RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Diagnosing lactose malabsorption is usually based on hydrogen excretion in breath after a lactose challenge. However, a proportion of subjects with lactose malabsorption will not present a rise in hydrogen. Measuring excretion of methane or stable isotope labeled 13CO2 after ingestion of 13C-lactose has been proposed to mitigate this problem. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the performance of measuring methane and 13CO2 in individuals with normal hydrogen excretion compared to a genetic lactase non-persistence test. METHODS: Individuals referred for lactose breath testing and healthy controls were included. Participants received 13C-enriched lactose, performed breath testing, and underwent genotyping for a marker of lactase non-persistence (13910C*T). Using genotype as gold standard, the performance of measuring methane and 13CO2 excretion was assessed. RESULTS: 151 subjects participated in the study, 50 of which presented a lactase non-persistent genotype. Of these, 72% were correctly diagnosed through hydrogen excretion of ≥ 20 ppm above baseline. In subjects with normal hydrogen excretion, cumulative 13C excretion had an area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of 0.852. Sensitivity was 93% and specificity was 51% for the current cutoff of 14.5%. The optimal cutoff was 12.65% (sensitivity 93%, specificity 70%). The ROC curve of peak methane had an AUC of 0.542 (sensitivity of 14%, specificity of 91% for cutoff ≥ 10 ppm). CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with genetically demonstrated lactase non-persistence and negative hydrogen breath test, the use of 13C-lactose with measurement of 13CO2 excretion and hydrogen is a well-performing test to detect the lactose malabsorption and performs better than methane in our cohort.
Assuntos
Testes Respiratórios , Isótopos de Carbono , Hidrogênio , Lactase , Intolerância à Lactose , Metano , Humanos , Testes Respiratórios/métodos , Intolerância à Lactose/diagnóstico , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Intolerância à Lactose/metabolismo , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Hidrogênio/análise , Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Lactase/metabolismo , Lactase/genética , Metano/metabolismo , Metano/análise , Lactose/metabolismo , Lactose/urina , Estudo de Prova de Conceito , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Genótipo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Lactose intolerance, which affects about 65-75% of the world's population, is caused by a genetic post-weaning deficiency of lactase, the enzyme required to digest the milk sugar lactose, called lactase non-persistence. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea. Genetic variations, namely lactase persistence, allow some individuals to metabolize lactose effectively post-weaning, a trait thought to be an evolutionary adaptation to dairy consumption. Although lactase non-persistence cannot be altered by diet, prebiotic strategies, including the consumption of galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) and possibly low levels of lactose itself, may shift the microbiome and mitigate symptoms of lactose consumption. This review discusses the etiology of lactose intolerance and the efficacy of prebiotic approaches like GOSs and low-dose lactose in symptom management.
Assuntos
Intolerância à Lactose , Humanos , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Lactose , Lactase/genética , Dor Abdominal , Evolução Biológica , PrebióticosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lactose tolerant test (LTT) is the most broadly used diagnostic test for lactose intolerance in Brazil, is an indirect, minimally invasive and a low-cost test that is widely available in primary care and useful in clinical practice. The C/T-13910 polymorphism in lactase persistence has been well characterized in Caucasian populations, but there are no studies evaluating the concordance between C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping results and LTT results in Brazil, where the population is highly mixed. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate agreement between presence of C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping and malabsorption in LTT results. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of a Brazilian population whose data were collected from a single laboratory database present in several Brazilian states. Results of individuals who underwent both genetic testing for lactose intolerance (C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping) and an LTT from April 2016 until February 2019 were analysed to evaluate agreement between tests. Groups were classified according to age (<10-year-old (yo), 10-17 yo, ≥18 yo groups) and state of residence (São Paulo or Rio Grande do Sul). Results: Among the 404 patients evaluated, there was agreement between the genotyping and LTT results in 325 (80.4%) patients and discordance in 79 (19.6%) patients (k=0.42 -moderate agreement). Regarding the genotype, 47 patients with genotype C/C (lactase nonpersistence) had normal LTT results, and 32 with genotype C/T or T/T (indicating lactase persistence) had abnormal LTT results. Neither age nor state of residence (Rio Grande do Sul or São Paulo) affected the agreement between test results. CONCLUSION: Considering the moderate agreement between C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping and LTT results (κ=0.42) in the Brazilian population, we hypothesize that an analysis of other polymorphisms could be a strategy to improve the agreement between genotyping and established tests and suggest that additional studies should focus on exploring this approach. BACKGROUND: ⢠Lactose intolerance is highly prevalent and may be implicated as a cofactor, or as a differential diagnosis, in many gastrointestinal conditions. BACKGROUND: ⢠The C/T-13910 polymorphism in lactase persistence is well characterized in Caucasian populations for lactase persistence. BACKGROUND: ⢠Concordance between genotyping and functional tests does not occur in all patients. BACKGROUND: ⢠Brazil has a highly mixed population and knowledge regarding presence of other polymorphisms is of importance in clarifying difficult cases.
