Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Large Public Acute-Care Healthcare System, New York, New York, USA, 2016-2022.

Controlling the spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales is a global priority. Using National Healthcare Safety Network data, we characterized the changing epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in a large public health system in New York, New York, USA. During 2016-2020, CRKP cases declined; however, during 2021-June 2022, a notable increase occurred. Of 509 cases, 262 (51%) were considered community-onset, including 149 in patients who were living at home. Of 182 isolates with proven or presumptive (ceftazidime/avibactam susceptible) enzymes, 143 were serine carbapenemases; most confirmed cases were K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. The remaining 39 cases were proven or presumptive metallo-ß-lactamases; all confirmed cases were New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamases. After 2020, a marked increase occurred in the percentage of isolates possessing metallo-ß-lactamases. Most patients with metallo-ß-lactamases originated from long-term care facilities. An aggressive and universal program involving surveillance and isolation will be needed to control the spread of CRKP in the city of New York.

Is remdesivir safe in patients with renal impairment? Experience at a large tertiary urban medical center.

PURPOSE: Remdesivir is FDA-approved for treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia, but not recommended in patients with severe renal failure. This study aims to evaluate the safety of remdesivir in this patient population. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study including patients ≥ 18 years old, admitted between May 1, 2020 and April 30, 2021 who received remdesivir. Patients were divided into two groups: estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCl) < 30 mL/min and eCrCl ≥ 30 ml/min. Primary outcomes were development of acute kidney injury (AKI) after remdesivir initiation and hepatotoxicity (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] or aspartate aminotransferase [AST] > 5 × upper limit of normal) both at end of treatment (EOT) or 5 days after EOT. Secondary outcomes were length of stay (days) and mortality. RESULTS: 513 patients were assessed with 416 patients included in the study (eCrCl < 30 mL/min, n = 55; eCrCl ≥ 30 mL/min n = 361). Incidence of AKI (eCrCl < 30 mL/min 11% vs eCrCl ≥ 30 mL/min 7%, OR 1.57, 95% CI 0.57, 4.3) and hepatotoxicity (ALT: 2% vs 4%, OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.05, 3.7 and AST: 2% vs 2%, OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.14, 11.04) were similar between the two groups. Length of stay was longer in the eCrCl < 30 mL/min group (mean 18.6 vs 11.9, difference 6.7, 95% CI 3.8, 9.6), and no difference in mortality was observed (21.8% vs 18.8%, OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.6, 2.4). CONCLUSION: Remdesivir was not associated with development of AKI or hepatotoxicity in patients with eCrCl < 30 mL/min compared to patients with eCrCl ≥ 30 mL/min, and warrants further investigation.

Rise and fall of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York City.

OBJECTIVES: The study objective was to examine the epidemiological trends of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York City medical centres. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Single patient isolates of K. pneumoniae were collected from nine medical centres in New York City during a 3 month period from 2013 to 2014. Isolates were tested for the presence of blaKPC. Results were compared with similar surveillance studies conducted in 2006 and 2009. Infection control data, including utilization of medical devices, were analysed at a subset of hospitals. RESULTS: There was a progressive decline in the percentage of K. pneumoniae harbouring blaKPC from 2006 to 2013-14. For the nine hospitals that participated in all three surveillance studies, the percentages of isolates with blaKPC fell from 36% in 2006 to 25% in 2009 to 13% in 2013-14. Seven of the nine hospitals had marked declines in isolates with blaKPC, while two hospitals continued to struggle with this pathogen. These two hospitals were smaller and had longer lengths of patient stay. Device utilization rates were obtained from two hospitals that successfully controlled the spread of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae; both had ∼20%-25% reduction in the usage of urinary catheters. Changes in antibiotic usage at one hospital could not explain the decline in these pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: Over the past decade there has been a steady decline in KPC-producing K. pneumoniae in most New York City hospitals. The reason for the decline is probably multifactorial, involving a reduction in device (catheter) utilization and possibly an improvement in infection control practices.

Activity of eravacycline against Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii, including multidrug-resistant isolates, from New York City.

