PPARγ As a Potential Target for Adipogenesis Induced by Fine Particulate Matter in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes.

Mounting evidence has shown that ambient PM2.5 exposure is closely associated with the development of obesity, and adipose tissue represents an important endocrine target for PM2.5. In this study, the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation model was employed to comprehensively explore the adipogenic potential of PM2.5. After 8 days of PM2.5 exposure, adipocyte fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation were significantly increased, and adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells was promoted in a concentration-dependent manner. Transcriptome and lipidome analyses revealed the systematic disruption of transcriptional and lipid profiling at 10 µg/mL PM2.5. Functional enrichment and visualized network analyses showed that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway and the metabolism of glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and sphingolipids were most significantly affected during adipocyte differentiation. Reporter gene assays indicated that PPARγ was activated by PM2.5, demonstrating that PM2.5 promoted adipogenesis by activating PPARγ. The increased transcriptional and protein expressions of PPARγ and downstream adipogenesis-associated markers (e.g., Fabp4 and CD36) were further cross-validated using qRT-PCR and western blot. PM2.5-induced adipogenesis, PPARγ pathway activation, and lipid remodeling were significantly attenuated by the supplementation of a PPARγ antagonist (T0070907). Overall, this study yielded mechanistic insights into PM2.5-induced adipogenesis in vitro by identifying the potential biomolecular targets for the prevention of PM2.5-induced obesity and related metabolic diseases.