The International Society of Differentiation: Past, present, and future.

The International Society of Differentiation was born from the First International Conference on Cell Differentiation conceived by D.V. and held in Nice, France in 1971. The conference also resulted in the creation of the journal of the Society named Differentiation. The Society advocates for the field of differentiation through the journal Differentiation, organizing and supporting international scientific conferences, honoring scientific achievements, and supporting trainees.

Asia-Oceania HUPO: Past, Present, and Future.

The Asia-Oceania Human Proteome Organization (AOHUPO; www.aohupo.org) was officially founded on June 7, 2001, by Richard J. Simpson (Australia), Akira Tsugita (Japan), and Young-Ki Paik (Korea) and launched on October 1-4, 2001, at the second scientific meeting of the International Proteomics Conference held in Canberra, Australia. Inaugural council members of the AOHUPO elected were Richard J. Simpson (Australia, president), Qi-Chang Xia (China), Kazuyuki Nakamura (Japan), Akira Tsugita (Japan, VIce President), Young-Ki Paik (Korea, secretary general), Mike Hubbard (New Zealand), Max C. M. Chung (Singapore), Shui-Tien Chen (Taiwan), and John Bennett (Philippines). The first AOHUPO conference was held on March 26-27, 2002, at the Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, conjointly with the second Annual Meeting of KHUPO. Since then, biennial AOHUPO conferences have been held in Taipei (2004), Singapore (2006), Cairns (2008), Hyderabad (2010), Beijing (2012), Bangkok (2014), Sun Moon Lake (2016), and Osaka (2018). The 10th AOHUPO conference is scheduled to be held in Busan on June 30 to July 2, 2021, to celebrate our 20th anniversary.

Reflections on the HUPO Human Proteome Project, the Flagship Project of the Human Proteome Organization, at 10 Years.

We celebrate the 10th anniversary of the launch of the HUPO Human Proteome Project (HPP) and its major milestone of confident detection of at least one protein from each of 90% of the predicted protein-coding genes, based on the output of the entire proteomics community. The Human Genome Project reached a similar decadal milestone 20 years ago. The HPP has engaged proteomics teams around the world, strongly influenced data-sharing, enhanced quality assurance, and issued stringent guidelines for claims of detecting previously "missing proteins." This invited perspective complements papers on "A High-Stringency Blueprint of the Human Proteome" and "The Human Proteome Reaches a Major Milestone" in special issues of Nature Communications and Journal of Proteome Research, respectively, released in conjunction with the October 2020 virtual HUPO Congress and its celebration of the 10th anniversary of the HUPO HPP.

Multisensory Integration and the Society for Neuroscience: Then and Now.

The operation of our multiple and distinct sensory systems has long captured the interest of researchers from multiple disciplines. When the Society was founded 50 years ago to bring neuroscience research under a common banner, sensory research was largely divided along modality-specific lines. At the time, there were only a few physiological and anatomical observations of the multisensory interactions that powerfully influence our everyday perception. Since then, the neuroscientific study of multisensory integration has increased exponentially in both volume and diversity. From initial studies identifying the overlapping receptive fields of multisensory neurons, to subsequent studies of the spatial and temporal principles that govern the integration of multiple sensory cues, our understanding of this phenomenon at the single-neuron level has expanded to include a variety of dimensions. We now can appreciate how multisensory integration can alter patterns of neural activity in time, and even coordinate activity among populations of neurons across different brain areas. There is now a growing battery of sophisticated empirical and computational techniques that are being used to study this process in a number of models. These advancements have not only enhanced our understanding of this remarkable process in the normal adult brain, but also its underlying circuitry, requirements for development, susceptibility to malfunction, and how its principles may be used to mitigate malfunction.

History of the Collegium Internationale Allergologicum: A Very Special Society Devoted to Allergy and Immunology.

The Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) was founded on 15 October 1954 in London by a group of 48 international allergists and immunologists from 18 countries of all continents, among them such distinguished scientists as Carl Prausnitz-Giles, Sir Henry Dale, Paul Kallos, and many others. Contrary to other international associations in the field, this Collegium limited the number of members in order to allow more intense and open discussions in "the humble spirit of scientific enquiry, friendly cooperation, good fellowship and professional relationships in the field of allergy" as stated in the statutes. It is not possible to apply for membership, and one has to be proposed by at least 2 CIA members and invited to present at least once at a symposium. Over the decades, a rhythm of biannual symposia developed, the 32nd held in Palma de Mallorca in October 2018. These symposia went around the world from London, Rome, Copenhagen, New Orleans, Puerto Vallarta, Nantucket, Hakone, Konstanz, Goeteborg, and Sorrento, just to name a few places. Preferably they were held on islands such as Capri, Corfu, Martinique, Curacao, Bornholm, Malta, and Ischia in order to make it more difficult for people to arrive late or leave early. It is expected that participants stay over the whole length of the 5-day symposium. On these symposia, it is good custom to also present unpublished data, so participants get the latest news. The most important developments in the field of Allergy and Clinical Immunology have been discussed at early stage and sometimes by speakers who later won the Nobel Prize. While all presentations are equal, be it oral communications or posters, there are 3 special lectures, namely the Carl Prausnitz lecture, the Paul Kallos lecture, and a "Relaxing from Immunology" lecture which can be devoted to any interesting topic not necessarily related to medicine or allergy. Since many years, the contents of the symposium are published in a proceedings volume, over a longtime printed within the "International Archives of Allergy and Immunology" which until now is the official journal of the Collegium. Participants agree that in the flood of more and more scientific congresses and larger events, the CIA Symposia are unique in their openness and friendly scientific interchange.

When a rare condition creates a scientific society: The history of the International Society for Placenta Accreta Spectrum (IS-PAS).

Almost 10 years ago, clinicians at multiple locations all over Europe observed an increased number of antenatally undiagnosed cases of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) resulting in significant morbidity and the occasional maternal death. Even with an improvement in antenatal imaging, the management of severe PAS remains challenging. One solution to improve understanding in rare but potentially lethal conditions is international collaboration. Consequently, a European working group was formed, which over the next few years grew into an international society, the IS-PAS. The collective goals are to develop a large shared database of cases, generate high-quality research into all aspects of PAS, and improve education of both healthcare professionals and patients. The first results of this collaboration are presented within this supplement.

History of the International Society for Research in Human Milk and Lactation.

The goal of this report is to recount the history of the International Society for Research in Human Milk and Lactation (ISRHML) and how its members contributed to the science of human milk (HM) and lactation (LT). The ISRHML was formed in 1988 by a group of young scientists who were intrigued with the mysteries of HM and LT and the effects of HM upon recipient human infants. The inception of the ISRHML by those scientists with many different types of interests and expertise led over the next 3 decades to a wealth of new information concerning the biology of the mammary gland and the exceptionally complex composition of HM. Those findings helped to explain why HM is by far the superior nutrition for human infants.

A different kind of Nierenstein reaction. The Chemical Society's mistreatment of Maximilian Nierenstein.

Between 1920 and 1922, the University of Bristol biochemist, Maximilian Nierenstein, published four papers in a series exploring the structure of catechin in the Journal of the Chemical Society. The Society then abruptly refused to accept any more of his papers on catechin, or any other subject. It provided him with no reasons for the embargo until 1925. It then transpired that Nierenstein was boycotted because it was deemed that he had not responded adequately to criticisms of his work made by his rival in catechin research, the German natural products chemist, Karl Freudenberg. It was not until 1929 that, as a result of a petition by a group of his former Bristol pupils and friends, that Nierenstein was again permitted to publish in the Society's journal. The paper explores the Chemical Society's treatment of Nierenstein in detail, sheds new light on his career and his reaction to the Society's unprecedented boycott, examines some of the structural chemistry involved in the disputes, and discusses whether Nierenstein's research deserves the label of 'bad science'.

The origins and early history of neurochemistry and its societies.