Assuntos
Intolerância à Lactose , Humanos , Criança , Teste de Tolerância a Lactose , Brasil , Intolerância à Lactose/diagnóstico , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Genótipo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Lactase/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Approximately 70%-100% of the Asian adult population is lactase nonpersistent (LNP). The literature shows that many individuals with the LNP-genotype can consume ≤12 g of lactose without experiencing gastrointestinal discomfort. Repetitive consumption of lactose may reduce intolerance symptoms via adaptation of the gut microbiota. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the effects of daily consumption of incremental lactose doses on microbiota composition and function, and intolerance symptoms. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy adults of Asian origin, carrying the LNP-genotype were included in this 12-wk before and after intervention trial. Participants consumed gradually increasing lactose doses from 3 to 6 g to 12 g twice daily, each daily dose of 6 g, 12 g, or 24 g being provided for 4 consecutive weeks. Participants handed-in repeated stool samples and underwent a 25 g lactose challenge hydrogen breath test (HBT) before and after the 12-wk intervention. Daily gastrointestinal symptoms and total symptom scores (TSSs) during the lactose challenge were recorded. RESULTS: A significant increase from 5.5% ± 7.6% to 10.4% ± 9.6% was observed in Bifidobacterium relative abundance after the intervention (P = 0.009), accompanied by a 2-fold increase (570 ± 269 U/g; P < 0.001) in fecal ß-galactosidase activity compared with baseline (272 ± 158 U/g). A 1.5-fold decrease (incremental area under the curve; P = 0.01) in expired hydrogen was observed during the second HBT (38 ± 35 ppm·min), compared with the baseline HBT (57 ± 38 ppm·min). There was a nonsignificant decrease in TSS (10.6 ± 8.3 before compared with 8.1 ± 7.2 after intervention; P = 0.09). Daily consumption of lactose was well tolerated, with mild to no gastrointestinal complaints reported during the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of Bifidobacterium indicate an adaptation of the gut microbiota upon repetitive consumption of incremental doses of lactose, which was well tolerated as demonstrated by reduced expired hydrogen concentrations during the second 25-g lactose HBT. Bifidobacteria metabolize lactose without gas production thereby potentially reducing intestinal gas formation in the gut of individuals with the LNP-genotype. This increased lactose tolerance possibly lifts the necessity to remove nutrient-rich dairy foods completely from the diet. The trial is registered at the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform: NL9516. The effect of dietary lactose in lactase nonpersistent individuals on gut microbiota.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Intolerância à Lactose , Adulto , Humanos , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Lactase/genética , Lactose/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidase/genética , beta-Galactosidase/uso terapêutico , Genótipo , Hidrogênio/uso terapêutico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Testes RespiratóriosRESUMO
Cow's milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, "lactase-deficient" individuals cannot digest milk's main carbohydrate, lactose, depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, and lactoglobulin due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals develop allergies specifically against these proteins (CMPA). The management of these conditions differs, and an inappropriate diagnosis or treatment may have significant implications for the patients, especially if they are infants or very young children, resulting in unnecessary dietary restrictions or avoidable adverse reactions. Omics technologies play a pivotal role in elucidating the intricate interactions between nutrients and the human body, spanning from genetic factors to the microbiota profile and metabolites. This comprehensive approach enables the precise delineation and identification of distinct cohorts of individuals with specific dietary requirements, so that tailored nutrition strategies can be developed. This is what is called personalized nutrition or precision nutrition (PN), the area of nutrition that focuses on the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome, promoting well-being and health, preventing diseases, reducing chronic disease incidence, and increasing life expectancy. Here, we report the opinion of the scientific community proposing to replace the "one size fits all" approach with tailor-made nutrition programs, designed by integrating nutrigenomic data together with clinical parameters and microbiota profiles, taking into account the individual lactose tolerance threshold and needs in terms of specific nutrients intake. This customized approach could help LI patients to improve their quality of life, overcoming depression or anxiety often resulting from the individual perception of this condition as different from a normal state.
