Successful Endovascular Management of Pseudoaneurysm following Transarterial Chemoembolization: A Case Report.

Background and Objectives: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a widely accepted treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Regarding TACE, arterial injuries, such as hepatic artery spasm or dissection, can also occur, although pseudoaneurysms are rare. We report a case of pseudoaneurysm following TACE. Materials and Methods: A 78-year-old man had been undergoing TACE for HCC in segment 8 of the liver for the past 5 years, with the most recent TACE procedure performed approximately 1 month prior. He presented to the emergency department with melena that persisted for 5 days. Computed tomography revealed a pseudoaneurysm in the S8 hepatic artery with hemobilia. Results: the pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated by N-Butyl-cyanoacrylate glue embolization. Conclusions: In patients that have undergone TACE presenting with melena and hemobilia identified on CT, consideration of hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm is crucial. Such cases can be safely and effectively treated with endovascular managements.

A rare incidence of a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following plastic biliary stent insertion.

Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms have been reported to occur in approximately 1% of cases after metal stenting for malignant biliary obstruction. In contrast, only a few cases have been reported as complications after plastic stenting for benign biliary disease. We report a 61-year-old man with cholangitis who presented with a rare complication of hemobilia after implantation of 7 Fr double pigtail plastic biliary stents. No bleeding was observed approximately one month after biliary stent tube removal. Contrast-enhanced CT scan revealed a circularly enhanced lesion (5 mm in diameter) in the arterial phase at the tip of the previously inserted plastic bile duct stent. Color Doppler ultrasonography enhanced the lesion and detected arterial blood flow inside. He was diagnosed with a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm. However, he had no risk factors such as prolonged catheterization, severe cholangitis, liver abscess, or long-term steroid use. Superselective transarterial embolization using two metal microcoils was successfully completed without damage to the surrounding liver parenchyma. If hemobilia is suspected after insertion of a plastic bile duct stent, immediate monitoring using contrast-enhanced computed tomography or Doppler ultrasonography is recommended.

Multidisciplinary management of high-grade pediatric liver injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To present our experience of multidisciplinary management of high-grade pediatric liver injuries. INTRODUCTION: Pediatric high-grade liver injuries pose significant challenge to management due to associated morbidity and mortality. Emergency surgical intervention to control hemorrhage and biliary leak in these patients is usually suboptimal. Conservative management in selected high-grade liver injuries is now becoming standard of care. Management of hemobilia due to pseudoaneurysm formation and traumatic bile leaks requires multidisciplinary management. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken for patients presenting with blunt liver injuries at two tertiary care centers in Karachi, Pakistan, from March 2021 to December 2022. Twenty-eight patients were identified, and four patients fulfilled the criteria for grade 4 and above blunt liver injury during this period. RESULTS: One case with grade 4 liver injury developed hemobilia on 7th day of injury. He required two settings of angioembolization but had recurrent leak from pseudoaneurysm. He ultimately needed right hepatic artery ligation. Second patient presented with massive biliary peritonitis 2 days following injury. He was managed initially with tube laparostomy followed by ERCP and stent placement. The third patient developed large hemoperitoneum managed conservatively. One case with grade 5 injury expired during emergency surgery. CONCLUSION: Conservative management of advanced liver injuries can result in significant morbidity and mortality due to high risk of complications. Trauma surgeons need to have multidisciplinary team for management of these patients to gain optimal outcome.

Tears of blood: an unusual case of haemolacria due to conjunctival vascular malformation successfully managed by embolisation.

A boy in his mid-teens presented with progressively increasing bleeding from the right eye and nostril intermittently over a period of 6 weeks. A complete ophthalmic examination revealed nothing significant. His otorhinological examination and haematological investigations were within normal limits. The patient came a month later with frank bleeding from the right eye. Ophthalmic examination revealed hyperaemia and maceration of the right lower palpebral conjunctiva. A histopathological examination of conjunctival scrapings from the site showed abnormal dilated blood vessels suggestive of a vascular malformation. Digital subtraction angiography confirmed the presence of a conjunctival micro arteriovenous malformation supplied by the external carotid and ophthalmic artery branches. He underwent successful transarterial Onyx embolisation resulting in complete resolution of the haemolacria.

