions such as anxiety, mood disorders, and the use of other psychoactive substances.

Satisfaction with a digital support tool targeting alcohol consumption: perspectives from participants in a randomized control trial.

AIM: Intervention design may be improved through evaluating the feedback from those who have been exposed to such interventions. As such, here the perspectives of the intervention group from a recent randomized control trial investigating the effectiveness of a digital alcohol intervention, in terms of perceived suitability and usefulness of the support tool they engaged with, were investigated. METHODS: Respondents (N=475; 45% of the intervention group) answered five quantitative questions addressing user experience, completed the 10-item System Useability Scale, and were offered the opportunity to write free-text feedback. Quantitative measures were analysed using ordinal and linear regression with baseline characteristics as predictors, and free-text responses were evaluated using content analysis. RESULTS: Overall, respondents were positive towards the intervention in terms of it fitting their needs, the usefulness of the tools included, and the usefulness of text message content. The intervention was perceived as more helpful by respondents with lower total weekly alcohol consumption, higher self-reported confidence in their ability to reduce their drinking, and the perceived importance there of, at baseline. The free-text comments revealed the value of reminders as prompts to reflect on one's own drinking behaviour. Nonetheless, criticisms of the intervention were voiced, primarily highlighting the repetitive nature of the reminders and the lack of individuation in advice. Some also feltlike the intervention was impersonal and targeted only a specific drinking pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Experiences of the intervention group in this trial were generally positive, though there may be demand for more individualised, targeted intervention design.

The protection motivation theory as an explanatory model for intention to use alcohol protective behavioral strategies related to the manner of drinking among young adults.

AIMS: This study aimed to prospectively examine the explanatory value of the protection motivation theory (PMT) for the intention to use manner of drinking protective behavioral strategies (MD PBS) and to explore its invariance across genders. METHOD: A targeted sampling procedure was used to recruit 339 young adults in the community (Mage = 21.1; SD = 2.21; female = 50.7%) who completed baseline and 2-month follow-up measures of the PMT constructs and intentions to use each of the five MD PBS. RESULTS: Regression analyses revealed that the coping appraisal components (response efficacy and self-efficacy) had greater explanatory power for the intention to use MD PBS than the threat appraisal components (perceived vulnerability and perceived severity). Perceived vulnerability to alcohol consequences was not prospectively associated with any specific behavioral intention or with the total MD PBS score. In contrast, perceived severity was prospectively associated with the intention to use three out of five PBS and the total MD score. Regression coefficients revealed gender invariance for all six models. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that interventions aimed at encouraging young adults to use alcohol MD PBS would be most effective if they included components that enhance self-efficacy in using these strategies and emphasize their perceived usefulness in reducing alcohol-related consequences.

Prevention of alcohol exposed pregnancies in Europe: the FAR SEAS guidelines.

INTRODUCTION: Drinking during pregnancy is the leading cause of birth defects and child developmental disorders in Europe. The adverse effects of drinking during pregnancy may include physical, behavioural and cognitive problems, known collectively as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Evidence-based comprehensive recommendations at the European level on how to implement preventive and treatment policies to reduce alcohol-exposed pregnancies are needed. FAR SEAS, a tendered service contract (number 20,187,106) awarded by the European Commission, aimed at developing guidelines to respond to this knowledge gap. METHODS: FAR SEAS recommendations were built on (1) a two-phase review of interventions, (2) an international expert consultation, and (3) a pilot study on prevention of FASD conducted in the Mazovia region of Poland. The review of interventions included nineteen electronic open access databases, several repositories of grey literature and a key informant consultation covering most European Union (EU) countries and an additional guidelines search. After triangulating sources, 94 records were collected. Experts contributed in the design of the research questions, addressing the gaps in the literature and reviewing the recommendations formulated. The Polish pilot added nuances from real world practice to the formulated recommendations, resulting in the final set of guidelines for dissemination. RESULTS: The FAR SEAS Guidelines comprise 23 recommendations grouped into different topics areas of policies, communication strategies, screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment, treatment and social services. The recommendations highlight the need to respect women's autonomy and avoid discrimination and stigmatization; using universal screening for women of childbearing age, including detection of other psychosocial risks (such as domestic violence); and individualized, comprehensive and multidisciplinary supportive interventions for those who require it, such as those with alcohol use disorders, including women's partners. Policies to prevent FASD should be multicomponent, and public health communication should combine information about the risks together with self-efficacy messages to promote changes. CONCLUSIONS: The FAR SEAS guidelines are a tool to support policy-makers and service managers in implementing effective programmes to reduce prenatal alcohol exposure among general and at-risk population groups. FASD prevention has to involve comprehensive and multi-level evidence-based policies and practice, with services and activities tailored to the needs of women at differing levels of risk, and with due attention to reducing stigma.