At the 2017 joint meeting of the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) and the European Society for Neurochemistry, 150 years of neurochemistry - the 50th anniversary of ISN, 40 years of European Society for Neurochemistry, and 60 years of the Journal of Neurochemistry (JNC) - was celebrated with a historical symposium that explored the foundations of neurochemical societies, key international figures in the discipline of neurochemistry, and the pre-eminent role of the JNC. The foundations of neurochemistry were laid in Europe, notably France and Germany, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Neurochemists in the United Kingdom made globally relevant contributions before and after the Second World War, and Swedish contributions were especially prominent in the 1950s and 1960s. As neurochemistry is a truly international branch of neuroscience, the important contributions of neurochemists in the Americas and the Asia-Pacific were also recognized, as were the seminal roles of the American, Asia-Pacific, and Japanese Societies of Neurochemistry. Although ISN was only formed in 1967, earlier international meetings in Europe and the Americas reflected the growing recognition of the importance of chemistry and biochemistry for understanding and responding to the pathophysiology of clinical conditions and diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. JNC was first published in 1956, but the ISN only assumed complete ownership of the journal under tempestuous circumstances in 1970. The ISN-JNC interface and the sterling work of the JNC Editors has meant that the income generated by the journal has allowed the ISN Council to implement diverse programs for supporting neurochemistry internationally, including sustaining regional neurochemical societies, and supporting neurochemists in the developing world and schools of neurochemistry.

History of the Pharmacological Society of Canada 1956-2008.

The Pharmacological Society of Canada (PSC) formed in 1956 and became a constituent society of the Canadian Federation of Biological Sciences (CFBS) in 1958. Over subsequent decades, it met annually with CFBS, matured as a society, and established an identity as the voice of pharmacology in Canada. During the 1980s, it sought a larger stage and bid for, and then hosted, the XIIth International Congress of Pharmacology in Montreal in 1994. The society then participated in several joint meetings with other national pharmacology societies. In 2008, the PSC merged with the Canadian Society for Clinical Pharmacology to form the Canadian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics. The following article is a history of the PSC from its formation in the mid-1950s to amalgamation in 2008.

Establishing the First Annual Meetings of the American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.

This paper describes the initial meetings of the American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry, and it compares and contrasts these relatively small meetings with the much larger meetings today. The paper is centered on the organization's initial focus on establishing itself in the mainstream of medicine and psychiatry. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00-00).

The European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics-25 years' young and going strong.

Clinical pharmacology as a scientific discipline and medical specialty was unarguably born in the twentieth century. Whilst pharmacology-the science behind the treatment of disease-had been in evolution since at least medieval times, the clinical discipline of pharmacology has had a more recent genesis and rather insidious evolution. During the 1900s, there were some clear father (parent) figures of clinical pharmacology in Europe that emerged and were responsible for the development of the specialty in this continent. This was a time when there were parallel developments in geographically dispersed academic departments (around the globe), during an age of excitement in drug discovery and clinical application of new therapeutic agents. It was the meeting of minds of some of these progenitors of the specialty that led to the development of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) 25 years ago arising from a working party supported by the World Health Organization in Europe. The EACPT now includes all major national organizations for clinical pharmacology in Europe, representing over 4000 individual professionals interested in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. The EACPT has a major interest in promoting the safe use of medicines across Europe and internationally and has supported these aims since 1995, through biennial international scientific congresses and summer schools with delegates and presenters from around the world as well as various working group activities. In this article, the current executive committee members of EACPT recall this history, describe the evolution of the association over the last quarter of a century, and provide an update on the activities and ambitions of the association today.

Positive Psychology: A Personal History.

As president of the American Psychological Association in 1998, I organized researchers and practitioners to work on building well-being, not just on the traditional task of reducing ill-being. Substantial research then found that well-being causes many external benefits, including better physical and mental health. Among the applications of Positive Psychology are national psychological accounts of well-being, Positive Psychotherapy, the classification of strengths and virtues, Comprehensive Soldier Fitness, and Positive Education. Positive Psychology has spread beyond psychology into neuroscience, health, psychiatry, theology, and even to the humanities. Positive Psychology has many critics, and I comment on the strongest criticisms. I conclude with the hope that the building of well-being will become a cornerstone of morality, politics, and religion.

Poland syndrome before Alfred Poland: the oldest medical description (Paris, France, 1803).

Here, we present a description of Poland syndrome from the second session of the Anatomical Society (Paris, France) on 11 December 1803 of congenital mammary absence and muscular atrophy on the right side. This case report predates the first official description of the disease published by Alfred Poland in Guy's Hospital Reports (London, 1841). Consequently, perhaps would it be necessary to do justice to its French discoverer, and to name from now on this nosological entity the "syndrome of Marandel"?