Association between sleep duration, sleep quality, bedtime and myopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the links between different sleep characteristics and risk of myopia. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Wanfang, and CNKI were searched from inception to August 26, 2022, without any language restriction. Cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort studies that explored the association between sleep duration, sleep quality, bedtime, and myopia were included. NIH quality assessment tools were used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Random-effect or fixed-effect models were used to pool the associations according to whether there is heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 31 studies with 205 907 participants were included in the final analysis (25 studies reporting sleep duration; four studies examining sleep quality and six studies evaluating bedtime). Compared to reference sleep duration, sufficient sleep duration (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.51-0.78) was associated with a lower risk of myopia, and short sleep duration (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.14-2.42) was associated with a higher risk of myopia. In addition, poor sleep quality (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.05-1.47) was associated with a higher risk of myopia while late bedtime (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.96-1.75) was not significantly associated with an increased risk of myopia. CONCLUSIONS: Alteration in sleep duration and sleep quality may influence the risk of myopia. Well-designed cohort studies are needed in future investigations to identify a causal relationship between different sleep characteristics and myopia.