The vmPFC-IPL functional connectivity as the neural basis of future self-continuity impacted procrastination: the mediating role of anticipated positive outcomes.

Procrastination is universally acknowledged as a problematic behavior with wide-ranging consequences impacting various facets of individuals' lives, including academic achievement, social accomplishments, and mental health. Although previous research has indicated that future self-continuity is robustly negatively correlated with procrastination, it remains unknown about the neural mechanisms underlying the impact of future self-continuity on procrastination. To address this issue, we employed a free construction approach to collect individuals' episodic future thinking (EFT) thoughts regarding specific procrastination tasks. Next, we conducted voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis to explore the neural substrates underlying future self-continuity. Behavior results revealed that future self-continuity was significantly negatively correlated with procrastination, and positively correlated with anticipated positive outcome. The VBM analysis showed a positive association between future self-continuity and gray matter volumes in the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Furthermore, the RSFC results indicated that the functional connectivity between the right vmPFC and the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) was positively correlated with future self-continuity. More importantly, the mediation analysis demonstrated that anticipated positive outcome can completely mediate the relationship between the vmPFC-IPL functional connectivity and procrastination. These findings suggested that vmPFC-IPL functional connectivity might prompt anticipated positive outcome about the task and thereby reduce procrastination, which provides a new perspective to understand the relationship between future self-continuity and procrastination.

The relationship between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students: the chain mediating effect of coping styles and mobile phone addiction.

BACKGROUND: Bedtime procrastination refers to an individual's inability to go to bed at a predetermined time without external obstacles. Previous researchers have found that the bedtime procrastination is harmful to human physical and mental health, but these research on bedtime procrastination have mostly focused on exploring individual factors, while ignoring the external environmental factors. Therefore, this is the first study to investigate bedtime procrastination from the perspective of family environments. METHODS: The study was conducted using a convenient sampling method and online questionnaires. Family Cohesion Scale, Coping Styles Questionnaire, Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale and Bedtime Procrastination Scale were used to measure sleep and psychological condition of 1,048 college students. RESULTS: Family cohesion negatively predicted bedtime procrastination. Additionally, positive coping style and mobile phone addiction had significant independent mediating effects. Furthermore, positive coping style and mobile phone addiction had chain mediating effects between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination. CONCLUSION: This study revealed the effect of coping styles and mobile phone addiction on the relationship between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students. These findings explained the mechanisms of bedtime procrastination from the perspective of environment, so as to effectively intervene the bedtime procrastination of college students from the perspective of external environment.

Bedtime procrastination related to loneliness among Chinese university students during post-pandemic period: a moderated chain mediation model.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the relationship between loneliness and bedtime procrastination among Chinese university students, the mediating effects of COVID-19 risk perception and self-regulatory fatigue, and connectedness to nature's protective role, post pandemic. METHODS: We recruited 855 students to complete the Loneliness, Perceived Risk of COVID-19 Pandemic, Self-Regulatory Fatigue, Bedtime Procrastination, and Connectedness to Nature Scales. Data for descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and moderated chain mediation effects were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 and process 3.5 macros. RESULTS: Loneliness positively correlated with bedtime procrastination, COVID-19 risk perception mediated the impact of loneliness on bedtime procrastination, self-regulatory fatigue mediated the effect of loneliness on bedtime procrastination, and COVID-19 risk perception and self-regulatory fatigue mediated the effect between loneliness and bedtime procrastination. Furthermore, connectedness to nature mediated the impact of COVID-19 risk perception on self-regulatory fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the effects and potential mechanisms of loneliness on bedtime procrastination after the relaxation of the pandemic prevention and control policy in China from the perspective of self-regulatory resources and provide insights into improving university students' sleep routine and mental health post pandemic.