Eravacycline demonstrated in vitro activity against a contemporary collection of more than 4,000 Gram-negative pathogens from New York City hospitals, with MIC50/MIC90 values, respectively, for Escherichia coli of 0.12/0.5 µg/ml, Klebsiella pneumoniae of 0.25/1 µg/ml, Enterobacter aerogenes of 0.25/1 µg/ml, Enterobacter cloacae 0.5/1 µg/ml, and Acinetobacter baumannii of 0.5/1 µg/ml. Activity was retained against multidrug-resistant isolates, including those expressing KPC and OXA carbapenemases. For A. baumannii, eravacycline MICs correlated with increased expression of the adeB gene.

Activity of Imipenem with Relebactam against Gram-Negative Pathogens from New York City.

Imipenem with relebactam was active against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter spp., including K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing isolates. Loss of OmpK36 in KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates affected the susceptibility of this combination. Enhanced activity was evident against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including isolates with depressed oprD and increased ampC expression. However, the addition of relebactam to imipenem did not provide added benefit against Acinetobacter baumannii. The combination of imipenem with relebactam demonstrated activity against KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa.

Activity of Meropenem Combined with RPX7009, a Novel ß-Lactamase Inhibitor, against Gram-Negative Clinical Isolates in New York City.

Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are endemic to hospitals in New York City and other regions. RPX7009 is a novel ß-lactamase inhibitor with activity against serine carbapenemases. We tested the activity of meropenem plus RPX7009 against 4,500 recent Gram-negative clinical isolates from 11 New York City hospitals. The meropenem-RPX7009 combination was found to have excellent in vitro activity against Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae, and Enterobacter spp., including multidrug-resistant (MDR) KPC-producing strains. Overall, 131/133 (98.5%) KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains were inhibited by meropenem (≤1 µg/ml) plus RPX7009 (8 µg/ml). In a limited number of strains, the combination appeared to have reduced activity against KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates with diminished ompK35 and ompK36 expression. The addition of RPX7009 did not affect the activity of meropenem against Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The meropenem-RPX7009 combination shows promise as a novel agent against KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae and deserves further study. Other approaches will be needed to address multidrug-resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, which typically possess different mechanisms of carbapenem resistance.

Do risk adjustment calculations used by governmental agencies adequately assess risk for infection after colon surgery?

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections (SSIs) following colon surgery are associated with clinical and financial consequences. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) use risk adjustment variables to determine quality measure scores. METHODS: Among patients in a large public system, surgical risk variables were compared between patients with and without SSIs. Propensity score matching, using CMS and NYSDOH risk variables, created control groups. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves were created using current and augmented risk adjustment variables. RESULTS: When matched using CMS risk variables, more patients with SSIs had contaminated/dirty wounds, longer duration of surgery, and emergency surgery. The addition of these variables significantly improved the CMS ROC curve. When matching NYSDOH variables, more SSI patients were male, had contaminated/dirty wounds, and tended to be younger. The addition of these variables to the current NYSDOH adjustment criteria did not significantly improve the ROC curve. DISCUSSION: The CMS adjustment criteria for colon SSIs do not adequately account for complicated surgeries. The inclusion of additional variables significantly improved the performance of CMS risk adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Until more robust risk adjustment criteria are developed, the reporting of SSIs following colon surgery as a quality measure should be suspended.

Reportable infections following colon surgery in a large public healthcare system in New York City: The consequences of being a level 1 trauma center.

