Examining network structure of impulsivity and depression in adolescents and young adults: A two-sample study.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Depression ranks as one of the top five contributors to ill health in youth, the most formative period in life. Extensive research has highlighted the significant role of impulsivity in understanding depression. However, there has been limited exploration into how each dimension of impulsivity uniquely affect depressive symptoms, especially across crucial developmental stages like adolescence and young adulthood. METHODS: This study investigates the unique relationships between impulsivity (assessed by the short UPPS-P scale) and depression (assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9) via network analysis. We analysed data from a total of 2296 participants, comprising 858 adolescents aged 14-17 years and 1438 young adults aged 18-25 years, to estimate both a combined network and age-group specific networks. Key features of the networks, including their structure, global connectivity, and bridge nodes, were compared. RESULTS: The results indicated that age differentially impacts individual depression symptoms, both directly and indirectly, via impulsivity dimensions. The comparison test revealed consistent network structures between the two age groups, with several robust pathways, such as lack of perseverance to concentration difficulties, sensation seeking to suicidal ideation, and negative urgency to feelings of worthlessness. Negative urgency and lack of perseverance were identified as bridge nodes across the two networks. LIMITATIONS: The study employed a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to estimate causal or temporal relationships. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings highlight the significance of tailoring intervention strategies to individual symptom profiles and assessing negative urgency and lack of perseverance as potential early targets for depression among youth.