Impact of specific electromagnetic radiation on wakefulness in mice.

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the environment, particularly in the microwave range, may constitute a public health concern. Exposure to 2.4 GHz EMR modulated by 100 Hz square pulses was recently reported to markedly increase wakefulness in mice. Here, we demonstrate that a similar wakefulness increase can be induced by the modulation frequency of 1,000 Hz, but not 10 Hz. In contrast to the carrier frequency of 2.4 GHz, 935 MHz EMR of the same power density has little impact on wakefulness irrespective of modulation frequency. Notably, the replacement of the 100 Hz square-pulsed modulation by sinusoidal-pulsed modulation of 2.4 GHz EMR still allows a marked increase of wakefulness. In contrast, continuous sinusoidal amplitude modulation of 100 Hz with the same time-averaged power output fails to trigger any detectable change of wakefulness. Therefore, alteration of sleep behavior by EMR depends upon not just carrier frequency but also frequency and mode of the modulation. These results implicate biological sensing mechanisms for specific EMR in animals.

Interactions of Melanin with Electromagnetic Radiation: From Fundamentals to Applications.

Melanin, especially integumentary melanin, interacts in numerous ways with electromagnetic radiation, leading to a set of critical functions, including radiation protection, UV-protection, pigmentary and structural color productions, and thermoregulation. By harnessing these functions, melanin and melanin-like materials can be widely applied to diverse applications with extraordinary performance. Here we provide a unified overview of the melanin family (all melanin and melanin-like materials) and their interactions with the complete electromagnetic radiation spectrum (X-ray, Gamma-ray, UV, visible, near-infrared), which until now has been absent from the literature and is needed to establish a solid fundamental base to facilitate their future investigation and development. We begin by discussing the chemistries and morphologies of both natural and artificial melanin, then the fundamentals of melanin-radiation interactions, and finally the exciting new developments in high-performance melanin-based functional materials that exploit these interactions. This Review provides both a comprehensive overview and a discussion of future perspectives for each subfield of melanin that will help direct the future development of melanin from both fundamental and applied perspectives.

Genetic Transformation of Plasmid DNA into Escherichia coli Using High Frequency Electromagnetic Energy.

We present a novel technique of genetic transformation of bacterial cells mediated by high frequency electromagnetic energy (HF EME). Plasmid DNA, pGLO (5.4 kb), was successfully transformed into Escherichia coli JM109 cells after exposure to 18 GHz irradiation at a power density between 5.6 and 30 kW m-2 for 180 s at temperatures ranging from 30 to 40 °C. Transformed bacteria were identified by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) using confocal scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry (FC). Approximately 90.7% of HF EME treated viable E. coli cells exhibited uptake of the pGLO plasmid. The interaction of plasmid DNA with bacteria leading to transformation was confirmed by using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). HF EME-induced plasmid DNA transformation was shown to be unique, highly efficient, and cost-effective. HF EME-induced genetic transformation is performed under physiologically friendly conditions in contrast to existing techniques that generate higher temperatures, leading to altered cellular integrity. This technique allows safe delivery of genetic material into bacterial cells, thus providing excellent prospects for applications in microbiome therapeutics and synthetic biology.

Early-stage dynamics of chloride ion-pumping rhodopsin revealed by a femtosecond X-ray laser.

Chloride ion-pumping rhodopsin (ClR) in some marine bacteria utilizes light energy to actively transport Cl- into cells. How the ClR initiates the transport is elusive. Here, we show the dynamics of ion transport observed with time-resolved serial femtosecond (fs) crystallography using the Linac Coherent Light Source. X-ray pulses captured structural changes in ClR upon flash illumination with a 550 nm fs-pumping laser. High-resolution structures for five time points (dark to 100 ps after flashing) reveal complex and coordinated dynamics comprising retinal isomerization, water molecule rearrangement, and conformational changes of various residues. Combining data from time-resolved spectroscopy experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, this study reveals that the chloride ion close to the Schiff base undergoes a dissociation-diffusion process upon light-triggered retinal isomerization.