Assuntos
Intolerância à Lactose , Hipersensibilidade a Leite , Lactente , Criança , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Intolerância à Lactose/diagnóstico , Leite , Hipersensibilidade a Leite/diagnóstico , Lactose , Qualidade de Vida , Proteínas do Leite/efeitos adversosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to evaluate and correlate symptoms, biochemical blood test results and single nucleotide polymorphisms for lactose intolerance diagnosis. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, with a total of 119 patients, 54 of whom were lactose intolerant. Clinical evaluation and biochemical blood tests were conducted after lactose ingestion and blood samples were collected for genotyping evaluation. In particular, the single nucleotide polymorphisms C>T-13910 and G>A-22018 were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism/polymerase chain reaction and validated by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Lactose-intolerant patients presented with more symptoms of flatulence (81.4%), bloating (68.5%), borborygmus (59.3%) and diarrhea (46.3%) compared with non-lactose-intolerant patients (p<0.05). We observed a significant association between the presence of the alleles T-13910 and A-22018 and the lactose-tolerant phenotype (p<0.05). After evaluation of the biochemical blood test results for lactose, we found that the most effective cutoff for glucose levels obtained for lactose malabsorbers was <15 mg/dL, presenting an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve greater than 80.3%, with satisfactory values for sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: These data corroborate the association of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (C>T-13910 and G>A-22018) with lactose tolerance in this population and suggest clinical management for patients with lactose intolerance that considers single nucleotide polymorphism detection and a change in the biochemical blood test cutoff from <25 mg/dL to <15 mg/dL.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Intolerância à Lactose/diagnóstico , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Alelos , Área Sob a Curva , Glicemia/análise , Brasil/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Genótipo , Intolerância à Lactose/sangue , Lactose/farmacocinética , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: To analyze the usefulness of Quick Lactose Intolerance Test in relation to the genetic test based on LCT-13910C>T genotypes, previously validated for clinical practice, for primary hypolactasia/lactase-persistence diagnosis. METHODS: Thirty-two dyspeptic patients that underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy entered the study. Two postbulbar duodenal biopsies were taken for the Quick test, and gastric antral biopsy for DNA extraction and LCT-13910C>T polymorphism analysis. DNA was also extracted from biopsies after being used in the Quick Test that was kept frozen until extraction. RESULTS: Nine patients with lactase-persistence genotype (LCT-13910CT or LCT-13910TT) had normolactasia, eleven patients with hypolactasia genotype (LCT-13910CC) had severe hypolactasia, and among twelve with mild hypolactasia, except for one that had LCT-13910CT genotype, all the others had hypolactasia genotype. The agreement between genetic test and quick test was high (p<0.0001; Kappa Index 0.92). Most of the patients that reported symptoms with lactose-containing food ingestion had severe hypolactasia (p<0.05). Amplification with good quality PCR product was also obtained with DNA extracted from biopsies previously used in the Quick Test; thus, for the future studies antral gastric biopsies for genetic test would be unnecessary. CONCLUSION: Quick test is highly sensitive and specific for hypolactasia diagnosis and indicated those patients with symptoms of lactose intolerance.