Hemobilia, una causa infrecuente de hemorragia del tracto digestivo superior / Hemobilia, a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Resumen La hemobilia es una causa poco frecuente de hemorragia del tracto gastrointestinal superior. La principal etiología es de origen iatrogénico y la posibilidad de hemobilia debe considerarse en cualquier paciente con hemorragia gastrointestinal y un historial reciente de procedimientos hepatobiliares. Otras causas menos frecuentes incluyen el trauma de abdomen, la enfermedad oncológica de la vía biliar o las enfermedades inflamatorias del páncreas o la vía biliar. La presentación clínica varía según la gravedad del sangrado; generalmente se presenta con dolor abdominal, ictericia y melenas, aunque puede cursar al ingreso con rectorragia e hipotensión. Un alto porcentaje de estas presenta resolución espontánea, sin requerir procedimientos adicionales. La angiografía es el estándar de oro para el diagnóstico de la hemobilia, pero los avances en la angiotomografía permiten que esta sea una opción menos invasiva y con mayor disponibilidad. La angioembolización es el tratamiento principal para estos pacientes, pero existen otras alternativas como la colocación de stent vascular o de stent en el conducto biliar.

Abstract Hemobilia is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract bleeding. Its main etiology is iatrogenic, and the possibility of hemobilia should be considered in any patient with GI bleeding and a recent history of hepatobiliary surgery. Other less frequent causes include abdominal trauma, oncologic disease of the biliary tract, or inflammatory diseases of the pancreas or bile duct. Its clinical presentation varies depending on the severity of the bleeding. It usually presents with abdominal pain, jaundice, and tarry stools, although patients may also present with rectorrhagia and hypotension on admission. A high percentage of these symptoms have a spontaneous resolution, without requiring additional procedures. Angiography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of hemobilia, but advances in computed tomography angiography make it a less invasive and more widely available option. Endovascular embolization is the main treatment for these patients, but there are other alternatives such as vascular or bile duct stent placement.

Hemobilia como causa infrecuente y grave de hemorragia digestiva alta / Hemobilia as a rare and serious cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Introducción: La hemobilia es por definición una causa de hemorragia digestiva alta, donde existe una comunicación de la vía biliar en cualquiera de sus segmentos con vasos sanguíneos que desembocan a través de la ampolla de Vater. Su presentación es infrecuente y no sospechada en la práctica clínica diaria de gastroenterólogos, cirujanos, hepatólogos, clínicos e intensivistas, con un difícil manejo diagnóstico-terapéutico y una elevada morbi-mortalidad. Objetivo: Describir tres casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de hemobilia. Desarrollo: Se presentan tres casos con hemobilia que tuvieron una elevada mortalidad y con diferente etiología; en el primer caso por trombosis de la arteria hepática postrasplante hepático, el segundo secundario a un colangiocarcinoma de la unión hepatocística y el tercero con diagnóstico de un aneurisma de la arteria hepática derecha confirmado y parcialmente tratado por angiotomografía, posteriormente intervenido quirúrgicamente y único sobreviviente. Conclusiones: Resultaron tres casos con hemobilia de diferentes causas, con una elevada mortalidad por la intensidad de la hemorragia digestiva alta y las comorbilidades asociadas, además de señalar que ninguno de ellos presentó la tríada clásica reportada por Quincke(AU)

Introduction: Hemobilia is, by definition, a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, where there is a communication of the bile duct in any of its segments with blood vessels that flow through the ampulla of Vater. It is rare and it is not suspected in the daily clinical practice of gastroenterologists, surgeons, hepatologists, clinicians and intensivists, hence the diagnostic-therapeutic management is difficult and it has high morbidity and mortality. Objective: To report three cases of patients with a diagnosis of hemobilia. Case report: We report three cases of hemobilia of high mortality and different etiology. The first case had post-liver transplantation hepatic artery thrombosis, the second had asecondary cholangiocarcinoma of the hepatocystic junction and the third had diagnosis of confirmed right hepatic artery aneurysm partially treated by CT angiography, subsequently operated on and the only survivor. Conclusions: These three hemobilia cases had different causes, and high mortality due to the intensity of the upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the associated comorbidities, in addition to noting that none of them exhibited the classic triad reported by Quincke(AU)

Hemobilia secundaria a aneurisma de la arteria hepática / Hemobilia Secondary to Aneurysm of the Hepatic Artery

Resumen Se presenta el caso de un paciente con hemorragia de vías digestivas altas e ictericia asociadas a un aneurisma de la arteria hepática derecha.