The multiple mediating effects of self-efficacy and resilience on the relationship between social support and procrastination among vocational college students: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has revealed a negative association between social support and procrastination. However, few studies have investigated the mechanism underlying this relationship among vocational college students. OBJECTIVE: Based on the social cognitive theory, this study was intended to investigate the multiple mediating effects of self-efficacy and resilience on the relationship between social support and procrastination among vocational college students. METHODS: This study employed a cross-sectional design involving a sample of 1,379 students from a vocational college in China. Data were collected using the General Procrastination Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Resilience Scale-14. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to examine the multiple mediation model. RESULTS: Our findings indicate significant negative correlations between social support, self-efficacy, resilience, and procrastination. The multiple mediation analysis showed that social support did not have a significant direct impact on procrastination. Instead, the relationship between social support and procrastination was fully mediated by self-efficacy (indirect effect: -0.017; 95% CI: -0.032, -0.004) and resilience (indirect effect: -0.047; 95% CI: -0.072, -0.025), and sequentially mediated by both factors (indirect effect: -0.013; 95% CI: -0.020, -0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasise the importance of enhancing self-efficacy and resilience in initiatives aimed at preventing and intervening in case of procrastination among vocational college students. Additionally, strengthening social support may also be crucial to preventing or reducing procrastination among this population.

Procrastination, depressive symptomatology, and loneliness in later life.

OBJECTIVES: Procrastination is an almost universal behaviour and yet little research to date has focused on procrastination among older adults. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential association between age and procrastination, and the potential mediating roles of depressive symptomatology and loneliness. METHOD: Structural equation modelling was applied to data from 1309 participants (aged 29-92) from two waves United States Health and Retirement Study (2016-2020). Within the model, sex, education, marital status, and job status were added as covariates. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant direct effect between age and procrastination (ß = 0.06, p = 0.106). However, an indirect effect was present via depressive symptomatology (ß = -0.40, p < 0.001). No mediating effect of loneliness was observed (ß = - 0.01, p = 0.371). Subsequent analysis revealed that the symptoms, fatigue, loneliness, and lack of motivation significantly predicted procrastination. CONCLUSION: While age was not directly associated with procrastination, increasing age was associated with a decreased likelihood of depressive symptomatology, which was in turn associated with an increased likelihood of procrastination. Such findings indicates that age demonstrates no association with procrastination because of the suppressing effect of depressive symptomatology.

The mediation roles of self-regulation and problematic internet use: How maladaptive parenting during the COVID-19 pandemic influenced adolescents' academic procrastination in the postpandemic era.

INTRODUCTION: In the transition to the postpandemic era, adolescents are working to shift their focus back to school. However, the prevalence of academic procrastination is reflective of that the aftereffects of the pandemic are persisting. Literature documents the increases in the negative parenting behaviors and internet use of adolescents during the pandemic. The excessive internet use has to do with adolescents' self-regulatory capabilities and self-regulation is profoundly shaped by parents' parenting practices. Given the connections among these factors, the present study seeks to understand how maladaptive parenting practices during the pandemic influenced adolescents' academic procrastination postpandemic through the mediation of self-regulation and problematic internet use. METHOD: Using three waves of data from a total of 1062 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 14.9 years old, SD = 1.6, 13-18 years old; 45% female), we used structural equation modeling to examine the direct effect of maladaptive parenting on academic procrastination and its indirect effect via self-regulation and problematic internet use. RESULTS: Maladaptive parenting during the pandemic did not directly predict adolescent academic procrastination post-pandemic. Yet, maladaptive parenting indirectly influenced academic procrastination both through self-regulation solely and self-regulation and problematic internet use sequentially. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate that parents can contribute to adolescents' academic procrastination by influencing their self-regulation ability, which further impacts their internet use. Self-regulation serves as a robust mediator between parenting and adolescents' problematic behaviors related to internet use and learning. Implications for parents and intervention oriented toward adolescents are discussed.

The triangle of anxiety, perfectionism, and academic procrastination: exploring the correlates in medical and dental students.

