A difference in timing for the onset of visual and chemosensory systems during embryonic development in two closely related cuttlefish species.

Embryos perceive environmental stimuli, thanks to their almost mature sensory systems. In cuttlefish, the embryonic development of Sepia officinalis and Sepia pharaonis is similar but the egg capsule transparency is different. S. officinalis' eggs are black (ink), which provide protection from predators. Conversely, those of S. pharaonis are translucent. The aim of this study was to test the visual and chemosensory perception abilities of these two cuttlefish embryos by observation of the ventilation rate (VR) before and after stimulation. Our results show that S. pharaonis responds to light at stage 22 and S. officinalis at stage 24. Conversely, S. pharaonis responds to predator odor at stage 23 and S. officinalis at stage 22. Both species are able to respond to these stimuli before hatching but do not have the same developmental schedule. Neither are the responses of the two cuttlefish exactly the same. In S. officinalis, VR increases after stimulations. In S. pharaonis, VR increases after light stimulation and decreases following the odor stimulation after stage 25. This result could reveal an ability to recognize stimuli at stage 25. The decrease could be identified as freezing-like behavior which would be more adaptive than an increase, since the embryos are visible.