Continuities and change in alcohol policy at the global level: a documentary analysis of the 2010 Global Strategy for Reducing the Harmful Use of Alcohol and the Global Alcohol Action Plan 2022-2030.

BACKGROUND: There are only two major statements which define alcohol policy development at the global level. There has not been any comparative analysis of the details of these key texts, published in 2010 and 2022 respectively, including how far they constitute similar or evolving approaches to alcohol harm. METHODS: Preparatory data collection involved examination of documents associated with the final policy statements. A thematic analysis across the two policy documents was performed to generate understanding of continuity and change based on comparative study. Study findings are interpreted in the contexts of the evolving conceptual and empirical literatures. RESULTS: Both documents exhibit shared guiding principles and identify similar governance challenges, albeit with varying priority levels. There is more emphasis on the high-impact interventions on price, availability and marketing in 2022, and more stringent targets have been set for 2030 in declaring alcohol as a public health priority therein, reflecting the action-oriented nature of the Plan. The identified roles of policy actors have largely remained unchanged, albeit with greater specificity in the more recent statement, appropriately so because it is concerned with implementation. The major exception, and the key difference in the documents, regards the alcohol industry, which is perceived primarily as a threat to public health in 2022 due to commercial activities harmful to health and because policy interference has slowed progress. CONCLUSIONS: The adoption of the Global Alcohol Action Plan 2022-30 potentially marks a pivotal moment in global alcohol policy development, though it is unclear how fully it may be implemented. Perhaps, the key advances lie in advancing the ambitions of alcohol policy and clearly identifying that the alcohol industry should not be seen as any kind of partner in public health policymaking, which will permit progress to the extent that this influences what actually happens in alcohol policy at the national level.

Rapid Lifestyle Recommendations to Improve Urologic, Heart and Overall Health.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This literature review is intended to highlight recent correlations between urologic, heart and overall health by emphasizing healthy eating patterns, physical activity, alcohol minimization and tobacco elimination, healthy sleep, weight, cholesterol, blood sugar, blood pressure management, and mental health awareness. RECENT FINDINGS: Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and clinical studies espouse a unified message for prevention, reducing the risk of disease recurrence, progression, complementing conventional medical intervention efficacy, and mitigating treatment side effects. Limiting or eliminating alcohol consumption could be considered an independent recommendation and adding a mental health and miscellaneous (genetic risk and lifestyle, planetary health, HPV or other vaccination awareness, spirituality, etc.) category could allow for individualized educational opportunities, synergism appreciation, and self-improvement. Urologic healthcare professionals have the potential to strengthen the collective public health goal of improving the quality and quantity of the lives of patients able to adhere to these heart healthy recommendations.

Process evaluation of the Belgian one-month-without alcohol campaign 'Tournée Minérale': a mixed method approach.

BACKGROUND: The Tournée Minérale campaign [TMC] is a mass media prevention campaign challenging Belgian adults to refrain from alcohol during one month. A process evaluation may help us better understand the effect of TMC and to formulate recommendations for future editions. The current study aimed to examine reach, experiences, perceived effectiveness and maintenance of TMC. METHODS: A mixed method design was used to assess the process, using pre- and post-questionnaires (n = 49.022, 44.5 ± 13.1 years old, 37.0% men) and focus groups (n = 31, 47.3 ± 14.3 years old, 33.3% men). RESULTS: Most campaign materials were considered useful and/or motivating. Facilitators for taking part in TMC were connectedness with other participants, stimulus control (e.g. removing alcohol at home) and a supportive social environment. Most difficulties were encountered with abstaining during social occasions as participants had to change a habit or find alternative non-alcoholic beverages. Participants reported both beneficial (e.g. sleeping better) and adverse effects (e.g. drinking more soft drinks). CONCLUSIONS: Future editions of TMC should try to decrease perceived adverse effects (e.g. by providing attractive non-alcoholic beverages) and can benefit from having a forum where people can share experiences.

Two online randomised controlled trials examining effects of alcohol calorie labelling on hypothetical ordering of calories from alcohol and food.

BACKGROUND: Providing calorie information for alcoholic beverages is a potential public-health intervention which may serve to reduce alcohol use but also prevalence of overweight/obesity. Equivocal evidence has been found for the effectiveness of alcohol calorie information at reducing drinking intentions as well as purchasing and consumption. However, the extent at which calorie information 'on-trade' will impact consumer behaviour for both alcohol and food consumption has not been investigated. AIMS: (1) To examine the presence of alcohol calorie labelling for hypothetical purchasing of alcohol and food in typical UK restaurant scenarios. (2) To determine the characteristics of individuals who will be likely to choose to view alcohol calorie labels. METHODS: Two online randomised control trials using a hypothetical menu selection. In experiment one (N = 325) participants were randomised to the presence or absence of alcohol calorie labels. In experiment two (N = 1081) individuals were randomised to alcohol calorie labels absent or the choice to view alcohol calorie labels. The primary outcome for each study was calories ordered from alcoholic beverages. RESULTS: There was no evidence that the presence of alcohol calorie information on restaurant menus impacted the number of calories ordered from alcoholic beverages or from food and soft drinks. Younger individuals and individuals who exhibit greater motives for good health were more likely to choose to view alcohol calorie labels. CONCLUSIONS: In two online, hypothetical experiments there is no evidence for alcohol calorie labelling impacting consumer decisions to order alcohol or food. Given the choice, a self-selecting group of individuals who are more motivated by health concerns will view alcohol calorie labels, and in turn may be less likely to order alcohol.