INTRODUCTION: Academic procrastination is a common phenomenon among medical science students. This issue can negatively affect the students' academic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate perfectionism and anxiety as potential predictors of academic procrastination in medical and dental students. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and dental students of a public medical sciences university in the south of Iran. Students were assessed using the procrastination assessment scale for students (PASS), Tehran multidimensional perfectionism scale (TMPS), and anxiety subscale of the general health questionnaire (GHQ). Predictors of academic procrastination were evaluated using multiple regression analysis with adjustments made for gender and academic semester. RESULTS: A total of 176 medical and 79 dental students participated in the study. None of the perfectionism components were predictors of academic procrastination. However, anxiety was a significant predictor of academic procrastination in the total sample of students (standardized ß = 0.404, p < 0.001), as well as dental (standardized ß = 0.356, p < 0.001) and medical (standardized ß = 0.478, p < 0.001) students. Anxiety and academic procrastination were both negatively correlated with students' grade point averages. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that anxiety, as opposed to perfectionism, has a more significant influence on academic procrastination among medical and dental students. Interventions aimed at lowering anxiety may be beneficial for reducing academic procrastination, thereby enhancing the academic performance of the students.

The mediating role of goal orientation in the relationship between formative assessment with academic engagement and procrastination in medical students.

BACKGROUND: Academic involvement and academic procrastination are two behavioral variables and are among the challenges of higher education, especially medical education. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the mediating role of goal orientation in the relationship between formative assessment with academic engagement and procrastination in Iranian medical students. METHODS: The present correlational study of path way type, was performed on 388 students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in the 2021 selected by a convenient sampling method. Four questionnaires of Goal orientation scale )21-item), the classroom assessment approaches questionnaire (12-item), the Procrastination Assessment Scale- Students (44-item) and the student engagement scale (10-item) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed with SPSS-26 and LISREL-10.2 software. RESULTS: The results of the path analysis showed formative assessment have significant direct effect on mastery orientation (ß = 0.40), performance-approach (ß = 0.14), avoidance orientation (ß = -0.28), academic engagement (ß = 0.32) and academic procrastination (ß = 0.12). Also mastery orientation (ß = 0.13), performance-approach (ß = 0.12), avoidance orientation (ß = -0.25) have a significant direct effect in the variance of academic engagement. As well mastery orientation (ß = -0.43), performance-approach (ß = -0.15), avoidance orientation (ß = 0.30) have a significant direct effect in the variance of academic procrastination. These results confirm the direct hypotheses. Indirect effect of formative assessment to academic engagement (0.21) and academic procrastination (0.27) was significant. CONCLUSION: It is recommended according to the results practitioners provide the basis for promoting academic engagement and decrease academic procrastination through the application of formative assessment and Improve classroom goal orientation.

The correlation between social adaptability and academic procrastination of undergraduate nursing students: the mediating role of resilience.

BACKGROUND: How to mobilize nurses students' learning initiative, reduce the incidence of academic procrastination, and improve their social adaptability is a key factor in lowering nursing brain drain and improving nursing quality. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mediating role of resilience in the correlation between social adaptability and academic procrastination of undergraduate nursing students. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional survey. The researchers conducted an electronic questionnaire survey of 962 nursing undergraduates in Guanzhong District, Shaanxi Province from November 2022 to April 2023, and adopted the intention sampling method. And make the following assumptions: (1) There is a significant negative correlation between academic procrastination and social adaptability. (2) Academic procrastination can directly affect the social adaptability of undergraduate nursing students, and it has a significant negative predictive effect. (3) Resilience can directly affect academic procrastination and social adaptability. At the same time, resilience plays an intermediary role between the two. In this study, the Aitken procrastination scale, the resilience scale, and the social adaptability diagnostic scale were used to evaluate undergraduate nursing students. SPSS27.0 software is used to analyze the data statistically, and the Hayes PROCESS Macro method is used to test the model. RESULTS: The study's findings are as follows: 1) Academic procrastination significantly and negatively impacts social adaptability (c = -0.292, t = -6.407, p < 0.001). 2) Even when accounting for resilience, academic procrastination still significantly predicts lower social adaptability (c'= -0.204, t = -4.338, p < 0.001). 3) The Bootstrap method test of percentile bias correction indicates that resilience serves as a significant mediator between academic procrastination and social adaptability. Bootstrap SE = 0.018, 95% CI = (-0.124, -0.055). The indirect effect contributes to 29.79% of the total effect. CONCLUSION: Resilience not only directly affects the academic procrastination and social adaptability of nursing students, but also partially intermediate the relationship between academic procrastination and social adaptability.