Detrimental effects of electromagnetic radiation emitted from cell phone on embryo morphokinetics and blastocyst viability in mice.

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) has deleterious effects on sperm motility and viability, as well as oocyte membrane and organelle structure. The aim was to assess the effects of cell phone radiation on preimplantation embryo morphokinetics and blastocyst viability in mice. For superovulation, 20 female mice were treated with intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 10 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (Folligon® PMSG), followed by 10 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) after 48 h. The zygotes (n = 150) from the control group were incubated for 4 days. The experimental zygotes (n = 150) were exposed to a cell phone emitting EMR with a frequency range 900-1800 MHz for 30 min on day 1. Then, all embryos were cultured in the time-lapse system and annotated based on time points from the 2-cell stage (t2) to hatched blastocyst (tHDyz), as well as abnormal cleavage patterns. Blastocyst viability was assessed using Hoechst and propidium iodide staining. Significant increases (P < 0.05) were observed in the cleavage division time points of t2, t8, t10, and t12 of the experimental group compared with the controls. In terms of blastocyst formation parameters, a delay in embryo development was observed in the experimental group compared with the controls. Data analysis of the time intervals between the two groups showed a significant difference in the s3 time interval (P < 0.05). Also, the rates of fragmentation, reverse cleavage, vacuole formation, and embryo arrest were significantly higher in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the cell survival rate in the experimental group was lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Exposure to EMR has detrimental consequences for preimplantation embryo development in mice. These effects can manifest as defects in the cleavage stage and impaired blastocyst formation, leading to lower cell viability.

High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) Energy With and Without Radiofrequency for Noninvasive Body Contouring: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Emsculpt Neo (EmSculpt NEO Device, BTL Industries, Inc.) is a FDA-cleared noninvasive body contouring treatment for increasing muscle tone and/or reducing fat. The device uses high-intensity electromagnetic energy to stimulate muscle contractions and to build muscle mass (Emsculpt) or a combination of electromagnetic energy with radiofrequency (Emsculpt NEO) to produce a synergistic effect of building muscle mass and reducing fat. In this study, we conduct a high-quality systematic review to evaluate outcomes for Emsculpt and Emsculpt NEO treatments for noninvasive body contouring. METHODS: An electronic search was performed of the PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science databases using the key terms "High intensity focused electromagnetic therapy; HIFEM; Emsculpt; Emsculpt NEO; BTL Industries." The search included all articles published in English through January 2023. Inclusion criteria included articles noninvasive body contouring and reporting at least one outcome of interest (clinical or patient-reported outcomes). Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the GRADE criteria. Articles involving applications other than for body contouring, animal studies, and review articles were excluded. RESULTS: Of the 159 articles identified in the initial search strategy, 51 met relevance based on abstract screening. Fifteen clinical studies were identified, including Emsculpt (n=11) and Emsculpt NEO (n=2). The typical protocol involved four treatments given over a 2-4-week period (range 3-8 treatments) with increase to 100% intensity setting and 1-6-month follow-ups. No complications were reported. Abdominal measurements were obtained using imaging were reported in eight studies. Treated areas included the buttocks (n=4), thighs (n=3), arms or calves (n=1), and abdomen (n=11). For abdominal contouring, mean reductions of fat thickness were 5.5 mm, muscle thickness of 2 mm, and rectus diastasis improvement of 3.0 mm. No studies reported weight change before and after treatment. All studies with patient-reported outcomes report high patient satisfaction. Two studies report marginal or no benefit of treatment. Certain studies failed to report comorbidities or demographic characteristics other than age and sex, which precludes analysis of specific subgroups that may benefit from treatment. Furthermore, certain studies failed to address how missing data or the final study population was analyzed. CONCLUSION: This systematic review reports on currently published evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of Emsculpt and Emsculpt NEO for body contouring. High-quality level data reporting with patient-reported outcomes will optimize shared decision-making and informed consent. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II: Therapeutic study. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Sulforaphane Effects on Neuronal-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Exposed to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation.

Exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted from commonly used devices has been reported to induce oxidative stress in several experimental models. Our study aims to evaluate the efficacy of sulforaphane, a well-known natural product, in preventing radiation-induced toxic effects caused by a 24 h exposure of SH-SY5Y neuronal-like cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to 2.45 GHz EMR. Cells were exposed to radiation for 24 h in the presence or absence of sulforaphane at different concentrations (5-10-25 µg/mL). Cell viability, mitochondrial activity alterations, the transcription and protein levels of redox markers, and apoptosis-related genes were investigated. Our data showed a reduction in cell viability of both neuronal-like cells and PBMCs caused by EMR exposure and a protective effect of 5 µg/mL sulforaphane. The lowest sulforaphane concentration decreased ROS production and increased the Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential (Δψm) and the NAD+/NADH ratio, which were altered by radiation exposure. Sulforaphane at higher concentrations displayed harmful effects. The hormetic behavior of sulforaphane was also evident after evaluating the expression of genes coding for Nrf2, SOD2, and changes in apoptosis markers. Our study underlined the vulnerability of neuronal-like cells to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress and the possibility of mitigating these effects by supplementation with sulforaphane. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies about the effects of SFN on these cells when exposed to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation.

The effect of 6GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on rat pain perception.

This paper presents data on pain perception in rats exposed to 6 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). Rats were divided into two groups: control (n = 10, 4 replicates per test) and RF-EMR exposed group (n = 10, 4 replicates per test). Nociceptive responses of the groups were measured using rodent analgesiometry. Rats were divided into control and RF-EMR exposed groups. Nociceptive responses were measured using rodent analgesiometry. RF-EMR exposed rats had a 15% delay in responding to hot plate thermal stimulation compared to unexposed rats. The delay in responding to radiant heat thermal stimulation was 21%. We determined that RF-EMR promoted the occurrence of pressure pain as statistical significance by + 42% (p < 0.001). We observed that RF-EMR exposure increased nociceptive pain by + 35% by promoting cold plate stimulation (p < 0.05). RF-EMR exposure did not affect thermal preference as statistical significance but did support the formation of pressure pain perception.

In this study, we present data on pain perception in rats exposed to 6GHz RF-EMR. RF-EMR exposed rats showed delayed responses to hot plate and radiant heat thermal stimulation. RF-EMR increased pressure and nociceptive pain as statistically significance. In particular, the effects of RF-EMR should be considered when assessing hyperalgesic and hypoalgesic symptoms in the clinic. The results of this study indicate the need to take precautions against the possible negative effects of RF-EMR on human health with the rise of 5G technology.

Study on the space field reconstruction method of the radial basis function of electromagnetic radiation under optimal parameters.

Electromagnetic radiation (EM) pollution has a certain impact on human life and health, and the reconstruction of the EM space field in this paper is of great practical significance for EM analysis and research. The radial basis function (RBF) sufficiently considers the influence of each sampling point and is more suitable for reconstructing the EM space field than other spatial interpolation methods. Currently, when RBF is used to reconstruct the EM space field, the optimal determination of the basis function and shape parameter (SP) is rarely considered. This ultimately leads to low reconstruction accuracy of the EM space field. Therefore, in this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to calculate the optimal SP of the RBF. On this basis, reliable EM space field reconstruction is performed, which helps people understand the EM distribution characteristics in actual situations from a visual perspective. The EM sampling data of a region on the Yunnan Normal University campus are used as the data source, and the RBF under the optimal parameters is used for EM reconstruction. The accuracy of its interpolation results is evaluated and compared and analyzed with inverse distance weighting (IDW) after distance index optimization. The results show that the RBF under optimal parameters reconstructs the EM space field with high accuracy and good effect, which can truly reflect the actual distribution of EM.

