Development of immunosorbents for the analysis of forchlorfenuron in fruit juices by ion mobility spectrometry.

ABSTRACT

The advantages of using smart materials as immunosorbents in the analysis of complex matrices by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) have been highlighted in this study. A novel analytical method has been proposed for the sensitive, selective, and fast determination of residues of the plant growth regulator forchlorfenuron in fruit juices. Three different monoclonal antibodies (s3#22, p2#21, and p6#41) were employed for the production of immunosorbents, based on Sepharose gel beads, which were characterized in terms of loading capacity, solvent resistance, and repeatability for its use in solid-phase extraction (SPE). Immunosorbents that were prepared with antibody p6#44 provided the best performance, with a loading capacity of 0.97 µg, a 10% (v/v) 2-propanol tolerance, and a reusability of at least eight uses. The SPE procedure involved the use of a column with 0.15 g Sepharose beads, containing 0.5 mg antibody, which was loaded to 20 mL of the sample, washed with 2 mL of water plus 2 mL of 10% (v/v) 2-propanol, and eluted with 2 mL of 2-propanol. The cleaned extract was directly analyzed by IMS, giving a limit of detection of 2 µg L-1 with a relative standard deviation of 7.6%. Trueness was assessed by the analysis of blank grape and kiwifruit juice samples spiked with forchlorfenuron concentrations from 10 to 400 µg L-1, with recoveries from 80 to 115%. The analytical performance of the proposed immunosorbent was compared with conventional extraction and cleanup methods, such as QuEChERS and C18-based SPE, giving the cleanest extracts for accurate determinations of forchlorfenuron by IMS. Graphical abstract ᅟ.