[The Relationship between Personality Structure, Burnout and Procrastination in Psychology and Medical Students, Taking into Account Social Support and Scope for Decision-Making in Studies]. / Der Zusammenhang von Persönlichkeitsstruktur, Burnout und Prokrastination bei Psychologie- und Medizinstudierenden unter Einbeziehung von sozialer Unterstützung und Entscheidungsspielraum im Studium.

BACKGROUND: Burnout and procrastination are widespread phenomena among students. The role of personality structure has been little researched so far. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The relationship between personality structure and study-related work disorders in psychology and medical students is examined, taking into account resources and demands. METHODS: As part of a cross-sectional study, data was collected online from 61 German colleges and universities. Personality structure variables (levels of personality functioning, OPD-SFK; attachment, ECR-RD 12; emotion regulation, ERQ), study-related work disorders (burnout, MBI-SS-d; procrastination; APSI-d) as well as resources (social support, F-SozU K-6; scope for decision-making in studies, self-developed scale) and demands (Corona pandemic, self-developed scale) were assessed. The research question was answered by means of a hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS: From February 2020 to December 2021, 775 students (49.2% psychology students, 50.8% medical students; age M=24.1 years, SD=5.1 years; 82.3% female, 17.4% male, 0.3% diverse) participated in the survey. In the overall model, 30.4% of the variance in burnout exhaustion, 16.2% of the variance in burnout cynicism, 20.9% of the variance in burnout inefficiency and 30.1% of the variance in procrastination was explained (p<0.001). Levels of personality functioning showed significant negative correlations with all burnout variables as well as with procrastination (p<0.001). The emotion regulation strategy reappraisal was associated with lower burnout inefficiency and procrastination (p<0.001), and the emotion suppression strategy with lower burnout cynicism (p≤0.01). Scope for decision-making in studies was negatively associated with all burnout variables and procrastination (p<0.001), and social support was negatively associated with burnout inefficiency (p≤0.01). The general stress level during the Corona pandemic showed a positive association with burnout exhaustion (p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Personality structure (levels of personality functioning, emotion regulation) is significantly related to study-related burnout and procrastination. Training opportunities to promote emotion regulation skills could be very helpful for vulnerable student groups in dealing with burnout and procrastination.

Parental psychological control and depression, anxiety among adolescents: The mediating role of bedtime procrastination and moderating role of neuroticism.

Studies have shown that maladaptive parenting styles, particularly parental psychological control may be an important risk factor for emotional problems in adolescence. However, the potential mechanisms behind this association are still not fully understood. To fill the research gap, this study investigated the relationship between parental psychological control and depression and anxiety among adolescents. It also explored the mediating effect of bedtime procrastination and the moderating effect of neuroticism through a moderated mediation analysis. A sample of 665 adolescents (331 girls) were recruited from two secondary schools in southern China. All participants completed standardized self-report questionnaires measuring the severity of parental psychological control, bedtime procrastination, depression, anxiety, and neuroticism. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS macros. The results indicated that parental psychological control had a positive predictive effect on depression and anxiety among adolescents. Bedtime procrastination partially mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and depression, as well as parental psychological control and anxiety. Neuroticism was found to play a moderating role in the path from bedtime procrastination to depression and from bedtime procrastination to anxiety, with these effects being stronger for adolescents with higher levels of neuroticism. This study advances a deeper understanding of how and when or for whom parental psychological control is related to adolescents' severe depression and anxiety. Our findings suggest that intervention programs or strategies aimed at reducing parental psychological control and assisting adolescents in establishing healthy sleep hygiene practices should be developed to decrease the risk of depression and anxiety in adolescents.