Electromagnetic radiation (EM) pollution has a great impact on the surrounding environment. Therefore, EM space field reconstruction can help us analyze the characteristics of the electromagnetic environment in a visual way. Radial Basis Function (RBF) is a method more suitable for EM space field reconstruction than other methods because it fully considers the influence of each sampling point. However, when currently using RBF to reconstruct the EM space field, few researchers consider how to choose the most appropriate basis function and shape parameter (SP). This results in low reconstruction accuracy. Therefore, this study uses particle swarm optimization (PSO) to find the optimal SP parameters for reliable EM space field reconstruction. The study used the EM sampling data of an area within the campus of Yunnan Normal University as the study material, and a parameter-optimized RBF method was adopted for the reconstruction of the EM space field. The reconstruction results were then evaluated for accuracy and compared and analyzed with the IDW method optimized with a distance index. Research results show that using RBF with optimal parameters to reconstruct the EM space field has high accuracy and can effectively reflect the actual EM distribution, thereby helping people better understand the characteristics of the electromagnetic environment.

Mutagenic Effect during Combined Exposure to Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation.

Using the method of dominant lethal mutations, we assessed the frequency of the death of Drosophila melanogaster embryos under combined exposure to ionizing γ-radiation and non-ionizing pulsed magnetic field at various doses and modes of exposure. Mutagenic effect of combined exposure is antagonistic in nature. The antagonism is more pronounced when the following mode of exposure was used: exposure to non-ionizing pulsed magnetic field for 5 h followed by exposure to γ-radiation at doses of 3, 10, and 60 Gy. In case of reverse sequence of exposures, the antagonistic effect was statistically significant after exposure to γ-radiation at doses of 3 and 10 Gy, whereas at a dose of 20 Gy, a synergistic interaction was noted.

[Development of adaptive reactions when applying drinking mineral water and electromagnetic radiation against the background of a high-calorie diet on the model of experimental metabolic syndrome]. / Razvitie adaptivnykh reaktsii pri primenenii pit'evoi mineral'noi vody i elektromagnitnogo izlucheniya na fone deistviya vysokokaloriinoi diety na modeli eksperimental'nogo metabolicheskogo sindroma.

OBJECTIVE: To identify features of development of adaptive protective reactions when applying drinking sulfate mineral water (MW) and low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency (EMR EHF) against the background of a high-calorie diet and after its elimination at an early stage of development of experimental metabolic syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experiments were conducted on 40 non-linear male rats with 200-220 g. weight. The model of metabolic syndrome was reproduced for 60 days. All animals were divided into 5 groups: 2 study groups, 2 control groups and 1 intact one. Rats of the 1st study group were given sulfate MW in combination with EMR EHF against the background of a high-calorie diet, controlled by rats receiving only a high-energy diet. Rats of the 2nd study group also received sulfate MW in combination with EMR EHF but when the metabolic syndrome simulation was finished and the high-calorie diet was eliminated, control was done by rats that were given standard food after eliminating the high-energy diet. Liver, testes and blood were objects of the study. Light-optical, morphometric methods of examination and electron microscopy were used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The use of sulfate MW in combination with EMR EHF against the background of the high-calorie diet was the most cause of increased activity of the antioxidant system and the plastic processes were weaker; the activation of natural adaptive reactions was noted after the elimination of the diet that in combination with actions of MW and EMR EHF led to the further intensification of protein synthesis (RNA, DNA, total protein), intensification of cellular and intracellular regeneration processes. The identified adaptive shifts during the action of the studied factors were caused by their antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and detoxifying actions. CONCLUSION: The results of the study can be used to develop the problem of regulating adaptive reactions with the application of therapeutic physical factors and to create new highly effective methods of preventing and treating metabolic syndrome.

Illumination guidelines for ultrafast pump-probe experiments by serial femtosecond crystallography.

Time-resolved crystallography with X-ray free-electron lasers enables structural characterization of light-induced reactions on ultrafast timescales. To be biologically and chemically relevant, such studies must be carried out in an appropriate photoexcitation regime to avoid multiphoton artifacts, a common issue in recent studies. We describe numerical and experimental approaches to determine how many photons are needed for single-photon excitation in microcrystals, taking into account losses by scattering.

Deep learning-based local SAR prediction using B1 maps and structural MRI of the head for parallel transmission at 7 T.

