Psychological treatment of PTSD with comorbid substance use disorder (SUD): expert recommendations of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS).

This project aimed to develop expert recommendations for the assessment and psychological treatment of PTSD and comorbid substance use disorder.Trauma-focused psychological intervention combined with treatment for SUD is the most effective treatment for PTSD symptoms and for alcohol use disorder treatment benefits appear to be strongest when combined with alcohol targeted pharmacotherapy.The presence of co-occurring SUD should not prevent or exclude individuals from receiving established evidence-based treatments for PTSD and readiness to engage in evidence-based treatment should be evaluated on an individual basis.