OBJECTIVES: To examine differences in risk factors and outcomes of patients undergoing colon surgery in level 1 trauma centers versus other hospitals and to investigate the potential financial impact of these reportable infections. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study between 2015 and 2022. SETTING: Large public healthcare system in New York City. PARTICIPANTS: All patients undergoing colon surgery; comparisons were made between (1) all patients undergoing colon surgery at the level 1 trauma centers versus patients at the other hospitals and (2) the nontrauma and trauma patients at the level 1 trauma centers versus the nontrauma patients at other hospitals. RESULTS: Of 5,217 colon surgeries reported, 3,531 were at level 1 trauma centers and 1686 at other hospitals. Patients at level 1 trauma centers had significantly increased American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) scores, durations of surgery, rates of delayed wound closure, and rates of class 4 wounds, resulting in higher SIRs (1.1 ± 0.15 vs 0.75 ± 0.18; P = .0007) compared to the other hospitals. Compared to the nontrauma patients at the other hospitals, both the nontrauma and trauma patients at the level 1 trauma centers had higher ASA scores, rates of delayed wound closure, and of class 4 wounds. The SIRs of the nontrauma patients (1.16 ± 1.29; P = .008) and trauma patients (1.26 ± 2.69; P = .066) at the level 1 trauma center were higher than the SIRs of nontrauma patients in the other hospitals (0.65 ± 1.18). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing colon surgery at level 1 trauma centers had increased complexity of surgery compared to the patients in other hospitals. Until there is appropriate adjustment for these risk factors, the use of infections following colon surgery as a reportable quality measure should be re-evaluated.

Comparison of Tocilizumab vs Baricitinib in Clinical Outcomes Among Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: Experience From a Public Hospital System in New York City.

Background: Tocilizumab and baricitinib are immunomodulators that have been repurposed for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whether one medication should be preferred over the other has not been established. Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study comprised hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who received either tocilizumab or baricitinib. The primary outcome was improvement in respiratory status (at least 1-point reduction on the respiratory ordinal scale) at day 7 and up to day 28. Secondary outcomes included mortality, disposition, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or positive blood culture. Outcomes were stratified by baseline respiratory status and variant-predominating periods. Results were reported for the overall and propensity-matched cohorts. Results: A total of 921 patients received tocilizumab and 638 received baricitinib. The propensity-matched cohort included 597 patients in each group. At day 7 in the overall and propensity-matched cohorts, significantly more patients had improvement in respiratory status in the baricitinib group. These improvements were seen in patients requiring supplemental oxygen and noninvasive ventilation/high-flow oxygen but not in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Favorable outcomes with baricitinib were observed during the Alpha and Omicron periods. By day 28, there were no differences in the changes of respiratory status for the treatment groups in either cohort. Also, no differences were seen in mortality, disposition, development of deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, or bloodstream infections. Conclusions: Baricitinib treatment was associated with more favorable respiratory improvement at day 7 when compared with tocilizumab, but no differences were observed up to day 28.

Are persons living with diagnosed HIV capable of mounting a strong inflammatory response to the new coronavirus?

BACKGROUND: The impact of COVID-19 on persons living with diagnosed HIV (PLWDH) remains incompletely understood. It's unclear whether an impaired immune system offers protection against mounting cytokine storm. METHODS: Retrospective matched cohort study of COVID-19 hospitalized individuals in New York State (NYS). Medical records were abstracted and analyzed for 853 PLWDH hospitalized with COVID-19 in NYS and 1621 HIV-negative controls. Preexisting comorbidities and inflammatory markers measured within 24 h of hospital admission were abstracted. RESULTS: PLWDH were significantly less likely to have elevated inflammatory markers compared to matched controls. Elevated WBC occurred in 23.3% of PLWDH vs 30.1% of controls (p = .0002), elevated CRP in 37.4% of PLWDH vs 43.2% of controls (p = .03), elevated ferritin in 73.4% of PLWDH vs 78.9% of controls (p = .004). There was an inverse but not statistically significant relationship between the frequency of elevated inflammatory markers and HIV disease stage, with greatest percent of PLWDH with elevated WBC, LDH, CRP, and ferritin among PLWDH with HIV disease stage 1. CONCLUSION: PLWDH had lower inflammatory marker elevation during COVID-19 infection compared to matched controls. PLWDH with low CD4 were less likely to mount a cytokine storm in the setting of impaired immune function.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Trends and distinguishing characteristics among patients in a healthcare system in New York City.

During the pandemic, the rate of healthcare facility-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia was 5 times greater in patients admitted with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The presence of central lines and mechanical ventilation likely contribute to this increased rate. The number of central-line-associated bacteremia cases may be underestimated in patients with COVID-19.

Impact of Prophylactic Antibiotic Selection on the Prevention and Bacterial Flora of Surgical Site Infections After Colorectal Surgery.

