Use of machine learning to predict the risk of early morning intraocular pressure peaks in glaucoma patients and suspects.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To use machine learning to predict the risk of intraocular pressure peaks at 6 a.m. in primary open-angle glaucoma patients and suspects. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study included 98 eyes of 98 patients who underwent a 24-hour intraocular pressure curve (including the intraocular pressure measurements at 6 a.m.). The diurnal intraocular pressure curve was defined as a series of three measurements at 8 a.m., 9 a.m., and 11 a.m. from the 24-hour intraocular pressure curve. Two new variables were introduced slope and concavity. The slope of the curve was calculated as the difference between intraocular pressure measurements at 9 a.m. and 8 a.m. and reflected the intraocular pressure change in the first hour. The concavity of the curve was calculated as the difference between the slopes at 9 a.m. and 8 a.m. and indicated if the curve was bent upward or downward. A classification tree was used to determine a multivariate algorithm from the measurements of the diurnal intraocular pressure curve to predict the risk of elevated intraocular pressure at 6 a.m. RESULTS: Forty-nine (50%) eyes had intraocular pressure measurements at 6 a.m. >21 mmHg, and the median intraocular pressure peak in these eyes at 6 a.m. was 26 mmHg. The best predictors of intraocular pressure measurements >21 mmHg at 6 a.m. were the intraocular pressure measurements at 8 a.m. and concavity. The proposed model achieved a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 86%, resulting in an accuracy of 93%. CONCLUSIONS: The machine learning approach was able to predict the risk of intraocular pressure peaks at 6 a.m. with good accuracy. This new approach to the diurnal intraocular pressure curve may become a widely used tool in daily practice and the indication of a 24-hour intraocular pressure curve could be rationalized according to risk stratification.