China's conservation and restoration of coastal wetlands offset much of the reclamation-induced blue carbon losses.

ABSTRACT

China's coastal wetlands have experienced large losses and gains with rapid coastal reclamation and restoration since the end of the 20th century. However, owing to the difficulties in mapping soil organic carbon (SOC) in blue carbon stocks of coastal wetlands on a national scale, little is known about the spatial pattern of SOC stock in China's coastal wetlands and the loss and gain of SOC stock following coastal reclamation, conservation, and restoration over the past decades. Here, we developed a SOC stock map in China's coastal wetlands at 30 m spatial resolution, analyzed the spatial variability and driving factors of SOC stocks, and finally estimated SOC losses and gains due to coastal reclamation and wetland management from 1990 to 2020. We found that the total SOC stocks in China's coastal wetlands were 77.8 Tg C by 2020 with 3.6 Tg C in mangroves, 8.8 Tg C in salt marshes, and 65.4 Tg C in mudflats. Temperature, rainfall, and seawater salinity exerted the highest relative contributions to SOC spatial variability. The spatial trend of SOC density gradually decreased from south to north except for Liaoning province, with the lowest density in Shandong province. About 24.9% (19.4 Tg C) of SOC stocks in China's coastal wetlands were lost due to high-intensity reclamation, but SOC stock gained from conservation and restoration offset the reclamation-induced losses by 58.2% (11.3 Tg C) over the past three decades. These findings demonstrated the great potential of conservation and restoration of coastal wetlands in reversing the loss trend of blue carbon and contributing to the mitigation of climate change toward carbon neutrality. Our study provides significant spatial insights into the stocks, sequestration, and recovery capacity of blue carbon following rapid urbanization and management actions, which benefit the progress of global blue carbon management.