OBJETIVO: Analisar a aplicabilidade do Teste Quick de Intolerância à Lactose em relação ao teste genético baseado nos genótipos LCT-13910C>T, previamente validado para a prática clínica, para diagnóstico de má digestão primária de lactose/digestão de lactose. MÉTODOS: Trinta e dois pacientes dispépticos submetidos à endoscopia digestiva entraram no estudo. Duas biópsias duodenais pós-bulbares foram empregadas no Teste Quick, e biópsia do antro gástrico para extração de DNA e análise do polimorfismo LCT-13910C>T. DNA também foi extraído de biópsias depois de terem sido usadas no teste Quick, e conservadas congeladas. RESULTADOS: Nove pacientes com genótipo de lactase persistente (LCT-13910CT ou LCT-13910TT) tinham normolactasia, onze pacientes com genótipo de hipolactasia (LCT-13910CC) tinham hipolactasia severa, e entre doze com hipolactasia leve, com exceção de uma que tinha genótipo LCT-13910CT, todos os demais tinham genótipo de hipolactasia. A concordância entre o teste genético e o Quick Teste foi alta (p<0,0001; Índice Kappa=0,92). A maioria dos pacientes que relataram sintomas com ingestão de alimentos com lactose tinham hipolactasia severa (p<0,05). Amplificação com produto de PCR foi obtido com DNA extraído das biópsias usadas no teste Quick; portanto, nos trabalhos futuros seria desnecessário coletar biópsia do antro gástrico para o teste genético. CONCLUSÃO: O Teste Quick é altamente sensível e específico para diagnóstico de hipolactasia e indicou aqueles pacientes com sintomas de intolerância à lactose.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Genéticos , Intolerância à Lactose/diagnóstico , Teste de Tolerância a Lactose/métodos , Biópsia , Duodeno/patologia , Dispepsia/patologia , Endoscópios Gastrointestinais , Genótipo , Lactase/deficiência , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Lactose/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Tempo de Protrombina , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
CONTEXT: Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP C/T-13910) located upstream of the lactase gene is used to determine adult-type hypolactasia/lactase persistence in North-European Caucasian subjects. The applicability of this polymorphism has been studied by comparing it with the standard diagnostic methods in different populations. OBJECTIVE: To compare the lactose hydrogen breath test with the genetic test in a sample of the Colombian Caribbean population. METHODS: Lactose hydrogen breath test and genotyping of SNP C/T-13910 were applied to 128 healthy individuals (mean age 35 ± 1). A positive lactose hydrogen breath test was indicative of hypolactasia. Genotyping was done using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism. The kappa index was used to establish agreement between the two methods. RESULTS: Seventy-six subjects (59%) were lactose-maldigesters (hypolactasia) and 52 subjects (41%) were lactose-digesters (lactase persistence). The frequencies of the CC, CT and TT genotypes were 80%, 20% and 0%, respectively. Genotyping had 97% sensitivity and 46% specificity. The kappa index = 0.473 indicates moderate agreement between the genotyping of SNP C/T-13910 and the lactose hydrogen breath test. CONCLUSION: The moderate agreement indicates that the genotyping of the SNP C/T-13910 is not applicable to determine adult-type hypolactasia/lactase persistence in the population participating in this study.
CONTEXTO: A genotipagem do SNP C/T-13910 localizado corrente acima do gene da lactase é usada para determinar hipolactasia e persistência da lactase tipo adulto em indivíduos caucasianos do Norte da Europa. A aplicabilidade deste polimorfismo tem sido estudada em comparação com métodos padronizados de diagnóstico em diferentes populações. OBJETIVO: Comparar o teste de hidrogênio expirado após a ingestão de lactose com o teste genético em uma mostra da população do Caribe Colombiano. MÉTODOS: O teste de hidrogênio expirado após a ingestão de lactose e a genotipagem do SNP C/T-13910 foram aplicados em 128 sujeitos sadios (idade media 35 ± 1). O teste de hidrogênio positivo foi indicativo de hipolactasia. A genotipagem foi feita pelo método "polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism". O índice Kappa foi utilizado para estabelecer a concordância entre os dois métodos. RESULTADOS: Setenta e seis indivíduos (59%) foram mau digestores da lactose (hipolactasia) e 52 outros (41%) foram digestores da lactose (persistência da lactase). As frequências dos genotipos CC, CT e TT foram 80%, 20% e 0%, respectivamente. A genotipagem mostrou 97% da sensibilidade e 46% da especificidade. O índice kappa: 0,473 indicou moderada concordância entre os dois métodos. CONCLUSÃO: A moderada concordância indica que a genotipagem do SNP C/T-13910 nao é aplicável para determinar hipolactasia tipo adulto/persistência da lactase na população estudada.