Genes, inflammatory response, tolerance, and resistance to virus infections in migratory birds, bats, and rodents

ABSTRACT

Normally, the host immunological response to viral infection is coordinated to restore homeostasis and protect the individual from possible tissue damage. The two major approaches are adopted by the host to deal with the pathogen resistance or tolerance. The nature of the responses often differs between species and between individuals of the same species. Resistance includes innate and adaptive immune responses to control virus replication. Disease tolerance relies on the immune response allowing the coexistence of infections in the host with minimal or no clinical signs, while maintaining sufficient viral replication for transmission. Here, we compared the virome of bats, rodents and migratory birds and the molecular mechanisms underlying symptomatic and asymptomatic disease progression. We also explore the influence of the host physiology and environmental influences on RNA virus expression and how it impacts on the whole brain transcriptome of seemingly healthy semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) and spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius). Three time points throughout the year were selected to understand the importance of longitudinal surveys in the characterization of the virome. We finally revisited evidence that upstream and downstream regulation of the inflammatory response is, respectively, associated with resistance and tolerance to viral infections / CD was supported by Brazilian National Research Council - CNPq Process No 407075/2021-6 and No. 301268/2019-3, UFPA/EBSERH and UFPA/FINEP/FADESPSOS Equipment 2021 and AMT was supported by CAPES doctoral fellowship. PFCV was supported by the National Institute for Science and Technology for Emerging and Reemerging Viruses (INCT-VER grant CNPq process 406360/2022-7) and by CNPq process 310295/2021-1. DB was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT-PTDC/MED-NEU/2382/2021, LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031395, UIDB/04138/2020 and UIDP/04138/2020). Programa de Apoio à publicação qualificada - PROPESP/UFPA (PAPQ). DD was supported by the Brazilian National Research Council-CNPq (PDS fellowship CNPq Proc No.168555(2021-2)