Association between walking pace and risks of major chronic diseases in individuals with hypertension based on a prospective study in UK Biobank: Involvement of inflammation.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Walking pace is associated with risks of major chronic diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) in the general population. However, whether increasing walking pace could reduce risks of major chronic diseases in individuals with hypertension remains to be explored, and the underlying mechanism potentially mediated by low-grade inflammation is also unclear. METHODS: A total of 160,470 participants with hypertension were included based on the UK Biobank. The relationships of the walking pace and low-grade inflammation with risks of major chronic diseases in individuals with hypertension were assessed by the Cox proportional hazards model. Mediation analyses were performed to investigate the contribution of low-grade inflammation to the association between walking pace and risks of major chronic diseases. RESULTS: Individuals with hypertension at the brisk walking pace had decreased risks of overall cancer and site-specific cancers (liver, lung, and endometrial cancers), all CVD events (angina, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease and stroke), and T2DM (hazard ratios 0.42-0.91). Increasing low-grade inflammation was associated with higher risks of aforementioned diseases except liver cancer and atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, low-grade inflammation partially mediated associations of the walking pace with risks of lung cancer, T2DM, and all CVD events (except atrial fibrillation), with mediation proportion of 2.0%-9.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Brisk walking pace was linked to reduced risks of major chronic diseases in individuals with hypertension, partially mediated by low-grade inflammation. Improving walking pace may be beneficial for health in individuals with hypertension.