Abstract We present the case of a patient with upper digestive tract hemorrhaging and jaundice due to an aneurysm of the right hepatic artery.

Hemobilia pós-trauma: forma não usual de hemorragia digestiva alta - relato de caso / Hemobilia post-trauma: unusual form of upper gastrointestinal bleeding - case report

A hemobilia é definida como o sangramento no trato biliar e representa uma causa rara de hemorragia digestiva alta. Sua etiologia é variada, sendo majoritariamente devido a trauma acidental e iatrogenia, e o seu tratamento padrão ouro consiste na embolização seletiva da artéria hepática. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente de 19 anos, do sexo masculino, vítima de uma queda de 5 metros de altura. Após tomografia computadorizada de abdome, foi evidenciada lesão hepática e optado por tratamento conservador. Paciente recebeu alta hospitalar com ultrassonografia de abdome, evidenciando estabilidade da lesão e retornou após 43 dias do trauma apresentando dor epigástrica e hematêmese. Tomografia computadorizada contrastada de abdome evidenciou a presença de pseudoaneurisma de artéria hepática direita, sendo optado pela embolização. Desse modo, apesar de não ser frequente, hemobilia é uma hipótese a qual deve sempre ser considerada em pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta que sofreram trauma acidental ou foram submetidos a algum tipo de procedimento envolvendo a árvore biliar.

Hemobilia is defined as bleeding in the biliary tract, and is a very rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Its etiology is varied (mostly due to accidental trauma and iatrogenic) and its gold standard treatment is selective hepatic artery embolization. The authors report a case of a 19 year old patient, male, victim of a fall of 5 meters high. After computed tomography of the abdomen, liver damage was observed and opted for conservative treatment. Patient was discharge with abdominal ultrasonography demonstrating stability of the injury and returned after 43 days of trauma presenting epigastric pain and hematemesis. Contrasted computed tomography of the abdomen showed the presence of pseudoaneurysm of right hepatic artery and opted for embolization. Thus, although it is unusual, it is a hypothesis that must always be considered in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding who have suffered accidental trauma or underwent some kind of procedure involving the biliary tree.

Tratamento não operatório de hemobilia por ferimento de arma branca: relato de caso / Non-operative management of hemobilia for penetrating abdominal trauma: case report

A hemobilia ocorre quando doenças ou injúrias causam comunicação entre o sangue de vasos intra-hepáticos com o trato biliar. O diagnóstico de hemobilia foi apresentado pela primeira vez por Francis Glisson em 1654, porém o primeiro caso documentado data de 1777 por Antoni Portal. O objetivo do presente relato é apresentar um caso de hemobilia em paciente atendido no Hospital Universitário de Maringá por ferimento de arma branca que apresentou tardiamente hemorragia digestiva alta e diagnosticado hemobilia submetido a tratamento não operatório.

Hemobilia occurs when injury or disease cause comunication between intrahepatic blood vessel and the biliary tract. Francis Glisson introduced the diagnosis of hemobilia in 1654, but Antoine Portal documented the first case in 1777. The aim of this report is to present a case of late presentation of hepatic pseudoaneurysm with hemobilia for penetrating abdominal trauma submeted a non-operative management of hemobilia at the Hospital of Maringá State University.

Hemobilia após trauma abdominal: relato de 3 casos / Hemobilia after abdominal trauma: report of 3 cases

Hemobilia é rara e potencialmente fatal. A suspeita de sangramento em trato biliar é maior em casos recentes de trauma hepático ou cirurgia hepatobiliar. Ruptura de pseudoaneurisma de artéria hepática é causa comum de hemobilia. Relatamos 3 casos de hemobilia em indivíduos jovens, acometidos por trauma abdominal, que evoluíram com ruptura de pseudoaneurisma e necessidade de embolização angiográfica de vaso sangrante.