PURPOSE: To predict subject-specific local specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions of the human head for parallel transmission (pTx) systems at 7 T. THEORY AND METHODS: Electromagnetic energy deposition in tissues is nonuniform at 7 T, and interference patterns due to individual channels of pTx systems may result in increased local SAR values, which can only be estimated with very high safety margins. We proposed, designed, and demonstrated a multichannel 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to predict local SAR maps as well as peak-spatial SAR (ps-SAR) levels. We hypothesized that utilizing a three-channel 3D CNN, in which each channel is fed by a B 1 + $$ {B}_1^{+} $$ map, a phase-reversed B 1 + $$ {B}_1^{+} $$ map, and an MR image, would improve prediction accuracies and decrease uncertainties in the predictions. We generated 10 new head-neck body models, along with 389 3D pTx MRI data having different RF shim settings, with their B1 and local SAR maps to support efforts in this field. RESULTS: The proposed three-channel 3D CNN predicted ps-SAR10g levels with an average overestimation error of 20%, which was better than the virtual observation points-based estimation error (i.e., 152% average overestimation). The proposed method decreased prediction uncertainties over 20% (i.e., 22.5%-17.7%) compared to other methods. A safety factor of 1.20 would be enough to avoid underestimations for the dataset generated in this work. CONCLUSION: Multichannel 3D CNN networks can be promising in predicting local SAR values and perform predictions within a second, making them clinically useful as an alternative to virtual observation points-based methods.

Variations of the spontaneous electrical activities of the neuronal networks imposed by the exposure of electromagnetic radiations using computational map-based modeling.

The interaction between neurons in a neuronal network develops spontaneous electrical activities. But the effects of electromagnetic radiation on these activities have not yet been well explored. In this study, a ring of three coupled 1-dimensional Rulkov neurons and the generated electromagnetic field (EMF) are considered to investigate how the spontaneous activities might change regarding the EMF exposure. By employing the bifurcation analysis and time series, a comprehensive view of neuronal behavioral changes due to electromagnetic inductions is provided. The main findings of this study are as follows: 1) When a neuronal network is showing a spontaneous chaotic firing manner (without any external stimuli), a generated magnetic field inhibits this type of behavior. In fact, EMF completely eliminated the chaotic intrinsic behaviors of the neuronal loop. 2) When the network is exhibiting regular period-3 spiking patterns, the generated magnetic field changes its firing pattern to chaotic spiking, which is similar to epileptic seizures. 3) With weak synaptic connections, electromagnetic radiation inhibits and suppresses neuronal activities. 4) If the external magnetic flux has a high amplitude, it can change the shape of the induction current according to its shape 5) when there are weak synaptic connections in the network, a high-frequency external magnetic flux engenders high-frequency fluctuations in the membrane voltages. On the whole, electromagnetic radiation changes the pattern of the spontaneous activities of neuronal networks in the brain according to synaptic strengths and initial states of the neurons.

Protective role of hispolon and its derivatives against apoptosis in cortical neurons induced by electromagnetic radiation from 4G mobile phone.

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless devices, particularly mobile phones, is a potentially growing public health concern. In this study, the neuronal effects of EMR on primary cortical neurons (PCNs) from neonatal rat cerebral cortex and the protective role of hispolon (HIS) and its derivatives were investigated as a measure of cranial exposure during mobile phone use. PCNs were isolated and cultured from day-old neonatal rats, then exposed for 2 h to EMR emitted by a mobile phone operating at a frequency of 2100 MHz with 1.6 W/Kg specific absorption rate (SAR) in call-answered mode treated with HIS and its derivatives. The induction of apoptosis through modulation of pro and anti-apoptotic genes via mitochondrial pathway and the protection by the test compounds was assessed. Pyrazole derivatives decreased apoptosis by modulating the levels of pro and anti-apoptotic genes by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via mitochondrial damage, which was observed in the EMR exposed PCNs. The pyrazole compounds were found to have antioxidative and anti-apoptotic properties. Thus, the neuroprotective mechanisms of the pyrazole derivatives can be investigated further, which may make them appropriate as lead compounds in developing neuroprotective formulations.

