Glucose Oxidase of a Crucifer-Specialized Insect: A Potential Role in Suppressing Plant Defense via Modulating Antagonistic Plant Hormones.

Glucose oxidase (GOX) is a representative compound found in most insect saliva that can suppress plant-defensive responses. However, little is known about the origin and role of GOX in the crucifer-specialized pest Plutella xylostella. In this study, we showed obvious regurgitation from the larval gut of P. xylostella and identified abundant peptides highly similar to known GOX. Three PxGOX genes were verified with PxGOX2 preferentially expressed in the gut. The heterologously expressed PxGOX2 confirmed its function to be a GOX, and it was detected in plant wounds together with the gut regurgitant. Further experiments revealed that PxGOX2 functioned as an effector and may suppress defensive responses in plant through the production of H2O2, which modulates levels of antagonistic salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. However, excessive H2O2 in the host plant may be neutralized by peroxidase, thus forming defensive feedback. Our findings provided new insights into understanding the GOX-mediated insect-plant interactions.