Highly Reversible Positive-Valence Conversion of Sulfur Chemistry for High-Voltage Zinc-Sulfur Batteries.

ABSTRACT

Sulfur is a promising conversion-type cathode for zinc batteries (ZBs) due to its high discharge capacity and cost-effectiveness. However, the redox conversion of multivalent S in ZBs is still limited, only having achieved S0/S2- redox conversion with low discharge voltage and poor reversibility. This study presents significant progress by demonstrating, for the first time, the reversible S2-/S4+ redox behavior in ZBs with up to six-electron transfer (with an achieved discharge capacity of ≈1284 mAh g-1) using a highly concentrated ClO4 --containing electrolyte. The developed succinonitrile-Zn(ClO4)2 eutectic electrolyte stabilizes the positive-valence S compound and contributes to an ultra-low polarization voltage. Notably, the achieved flat discharge plateaus demonstrate the highest operation voltage (1.54 V) achieved to date in Zn‖S batteries. Furthermore, the high-voltage Zn‖S battery exhibits remarkable conversion dynamics, excellent cycling performance (85.7% capacity retention after 500 cycles), high efficiency (98.4%), and energy density (527 Wh kg S -1). This strategy of positive-valence conversion of sulfur represents a significant advancement in understanding sulfur chemistry in batteries and holds promise for future high-voltage sulfur-based batteries.