Elevated perceived stress in university students due to the COVID-19 pandemic: Potential contributing factors in a propensity-score-matched sample.

OBJECTIVE: Onset of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID) pandemic has increased students' perceived burdens. The current study aimed to examine COVID-related changes and to identify potential factors that contribute to students' stress. METHOD: Adopting a cross-sectional cohort-study design, we examined perceived stress and depressive and anxiety symptoms with a specific focus on the role of study-related variables such as perceived study-related demands, study-related resources, academic procrastination, and stress-enhancing beliefs. Two cohorts (Npre-COVID = 2,175; NCOVID = 959) were recruited at the same university and matched with regard to their propensity score (age, gender, semester). RESULTS: Compared with the pre-COVID cohort, university students in the COVID cohort reported more perceived stress, more depressive and anxiety symptoms, more academic procrastination due to fear of failure, more stress-enhancing beliefs, more distress due to the housing situation, and more perceived study-related challenges (Cohen's d = 0.15-0.45). A stepwise regression analysis identified depressive symptoms, procrastination due to fear of failure, general self-efficacy, increased study demands, perceived difficulties with self-organized learning, distress due to housing, and stress-enhancing beliefs as predictors of perceived stress in the COVID cohort. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that the switch to online-only education increased the study-related burden for students, primarily due to exams being replaced by a greater amount of regular coursework and imposing demands on self-organized learning. Possibly, stress-enhancing beliefs and procrastination due to fear of failure might have been elevated due to less opportunity for social referencing and lack of felt social support by peer students. CONCLUSION: Experienced increased burden in students during the COVID pandemic was mostly accounted for by a lack of perceived individual resources rather than by an increase in objective study-related demands.

Chronic Procrastination Among Iranians: Prevalence Estimation, Latent Profile and Network Analyses.

Procrastination is the deliberate, unjustified postponing of an intended course of action despite its costs or unfavorable effects. The present study used a self-report online survey and collected data from a large convenience sample of the general adult population (N = 2,076; females = 55.73%; Mage = 35.1 years [SD ± 12.7]) with diverse demographics. Following the ring-curve distribution, the results indicated a 15.4% prevalence rate of procrastination among the Iranian community, which was significantly higher among women and divorced individuals and lower among nomadic individuals and those with higher academic degrees. A latent profile analysis demonstrated two distinct profiles, one for procrastinators (high scores on chronic procrastination, psychological distress, neuroticism, and extraversion; and low scores on general self-efficacy, self-esteem, satisfaction with life, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and one for non-procrastinators (demonstrating a reverse pattern compared to procrastinators). Moreover, additional network analysis suggested that the examined networks were invariant across procrastination status and gender. The results indicate that procrastination differs by demographic characteristics and is associated with a unique psychological profile. However, none of the aforementioned key study variables were considered a potential vulnerability for procrastinators due to the finding that all variables were peripheral and none were central in the examined networks. Therefore, relying on the differences in mean scores on psychometric scales does not appear to be an optimal way of determining the most important variables in a therapeutic context when treating procrastination.

Relationship between academic procrastination and self-efficacy amongst dental undergraduate students at a public university in Karachi, Pakistan.

