Characterization of the complete mitogenome of the endangered freshwater fish Gobiobotia naktongensis from the Geum River in South Korea: evidence of stream connection with the Paleo-Huanghe.

BACKGROUND: The freshwater fish Gobiobotia naktongensis (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, and Gobionidae) is an endangered class I species whose population size has been greatly reduced. OBJECTIVE: To successfully protect and restore the highly endangered freshwater fish G. naktongensis from the Geum River in South Korea. METHODS: The mitogenome was characterized using the primer walking method with phylogenetic relationships. RESULTS: The complete mitogenome of G. naktongensis Geum River was 16,607 bp, comprising 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Seventeen substitutions were found by comparing the tRNA regions between G. naktongensis Geum and Nakdong Rivers and G. pappenheimi; most were specific to G. naktongensis Nakdong River, with changes in their secondary structures. The comparison between G. naktongensis Geum River and G. pappenheimi revealed differences in the lengths of the D-loop and two tRNAs (tRNAArg and tRNATrp) and the secondary structures in the TΨC-arm of tRNAHis. In the phylogenetic tree, G. naktongensis Geum River did not cluster with its conspecific specimen from the Nakdong River in South Korea, but showed the closest relationship to G. pappenheimi in mainland China. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the existence of the Paleo-Huanghe River connecting the Korean peninsula and mainland China, suggesting that G. naktongensis in the Geum River should be treated as a different evolutionarily significant unit separated from that in the Nakdong River. The complete mitogenome of G. naktongensis Geum River provides essential baseline data to establish strategies for its conservation and restoration.