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Intolerância à Lactose/diagnóstico , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Teste de Tolerância a Lactose/métodos , Testes Respiratórios/métodos , Colômbia/etnologia , Genótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Background: Genetically programmed adult-type hypolactasia affects 56% of Chilean population. Ideally, diagnosis should be confirmed. Aim: To compare diagnostic yield of genetic test, hydrogen (H2) expiratory test and a validated symptomatic structured survey (SS). Material and Methods: Patients submitted to H2 test answered a historic (anamnestic) and current SS (after the ingestion of 25 g of lactose). A blood sample was obtained for determination of genetic polymorphisms C/T_13910, C/G_13907 and G/A_22018 by polymerase chain reaction. The gold standard for diagnosis of lactose intolerance (LI) was the agreement of at least two of three tests. Results: Sixty-one participants aged 39 ± 12 years (21 males), were studied. Anamnestic SS was diagnostic of LI in all cases (score > 7), while current SS detected LI in 27/61 (46%). H2 test (an increase > 15 ppm after ingestion of 25 g of lactose) showed LI in 31/61 (51%). The locus C/G_13907 showed no polymorphism and locus G/A_22018 was in complete linkage disequilibrium with C/T_13910. Genotype C/C_13910, associated to hypolactasia, was present in 30/58 (52%). According to the gold-standard, 32/61 (52.5%) patients were diagnosed as LI. Sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 79% and 69% for current SS, 93% and 93% for H2 test and 97% and 93% for the genetic test. The last two showed a positive likelihood ratio (LR) > 10 and a negative LR < 0.1, figures within the range considered clinically useful. Conclusions: Genotype C/C_13910 is responsible for hypolactasia in this population. Anamnestic report of symptoms after milk ingestion and symptoms after lactose ingestion, are not accurate enough. H2 and genetic tests are simple and similarly accurate to diagnose lactose intolerance in adults.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Intolerância à Lactose/diagnóstico , Genótipo , Lactase/genética , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Teste de Tolerância a Lactose , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo Genético , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Inquéritos e Questionários , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Na maioria dos mamíferos a atividade da enzima lactase diminui na parede intestinal após o desmame, caracterizando a hipolactasia primária que provoca sintomas de intolerância à lactose. A intensidade dos sintomas de distensão, flatulência, dor abdominal e diarreia variam, dependendo da quantidade de lactose ingerida, e aumentam com o passar da idade. A hipolactasia é determinada geneticamente, porém uma mutação ocorreu para que fizesse parte da humanidade tolerar o leite na idade adulta. O diagnóstico é feito por teste de tolerância, empregando a lactose como desafio. Com a descoberta dos finlandeses do polimorfismo associado com a persistência da lactase, principalmente no norte da Europa, o exame genético passou a ser outra ferramenta diagnóstica mais confortável para o intolerante. No Brasil, 43 por cento dos brancos e dos mulatos têm alelo de persistência da lactase, sendo a hipolactasia mais frequente entre os negros e japoneses. Entretanto, na prática clínica indivíduos com hipolactasia podem ser orientados a consumir alguns derivados do leite e alimentos contendo lactose sem apresentar sintomas de intolerância, enquanto que outros terão que fazer restrição de lactose na dieta.
In most mammals, lactase activity declines on the intestinal wall after weaning, characterizing primary hypolactasia that provokes symptoms of lactose intolerance. The intensity of symptoms of distention, flatulence, abdominal pain and diarrhea varies, according to the amount of ingested lactose, and increases with age. Hypolactasia is genetically determined; nonetheless, a mutation occurred that had made a part of mankind tolerate milk in adulthood. Diagnosis is made by a tolerance test, using the lactose challenge. With the discovery made by the Finns of polymorphism associated with lactase persistence, mainly, in Northern Europe, the genetic test was incorporated as a more comfortable diagnostic tool for the intolerant. In Brazil, 43 percent of Caucasian and Mulatto groups have lactase persistence allele, with hipolactasia more frequently found among Blacks and Japanese. However, in clinical practice people with hypolactasia may be advised to consume certain dairy products and food containing lactose without developing intolerance symptoms, whereas others will need a lactose restriction diet.