Cost-utility analysis of an alcohol policy in Thailand: a case study of a random breath testing intervention.

BACKGROUND: Road traffic injuries are a major concern worldwide, with Thailand facing high accident mortality rates. Drunk driving is a key factor that requires countermeasures. Random breath testing (RBT) and mass media campaigns recommended by the World Health Organisation intend to deter such behaviour. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of implementing RBT in combination with mass media campaigns in Thailand. METHODS: A Markov simulation model estimated the lifetime cost and health benefits of RBT with mass media campaigns compared to mass media campaigns only. Direct medical and non-medical care costs were evaluated from a societal perspective. The health outcomes were quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Costs and outcomes were discounted by 3% per year. Subgroup analyses were conducted for both sexes, different age groups, and different drinking levels. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted over 5,000 independent iterations using a predetermined distribution for each parameter. RESULTS: This study suggested that RBT with mass media campaigns compared with mass media campaigns increases the lifetime cost by 24,486 THB per male binge drinker and 10,475 THB per female binge drinker (1 USD = 35 THB) and results in a QALY gain of 0.43 years per male binge drinker and 0.10 years per female binge drinker. The intervention yielded incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of 57,391 and 103,850 THB per QALY for male and female drinkers, respectively. Moreover, the intervention was cost-effective for all age groups and drinking levels. The intervention yielded the lowest ICER among male-dependent drinkers. Sensitivity analyses showed that at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of 160,000 per QALY gained, the RBT combined with mass media campaigns had a 99% probability of being optimal for male drinkers, whereas the probability for females was 91%. CONCLUSIONS: RBT and mass media campaigns in Thailand are cost-effective for all ages and drinking levels in both sexes. The intervention yielded the lowest ICER among male-dependent drinkers. Given the current Thai WTP threshold, sensitivity analyses showed that the intervention was more cost-effective for males than females.

Evaluating the Acceptability of the Drink Less App and the National Health Service Alcohol Advice Web Page: Qualitative Interview Process Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The extent to which interventions are perceived as acceptable to users impacts engagement and efficacy. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated the acceptability of (1) the smartphone app Drink Less (intervention) and (2) the National Health Service (NHS) alcohol advice web page (usual digital care and comparator) among adult drinkers in the United Kingdom participating in a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of the Drink Less app. METHODS: A subsample of 26 increasing- and higher-risk drinkers (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score≥8) assigned to the intervention group (Drink Less; n=14, 54%; female: n=10, 71%; age: 22-72 years; White: n=9, 64%) or usual digital care group (NHS alcohol advice web page; n=12, 46%; female: n=5, 42%; age: 23-68 years: White: n=9, 75%) took part in semistructured interviews. The interview questions were mapped on to the 7 facets of acceptability according to the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability: affective attitude, burden, perceived effectiveness, ethicality, intervention coherence, opportunity costs, and self-efficacy. Alongside these constructs, we also included a question on perceived personal relevance, which previous research has linked to acceptability and engagement. Framework and thematic analysis of data was undertaken. RESULTS: The Drink Less app was perceived as being ethical, easy, user-friendly, and effective for the period the app was used. Participants reported particularly liking the tracking and feedback sections of the app, which they reported increased personal relevance and which resulted in positive affect when achieving their goals. They reported no opportunity cost. Factors such as negative affect when not meeting goals and boredom led to disengagement in the longer term for some participants. The NHS alcohol advice web page was rated as being easy and user-friendly with no opportunity costs. However, the information presented was not perceived as being personally relevant or effective in changing drinking behavior. Most participants reported neutral or negative affect, most participants thought the alcohol advice web page was accessible, and some participants reported ethical concerns around the availability of suggested resources. Some participants reported that it had acted as a starting point or a signpost to other resources. Participants in both groups discussed motivation to change and contextual factors such as COVID-19 lockdowns, which influenced their perceived self-efficacy regardless of their assigned intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Drink Less appears to be an acceptable digital intervention among the recruited sample. The NHS alcohol advice web page was generally considered unacceptable as a stand-alone intervention among the recruited sample, although it may signpost and help people access other resources and interventions.