Background: Deep incisional and organ/space surgical site infections (SSIs) after colorectal surgery are associated with adverse outcomes. Multiple antibiotic regimens are recommended for peri-operative prophylaxis, with no particular regimen preferred over another. We compared the prophylaxis regimens used in patients with and without SSIs, and the impact of regimens on the flora involved in SSIs. Patients and Methods: Information was extracted from the National Healthcare Safety Network databank of patients undergoing colorectal surgery from 2015 to 2022 in a large public healthcare system in New York City. Patients with SSIs were identified, and controlling for nine variables, propensity score matching was used to create a matched control group without SSIs. Prophylactic regimens were compared between the matched groups with and without SSIs. Also, for the patients with SSIs, the impact of the prophylactic regimen on the subsequent pathogens involved the infection was examined. Results: A total of 275 patients with SSIs were compared to a matched cohort without SSIs. The prophylactic regimens were extremely similar between the SSI and control groups. Among the patients who developed SSIs, more patients who received cefoxitin had emergence of select cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales and Bacteroides spp. when compared with those who received ß-lactam-ß-lactamase inhibitors. Conclusions: The distribution of surgical prophylaxis regimens was remarkably similar between patients developing serious SSIs and a closely matched cohort that did not develop an SSI. However, given the downstream effects of more resistant and anaerobic flora should an infection develop, use of cefoxitin should be re-evaluated as a prophylactic agent.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of worsening renal function in diabetic patients (3-year follow-up study).

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated the role of inflammation in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) rather than other white cell parameters was found to be a useful inflammatory marker to predict adverse outcomes in medical and surgical conditions. Nevertheless, the value of NLR in predicting DN has not been elucidated. METHOD: An observational study included 338 diabetic patients, who were followed at our clinic between 2007 and 2009. We arranged our patients into tertiles according to their 2007 NLR. The primary outcome was continuous decrease of GFR >12 mL/min between 2007 and 2009 with the last GFR <60 mL/min. RESULT: The lowest NLR tertile had fewer patients (2.7%) with primary outcome (i.e., worsening renal function) compared with middle and highest NLR tertiles, which had more patients with primary outcomes (8.7% and 11.5%, respectively) with a significant p-value 0.0164. When other potential confounders were individually analyzed with NLR tertile, the NLR tertiles remained a significant predictor of poor GFR outcome in the presence of other variables (hemoglobin A1C, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, age, and congestive heart failure with p-values 0.018, 0.019, 0.017, 0.033, and 0.022, respectively). CONCLUSION: NLR predicted the worsening of the renal function in diabetic patients. Further studies are needed to confirm this result.

Blue-Light-Induced Iron-Catalyzed α-Alkylation of Ketones.

We report a visible-light-induced iron-catalyzed α-alkylation of ketones. The photocatalytic system is based on the single diaminocyclopentadienone iron tricarbonyl complex. Two catalytic intermediates of this complex are able to harvest light, allowing the synthesis of substituted aromatic and aliphatic ketones at room temperature using the borrowing hydrogen strategy in the presence of various substituted primary alcohols as alkylating reagents. Preliminary mechanistic studies unveil the role of light for both the dehydrogenation and reduction step.

The initial and lingering impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on catheter-associated infections in a large healthcare system in New York City.

Catheter-related infections increased during surges of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in an 11-hospital system in New York City. A disproportionate number of central-line infections occurred in larger hospitals. Patients with COVID-19 had shorter times from catheter insertion to infection and a higher incidence of infections with enterococci.

Trends in Clostridioides difficile infection across a public health hospital system in New York City 2019-2021: A cautionary note.

Contrary to national reports, rates of healthcare facility-onset Clostridioides difficile infection across an 11-hospital system rose after the spring of 2020, when New York City was the epicenter for the COVID-19 pandemic. Antibiotic pressure from an escalation in cephalosporin usage correlated with this increase. The majority of cases of Clostridioides difficile were in patients without COVID-19, suggesting the pandemic has adversely impacted the healthcare of other inpatients.

The impact of reporting estimated glomerular filtration rate.