Hemobilia is rare and potentially fatal. Suspect bleeding in the biliary tract is higher in recent cases of liver trauma or hepatobiliary surgery. Rupture of hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm is a common cause of hemobilia. We report 3 cases of hemobilia in young individuals suffering from abdominal trauma, who developed pseudoaneurysm rupture and need for angiographic embolization of bleeding vessel.

Hemobilia como forma inusual de presentación en la enfermedad de Caroli / Hemobile as an unusual presentation form of the Caroli´s disease

La enfermedad de Caroli, o ectasia comunicante de las vías biliares intrahepáticas, es una entidad congénita, caracterizada por múltiples dilataciones saculares o quísticas de las vías biliares intrahepáticas. En este trabajo se hace presentación de un nuevo caso portador de enfermedad de Caroli. Se trata de una paciente de raza blanca, de 26 años de edad, con antecedentes de buena salud anterior, que ingresa por fiebre elevada de 39 ºC, hepatomegalia dolorosa e imágenes hipoecoicas en el hígado, detectadas en la ultrasonografia, con aminotransferasas hepáticas ligeramente elevadas. En el segundo ingreso sufre complicaciones febriles y de sangramiento digestivo alto por hemobilia importante, que compromete la hemodinamia y junto a la sepsis dan al traste con su vida. La paciente ingresa por crisis de colangitis y presentó un hemobilia importante que la llevó a complicaciones hemodinámicas, colangitis ascendente, y finalmente a sepsis generalizada como causa de muerte.

Caroli´s disease, or communicant ectasia of the intrahepatic biliary ducts, is a congenital entity, characterized by multiple saccular or cystic dilatations of the intrahepatic biliary ducts. In this work we present a new case of a carrier of Caroli’s disease. It deals with a female patient, aged 26 years, with antecedents of good health status, who entered the hospital with high fever of 39oC, painful hepatomegaly and hyper echoic images in the liver, detected in the ultrasonography, with slightly raised hepatic aminotranferases. During the second staying in the hospital she suffered fever complications and high digestive bleeding caused by important hemobile that compromised the hemodynamics and together with sepsis caused her to die. The patient entered the hospital because of cholangitis and presented an important hemobile leading her to hemodynamic complications, ascendant cholangitis, and finally a generalized sepsis as death cause.

Papilomatose da vesícula biliar associada à leucodistrofia metacromática, uma causa rara de hemobilia não traumática / Papillomatosis of the gallbrander associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a rarre cause of nontraumatic hemobilia

A principal causa de hemobilia é a lesão traumática de ramos intra-hepáticos da artéria hepática. Porém, outras etiologias são descritas. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma rara causa de hemorragia digestiva secundária à hemobilia associada à leucodistrofia metacromática. Revisão bibliográfica evidenciou apenas quatro casos descritos.

The main cause of hemobilia is the traumatic injury of intrahepatic branches of the hepatic artery. However, other etiologies are decribed. The objective of this paper is to present a rare case of gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to hemobilia associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy. Literature review revealed only four cases described.

Embolização arterial no tratamento de hemobilia pós-trauma hepático: relato de caso / Arterial embolization in the treatment of hemobilia after hepatic trauma: a case report

Hemobilia é causa rara de hemorragia digestiva e complicação incomum no trauma hepático. Ocorre devido à comunicação entre ductos biliares e vasos intra-hepáticos. Os autores relatam um caso de paciente vítima de ferimento penetrante abdominal que evoluiu, após três meses da hepatorrafia, com dor, icterícia e hemorragia digestiva. Foi realizada angiografia, que demonstrou pseudoaneurisma de artéria hepática direita, e efetuada embolização com sucesso.

Hemobilia is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding and uncommon complication in cases of liver trauma. It occurs due to communication between bile ducts and intrahepatic vessels. The authors describe the case of a patient victim of penetrating abdominal injury, who progressed after three months of liver suture with pain, jaundice and gastrointestinal bleeding. Angiography diagnosed right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm, and embolization procedure was successfully performed.