Objective: To compare the procrastination and self-efficacy scores among students with respect to the academic year of dental undergraduate programme, and to assess the relationship between self-efficacy and academic procrastination among the students. METHODS: The descriptive study was conducted at Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, from January to March 2023, and comprised medical students of either gender from all the 4 academic years. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire whose validity was assessed using a pilot study. Data was analysed using SPSS 18. RESULTS: Of the 136 students, 84(61.8%) were females and 52(38.2%) were males. There were 34(25%) students from the 1st year, 32(23.5%) from 2nd year, 38(28%) from the 3rd year, and 32(23.5%) from the final year. The highest mean score for procrastination was from 3rd year students 67.7±12.8, while the highest mean score for self-efficacy was from 1st year students 30.2±4. There was no significant difference in terms of gender (p>0.05). Procrastination scores had a significant association with the academic year (p=0.016). Conclusion: Procrastination scores were high among the dental students with the highest score from 3rd year students. The academic environment should provide support help the students devise strategies to optimally utilise the available time.

[Relationship between academic procrastination and depression in myopia junior middle school students in a district of Chongqing in 2022].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the relationship between academic delay and depression in myopic junior high school students. METHODS: Medical visual acuity examination(including far-vision examination and dioptometry) and questionnaire survey(including Middle School students' Academic Procrastination Questionnaire and Childhood Depression Scale) were conducted among 1752 junior middle school students in a district of Chongqing in June 2022. Difference analysis, correlation analysis and binary Logistic regression analysis were performed on the data obtained from myopic students. RESULTS: 1116(63.69%) students with myopia were detected, 405 students with academic delay and 1289 students with depression. Among them, 266(65.68%) and 835(64.78%) were nearsighted due to academic procrastination and depression. There were significant differences in academic procrastination and depression between myopic and non-myopic students(P<0.01). Moreover, myopic junior high school students have a greater risk of academic procrastination and depression(OR=4.94, 95%CI 3.04-8.01). CONCLUSION: Myopic junior high school students are more likely to have academic delay and depression.

The triple psychological and neural bases underlying procrastination: Evidence based on a two-year longitudinal study.

The triple brain anatomical network model of procrastination theorized procrastination as the result of psychological and neural dysfunction implicated in self-control, emotion regulation and episodic prospection. However, no studies have provided empirical evidence for such model. To address this issue, we designed a two-wave longitudinal study where participants underwent the resting-state scanning and completed the questionnaires at two time-points that spanned 2-year apart (T1, n = 457; T2, n = 457). Using the cross-lagged panel network modeling (CLPN), we found that triple psychological components at T1, including self-control, emotion regulation (i.e., reappraisal) and episodic prospection, negatively predicted procrastination at T2 in the temporal network. Moreover, the CLPN modeling found that functional connectivity between networks accounting for episodic prospection (EP) and emotion regulation (ER) positively predicted future procrastination in the temporal network. The centrality analyzes further showed that procrastination was greatly affected by other nodes, whilst the psychological component (i.e., episodic prospection), and the functional network connectivity (FNC) of EP- ER exerted strongest impacts on other nodes in the networks, which indicated that treatments targeting episodic prospection might largely help reduce procrastination. Collectively, these findings firstly provide evidence for testifying the triple brain anatomical network model of procrastination, and highlights the contribution of triple psychological and neural components implicated in self-control, emotion regulation and episodic prospection to procrastination that enhances our understanding of causes of procrastination.

Development and validation of the while-in-bed-smartphone-use-induced sleep procrastination scale (WSPS) in Chinese undergraduates with/without problematic smartphone use.

PURPOSE: Problematic smartphone use (PSU) has become a global public health problem. Excessive while-in-bed smartphone use may result in sleep procrastination and other negative outcomes. The present study aimed to develop and validate a new scale called WSPS to assess while-in-bed-smartphone-use-induced sleep procrastination among undergraduates. METHODS: In total, 910 Chinese undergraduates completed the collection of WSPS, smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV), bedtime procrastination scale, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and Zung self-rating depression scale. The whole sample were randomly splited in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) sample (n = 455) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) sample (n = 455). 40 undergraduates with PSU (SAS-SV > 31) and 40 without PSU were asked to keep sleep diary for 2 weeks and complete the WSPS again. RESULTS: EFA and CFA supported a six-item unidimensional structure of the WSPS. The WSPS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency among undergraduates. The WSPS showed good concurrent validity with other relevant variables including PSU, BP, sleep quality, and depression. Scalar invariance of the WSPS between undergraduates with/without PSU was supported, as well as scalar invariance across gender. The WSPS showed good convergent validity with self-report everyday while-in-bed smartphone use duration and good discriminant validity with sleep duration and sleep onset latency recorded by sleep diary. The WSPS also presented good test-retest reliability among undergraduates with/without PSU. CONCLUSION: The WSPS is a reliable and valid measure of while-in-bed-smartphone-use-induced sleep procrastination in undergraduates with/without PSU.