The 'Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative' guidelines recommend laboratory reporting of a calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The United Kingdom and several states already mandate reporting eGFR for every laboratory serum creatinine (sCr) measurement. In our study, we evaluated the impact of reporting eGFR on the management of hospitalized patients. We reviewed the medical records for 2000 patients, 1000 pre- and 1000 post-reporting eGFR. We excluded patients with previous diagnosis of chronic kidney disease, acute kidney failure, and end-stage renal disease. We analyzed the subgroup of patients with eGFR <60 and sCr <1.5 mg/dL. We did not notice an increase in the number of renal consult, ordering laboratory or imaging study to evaluate chronic kidney disease. The prescription habits did not change for nephrotoxic medications (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aminoglycosides). We did not find any change in the percentage of patients who received hydration for a radiological contrast study or the use of N-acetylcysteine. In conclusion, reporting eGFR did not improve the renal management of hospitalized patients.

HIV Diagnosis and the Clinical Course of COVID-19 Among Patients Seeking Care Within the New York City Public Hospital System During the Initial Pandemic Peak.

Reports conflict on how HIV infection influences the clinical course of COVID-19. The New York City (NYC) public hospital system provides care for over 14,000 people with HIV, was central in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, and is therefore in a unique position to evaluate the intersection of these concurrent infections. Retrospective chart review of patients presenting to NYC Health and Hospitals (NYC H+H) diagnosed with COVID-19 infection from March 1, 2020, through April 28, 2020, compared people living with HIV (PLWH) and a propensity-matched (PM) control group of patients without HIV to evaluate associations between HIV status and COVID-19 outcomes. Two hundred thirty-four PLWH presented for COVID-19 testing and 110 (47%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. Among 17,413 patients with COVID-19 and without HIV, 1:n nearest neighbor propensity score matching identified 194 patients matched on age, sex, race, and any comorbidity. In the sample with COVID-19 (N = 304), PLWH (9.1%) had lower rates of mortality than controls [19.1%; PM odds ratio (PM-OR): 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.19-0.86]. Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients (N = 179), HIV infection was associated with lower rates of mechanical ventilation (PM-OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.11-0.84) and mortality (PM-OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0. 17-0.95). In the extended pandemic period through April 2021, aggregate data by HIV status suggested elevated hospitalization and mortality rates in PLWH versus people without HIV. These results suggest that the direct biological impacts of the HIV virus do not negatively influence COVID-19-related outcomes when controlling for comorbidity and demographic variables.

Tocilizumab therapy for COVID-19: A comparison of subcutaneous and intravenous therapies.

BACKGROUND: The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in cytokine storm syndrome, contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 disease. This study aimed to compare the effects of intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor antagonist, on respiratory parameters and clinical outcome in patients with COVID 19. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 treated with either IV or SC tocilizumab from March 26, 2020, to May 18, 2020. Respiratory parameters seven days after receiving tocilizumab therapy were compared to baseline measurements. All patients were assessed until discharged from the hospital. RESULTS: Tocilizumab was administered to 125 patients: 65 received IV, and 60 received SC therapy. At day seven, 52% of the IV group patients demonstrated improvement in respiratory parameters, compared to 28% in the SC group (P = 0.01). Mortality rates at days seven and 28 were 15% and 37%, respectively, in the IV group and 17% and 50%, respectively, in the SC group (PNS). The in-hospital mortality rate was 38% for the IV group versus 57% for the SC group (P = 0.04). More than 90% of patients in each group received corticosteroids; however, significantly more patients received convalescent plasma in the IV group. CONCLUSIONS: At the doses used in this study, IV tocilizumab is preferred over SC therapy to treat cytokine storm syndrome due to COVID-19.

Percutaneous Emergence of Gnathostoma spinigerum Following Praziquantel Treatment.

A Bangladeshi patient with prior travel to Saudi Arabia was hospitalized in the United States for a presumptive liver abscess. Praziquantel was administered following a positive Schistosoma antibody test. Ten days later, a subadult worm migrated to the skin surface and was identified morphologically as Gnathostoma spinigerum. This case highlights the challenges of gnathostomiasis diagnosis, raising questions on potential serologic cross-reactivity and the possible role of praziquantel in stimulating outward migration of Gnathostoma larvae/subadults.