The Importance of Subcellular Structures to the Modeling of Biological Cells in the Context of Computational Bioelectromagnetics Simulations.

Numerical investigation of the interaction of electromagnetic fields with eukaryotic cells requires specifically adapted computer models. Virtual microdosimetry, used to investigate exposure, requires volumetric cell models, which are numerically challenging. For this reason, a method is presented here to determine the current and volumetric loss densities occurring in single cells and their distinct compartments in a spatially accurate manner as a first step toward multicellular models within the microstructure of tissue layers. To achieve this, 3D models of the electromagnetic exposure of generic eukaryotic cells of different shape (i.e. spherical and ellipsoidal) and internal complexity (i.e. different organelles) are performed in a virtual, finite element method-based capacitor experiment in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 GHz. In this context, the spectral response of the current and loss distribution within the cell compartments is investigated and any effects that occur are attributed either to the dispersive material properties of these compartments or to the geometric characteristics of the cell model investigated in each case. In these investigations, the cell is represented as an anisotropic body with an internal distributed membrane system of low conductivity that mimics the endoplasmic reticulum in a simplified manner. This will be used to determine which details of the cell interior need to be modeled, how the electric field and the current density will be distributed in this region, and where the electromagnetic energy is absorbed in the microstructure regarding electromagnetic microdosimetry. Results show that for 5 G frequencies, membranes make a significant contribution to the absorption losses. © 2023 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Spot Reduction of Localized Fat Deposits on the Lateral Thighs by Simultaneous Emission of Synchronized Radiofrequency and High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Energy: Magnetic Resonance Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Unwanted lateral fat most prominently affects the female population and may cause self-esteem issues. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of synchronized high-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) + radiofrequency (RF) for the treatment of lateral thigh adipose tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-three subjects (21-70 year old) received 4, 30-minute HIFEM + RF treatments of the lateral thighs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the treated area was obtained at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months post-treatment to document the changes in fat layer thickness. Furthermore, digital photographs, circumference measurements of the lateral thighs, subjects' satisfaction questionnaires, and therapy safety and comfort were documented. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a significant reduction of fat tissue in the saddlebag region peaking at 3 months (-18 ± 5.5 mm; N = 51). The thigh circumference measured at 3 predefined levels decreased on average by 2.3 cm, with the greatest change at the level of 10 cm below the infragluteal fold (-3.5 cm, 3-month follow-up). Results were maintained at 6 months. No adverse events were recorded. The therapy was found comfortable with a high satisfaction rate. CONCLUSION: High-intensity focused electromagnetic + RF treatment to the lateral thigh area demonstrated effectiveness in long-term fat thickness reduction by MRI imaging. Secondary endpoint showed simultaneous effectiveness and safety.

Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure and Childhood Leukemia: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Objective: Leukemia is the most prevalent cancer among children and adolescents. This study investigated the potential association between exposure to magnetic fields and the risk of pediatric leukemia. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of electronic databases, including Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Medline, up to December 15, 2022, to identify relevant studies examining the link between childhood leukemia and magnetic field exposure. Results: The first meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant inverse association between pediatric leukemia and magnetic field strengths ranging from 0.4 µT to 0.2 µT, suggesting a reduced risk associated with this range. The second meta-analysis focused on wiring configuration codes and observed a potential link between residential magnetic field exposure and childhood leukemia. Pooled relative risk estimates were 1.52 (95% CI = 1.05-2.04, P = .021) and 1.58 (95% CI = 1.15-2.23, P = .006) for exposure to 24-hour magnetic field measurements, suggesting a possible causal relationship. In the third meta-analysis, the odds ratios for the exposure groups of 0.1 to 0.2 µT, 0.2 to 0.3 µT, 0.3 to 0.4 µT, and 0.4 µT above 0.2 µT were 1.09 (95% confidence interval = 0.82 to 1.43 µT), 1.14 (95% confidence interval = 0.68 to 1.92 µT), and 1.45 (95% confidence interval = 0.87 to 2.37 µT), respectively. In contrast to the findings of the three meta-analyses, there was no evidence of a statistically significant connection between exposure to 0.2 µT and the risk of juvenile leukemia. A further result showed no discernible difference between the two groups of children who lived less than 100 meters from the source of magnetic fields and those who lived closer (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.98-1.73 µT). Conclusions: The collective results of three meta-analyses, encompassing magnetic field strengths ranging from 0.1 µT to 2.38 µT, underscore a statistically significant association between the intensity of magnetic fields and the occurrence of childhood leukemia. However, one specific analysis concluded that no apparent relationship exists between exposure to 0.1 µT and an elevated risk of leukemia development in children.