The effect of smartphone addiction on the relationship between psychological stress reaction and bedtime procrastination in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on bedtime procrastination mainly focused on the influencing factors of stress and draw less attention on the role of family environment. AIM: This study aimed to explore the effect of psychological stress reaction on bedtime procrastination in young adults, with considering the mediating effect of smartphone addiction, and the moderating effect of family cohesion during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A sample of 1217 young adults completed psychological stress reaction scale, Smartphone addiction tendency scale for young adults, bedtime procrastination scale and family cohesion scale. A moderated mediation model was conducted to clarify the effect of psychological stress reaction on bad bedtime procrastination in young adults. RESULTS: The findings showed that: (1) The individual level of psychological stress reaction was positively associated with bedtime procrastination; (2) Smartphone addiction mediated the effect of psychological stress reaction on bedtime procrastination; (3) Family cohesion moderated the relationship among psychological stress reaction, smartphone addiction and bedtime procrastination. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the effect of smartphone addiction on the relationship between psychological stress reaction and bedtime procrastination during the COVID-19 pandemic, and these findings could provide novel evidence that family cohesion may serve as a protective factor against the negative consequences of smartphone addiction on bad bedtime procrastination.

The Relationship Between Defenses and Learning: The Mediating Role of Procrastination and Well-Being Among Undergraduate Students.

ABSTRACT: This study investigates the relationship among defense styles and learning through academic procrastination and psychological well-being. The sample comprises 628 social science students from a Greek university. Path analysis is used to explore associations and interactions among the variables. The results show that academic procrastination and psychological well-being mediate the relationship between defense styles and approaches to learning, indicating the expected direct and indirect effects. Defense styles are directly related to approaches to learning. Mature defense styles are associated with learning through psychological well-being in a positive way, and immature defense styles are associated with learning through academic procrastination in a negative way. This study supports the current line of research in associations between defense styles and learning and the importance of linking mental health variables with learning.

Mobile phone dependency and sleep quality in college students during COVID-19 outbreak: the mediating role of bedtime procrastination and fear of missing out.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between mobile phone dependency, bedtime procrastination, FoMO, and sleep quality among college students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Specifically, we examined whether bedtime procrastination and FoMO mediate the relationship between mobile phone dependency and sleep quality. METHODS: A total of 881 college students completed an online survey in May 2022 in Shanghai, China. Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire, Bedtime Procrastination Scale, Fear of Missing Out Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to assess mobile phone dependency, bedtime procrastination, fear of missing out, and sleep quality, respectively. Multiple linear regression and mediation analysis were conducted. RESULTS: The correlation analyses indicated mobile phone dependency was positively associated with fear of missing out, bedtime procrastination, and poor sleep quality among college students. The structural equation modeling analyses revealed that mobile phone dependency had significant indirect effects on sleep quality through bedtime procrastination (indirect effect: 0.030, 95%CI: 0.022-0.041) and fear of missing out (indirect effect: 0.013, 95%CI: 0.003-0.023). CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that bedtime procrastination and fear of missing out are mediators mediating the relationship between mobile phone dependency with sleep quality. Bedtime procrastination and fear of missing out should be considered as potential intervention targets for reducing mobile phone dependency and improving sleep quality in college students.