Assuntos
Humanos , Intolerância à Lactose , Intolerância à Lactose/diagnóstico , Intolerância à Lactose/epidemiologia , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Intolerância à Lactose/terapia , Teste de Tolerância a LactoseRESUMO
A intolerância ao leite de vaca e seus derivados acomete grande parte da população mundial. No Brasil, também se observa elevada prevalência dessa condição. A principal causa de intolerância à lactose é a Hipolactasia Primária do Tipo Adulto (HPTA), uma condi- ção determinada geneticamente e que se caracteriza pela redução da atividade da enzima lactase a partir dos primeiros anos de vida. As bases genéticas da HPTA estão relacionadas à identificação de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único na região promotora do gene LCT (que codifica a lactase). Conforme o genótipo, haverá persistência ou não da atividade desta enzima na idade adulta. No presente artigo, são abordados aspectos clínicos e diagnósticos desta frequente condição, à luz dos conhecimentos atuais de suas bases genético-moleculares. Os autores ressaltam a importância da análise molecular da HPTA na estratégia atual de investigação diagnóstica frente a sintomas de intolerância à lactose (AU)
Intolerance to cow's milk and its derivatives affects a great part of the world's population. In Brazil, there is also a high prevalence of this condition. The main cause of lactose intolerance is primary hypolactasia (or adult-type hypolactasia ATH)), a genetically determined condition characterized by reduction of lactase activity from the first years of life. The genetic basis of ATH is related to the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of the LCT gene (encoding lactase). Depending on genotype, the activity of this enzyme will persist or not into adulthood. In this article, clinical and diagnostic aspects of this condition are discussed in light of current knowledge of its molecular genetic bases. The authors emphasize the importance of molecular analysis of ATH in the current strategy of diagnostic investigation upon symptoms of lactose intolerance (AU)
Assuntos
Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Lactase/genética , Intolerância à Lactose/diagnósticoRESUMO
The C/T-13910 mutation is the major factor responsible for the persistence of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LCT) gene expression. Mutation G/A-22018 appears to be only in co-segregation with C/T-13910. The objective of the present study was to assess the presence of these two mutations in Brazilian individuals with and without lactose malabsorption diagnosed by the hydrogen breath test (HBT). Ten milk-tolerant and 10 milk-intolerant individuals underwent the HBT after oral ingestion of 50 g lactose (equivalent to 1 L of milk). Analyses for C/T-13910 and G/A-22018 mutations were performed using a PCR-based method. Primers were designed for this study based on the GenBank sequence. The CT/GA, CT/AA, and TT/AA genotypes (lactase persistence) were found in 10 individuals with negative HBT. The CC/GG genotype (lactase non-persistence) was found in 10 individuals, 9 of them with positive HBT results. There was a significant agreement between the presence of mutations in the LCT gene promoter and HBT results (kappa = -0.9, P < 0.001). The CT/AA genotype has not been described previously and seems to be related to lactase persistence. The present study showed a significant agreement between the occurrence of mutations G/A-22018 and C/T-13910 and lactose absorption in Brazilian subjects, suggesting that the molecular test used here could be proposed for the laboratory diagnosis of adult-type primary hypolactasia.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Lactase-Florizina Hidrolase/genética , Intolerância à Lactose/genética , Mutação/genética , Brasil , Testes Respiratórios/métodos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Genótipo , Hidrogênio/análise , Intolerância à Lactose/diagnóstico , Intolerância à Lactose/enzimologia , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Se revisan los datos publicados sobre la posibilidad de que la mala disgestión de la lactosa del tipo adulto sea de naturaleza hereditaria. Tanto la variabilidad étnica de la frecuencia de esta característica, así como los estudios en gemelos y sobre todo las investigaciones en familias, sugieren que se trata efectivamente de un problema genético. De hecho, los estudios en familias, incluyendo el realizado en México, indican que la mala digestión de lactosa se hereda en forma autosómica recesiva