The ZIP9-centered androgen pathway compensates for the 2605 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-mediated reduction in resistance to H2O2 damage in Sertoli cells of adult rats.

The direct biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from wireless communication equipment on the testes are still unclear. Our previous study proved that long-term exposure to 2605 MHz RF-EMR gradually damage spermatogenesis and resulted in time-dependent reproductive toxicity by directly disrupting blood-testis barrier circulation. Although short-term exposure did not cause readily observable damage to fertility, whether it caused specific biological effects and how these effects contributed to the time-dependent reproductive toxicity of RF-EMR were currently unknown. Studies on this issue are important for elucidating the time-dependent reproductive toxicity of RF-EMR. The present study established a 2605 MHz RF-EMR (SAR=1.05 W/Kg) scrotal exposure model with rats and extracted primary Sertoli cells for exposure to investigate the direct biological effects of short-term RF-EMR exposure on the testis. The results showed that short-term RF-EMR exposure did not decrease sperm quality and spermatogenesis, but it increased the levels of testicular testosterone (T) and zinc transporter 9 (ZIP9) in Sertoli cells of rats. In vitro, 2605 MHz RF-EMR exposure did not increase the apoptosis rate of Sertoli cells, but it increased the apoptosis rate and MDA of Sertoli cells exposed to H2O2. T reversed these changes and increased ZIP9 level in Sertoli cells, whereas inhibiting ZIP9 expression significantly suppressed these T-mediated protective effects. Moreover, T increased the levels of phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (P-IRE1), phosphorylated protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (P-PERK), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2a (P-eIF2a) and phosphorylated activating transcription factor 6 (P-ATF6) in Sertoli cells, and these effects were reversed by ZIP9 inhibition. With prolonged exposure time, testicular ZIP9 was gradually downregulated, and testicular MDA increased. ZIP9 level was negatively correlated with MDA level in the testes of exposed rats. Thus, although short-term exposure to 2605 MHz RF-EMR (SAR=1.05 W/kg) did not significantly disturb spermatogenesis, it suppressed the ability of Sertoli cells to resist external insults, which was rescued by enhancing the ZIP9-centered androgen pathway in the short term. Increasing the unfolded protein response might be an important downstream mechanism involved. These results promote a better understanding of the time-dependent reproductive toxicity of 2605 MHz RF-EMR.

Electromagnetic radiation therapy for Parkinson's disease tremor reduction- systematic reviews and Bayesian meta-analyses for comparing the effectiveness of electric, magnetic and light stimulation methods.

PURPOSE: Tremor is one of the key characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD), leading to physical disabilities and often showing limited responses to pharmacological treatments. To suppress tremors in PD patients, several types of non-invasive and non-pharmacological methods have been proposed so far. In the current systematic review, three electromagnetic-based radiation strategies including electrical stimulation, magnetic stimulation, and light stimulation methods were reviewed and compared. METHODS: Major databases were searched to retrieve eligible studies. For the meta-analysis, a random-effect Bayesian framework was used. Also, heterogeneity between studies was assessed using I2 statistic, prediction interval, and tau2. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot, and the effectiveness of methods for reducing tremor was compared using network Bayesian meta-analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Thirty-one studies were found for qualitative analysis, and 16 studies were found for quantitative synthesis. Based on the suppression ratio, methods can be ordered as electrical stimulation, light therapy, and magnetic stimulation. Furthermore, the results showed that electrical and magnetic stimulation were more effective for tremor suppression at early stages of PD, while light therapy was found to be more effective during the later stages of PD.