Redox Potential Based Self-Powered Electrochromic Devices for Smart Windows.

ABSTRACT

Energy-efficient glass windows are pivotal in modern infrastructure striving toward the "Zero energy" concept. Electrochromic (EC) energy storage devices emerge as a promising alternative to conventional glass, yet their widespread commercialization is impeded by high costs and dependence on external power sources. Addressing this, redox potential-based self-powered electrochromic (RP-SPEC) devices are introduced leveraging established EC materials like tungsten oxide (WO3) and vanadium-doped nickel oxide (V-NiO) along with aluminum (Al) as an anode. These devices produce open circuit voltages (OCV) exceeding ±0.3 V, enabling autonomous operation for multiple cycles. The WO3 film exhibits 1% transmission and 88% modulation in the colored state at 550 nm with a mere 260 nm thickness. The redox interactions facilitate coloring and bleaching cycles without external power, while photo-charging rejuvenates the system. Notably, the inherent voltages of the RP-SPEC device offer dual functionality, powering electronic devices for up to 81 h. Large-area (≈28 cm2) device feasibility is demonstrated, paving the way for industrial adoption. The RP-SPEC device promises to revolutionize smart window technology by offering both energy efficiency and autonomous operation, thus advancing sustainable infrastructure.