Analyses of non-leucine-rich repeat (non-LRR) regions intervening between LRRs in proteins.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Many proteins have LRR (leucine-rich repeat) units interrupted by non-LRRs which we call IR (non-LRR island region). METHODS: We identified proteins containing LRR@IRs (LRRs having IR) by using a new method and then analyzed their natures and distributions. RESULTS: LRR@IR proteins were found in over two hundred proteins from prokaryotes and from eukaryotes. These are divided into twenty-one different protein families. The IRs occur one to four times in LRR regions and range in length from 5 to 11,265 residues. The IR lengths in Fungi adenylate cyclases (acys) range from 5 to 116 residues; there are 22 LRR repeats. The IRs in Leishmania proteophosphoglycans (ppgs) vary from 105 to 11,265 residues. These results indicate that the IRs evolved rapidly. A group of LRR@IR proteins-LRRC17, chondroadherin-like protein, ppgs, and four Pseudomonas proteins-have a super motif consisting of an LRR block and its adjacent LRR@IR region. This indicates that the entire super motif experienced duplication. The sequence analysis of IRs offers functional similarity in some LRR@IR protein families. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests that various IRs and super motifs provide a great variety of structures and functions for LRRs.