Hemobilia: diagnóstico por imágenes a propósito de dos casos / Hemobilia: imaging report of two cases

El diagnóstico de hemobilia resulta difícil en la práctica diaria; el tratamiento está destinado a detener el sangrado y resolver la causa del mismo. Los aneurismas de la arteria hepática constituyen una patología poco frecuente y una de las causas raras de hemobilia, la presentación clínica es inespecífica e incluye dolor abdominal, ictericia obstructiva y sangrado digestivo alto. Recientemente con el desarrollo de la radiología intervencionista se ha logrado reducir el número de cirugías, mediante la embolización transarterial, obteniendo tasas de éxito entre 80-100%.2 Se presentaran 2 casos de hemobilia, todos fueron estudiados con ecografía, colangiografía por resonancia magnética y angiotomografía. Se describen las características de esta patología con los distintos métodos por imágenes; se destaca la indicación de la arteriografía no sólo para el diagnóstico sino también como tratamiento (embolización). En un caso, la hemobilia fue identificada por duodenoscopia y en el otro por gastroscopia. A ambos pacientes se le realizó ultrasonido abdominal el cual mostró hepatomegalia, vesícula distendida con barro biliar, dilatación de vías biliares e imagen hipoecogénica en segmento V hepático. El doppler revela flujo activo en la vía biliar. Angiotomografía y colangiografía por resonancia magnetica revelaron aneurisma en la arteria hepática derecha en íntimo contacto con la vía biliar, correlacionado con la imágen hipoecogénica observada por ultrasonido. Ambos casos fueron resueltos por la liberación de coils intra-arteriales sin complicaciones.

The diagnosis of hemobilia is difficult in daily practice; treatment is designed to stop the bleeding and resolve its cause. Hepatic artery aneurysms are an uncommon condition and one of the rare causes of hemobilia; clinical presentation is nonspecific and includes abdominal pain, obstructive jaundice and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Recently, due to the development of interventional radiology, the number of surgeries has successfully been reduced through transarterial embolization, achieving success rates between 80-100%.2 We present 2 cases of hemobilia that were evaluated by ultrasound, MRI cholangiography and angiotomography. We describe the characteristics of this disease with the use of different imaging methods; with emphasis on the use of arteriography not only for diagnosis but also for treatment (embolization). In one case, the hemobilia was identified by duodenoscopy, and in the other by gastroscopy. Both patients underwent abdominal ultrasound that showed hepatomegaly, distended gallbladder with biliary sludge, distended bile ducts and a hypoechoic image in liver segment V. Doppler revealed active flow into the bile duct. Angiotomography and MRI reported an aneurysm in the right hepatic artery in close contact to the bile duct, correlated to the hypoechoic image seen by ultrasound. Both cases were treated with transarterial coil placements without any complications.

Hemobilia traumatica. Presentacion de tres casos. / Traumatic hemobilia. Report of three cases

Se presentaron tres casos de hemobilia traumatica, el tratamiento quirurgico realizado y las consideraciones practicas sobre la ligadura de la arteria hepatica. Se revisa la literatura principalmente la relacionada a la hemobilia traumatica por heridas contusas o penetrantes al higado y se destaca el papel de la angiografia en el diagnostico y orientacion de la tactica operatoria a ser ejecutada en cada caso en particular

Pseudo-aneurisma de artéria hepática / Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: case report and review of the literature

Este artigo apresenta um caso clínico de pseudo-aneurisma de artéria hepática com revisäo da literatura pertinente à afecçäo.Pseudo-aneurismas e aneurismas de artéria hepática (AAH) säo lesões vasculares raras, correspondendo a 21 a 41 por cento de todos aneurismas viscerais.Säo de etiologia diversa, com manifestaçäoclínica inespecífica e säo de difícil diagnóstico.A rotura é a primeira manisfestaçäo clínica, ocorrendo em 64 a 80 por cento dos casos.A angiografia é o método diagnóstico mais eficaz.

Hemobilia / Hemobilya

Se presenta una patología poco frecuente en la literatura, descrita en 1948 por Sandblom como una hemorragia del tubo digestivo alto cuyo origen se encuentra en las vías biliares intra o extrahepáticas caracterizada por una triada de dolor cólico en el hipocondrio derecho, hematemesis con melena e ictericia